CIVL 8/7117

Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

In Chapters 2 through 5, we considered only line elements.
Line elements are connected only at common nodes, forming
framed or articulated structures such as trusses, frames, and
grids.
Line elements have geometric properties such as crosssectional area and moment of inertia associated with their
cross sections.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

However, only one local coordinate along the length of the
element is required to describe a position along the element
(hence, they are called line elements).
Nodal compatibility is then enforced during the formulation of
the nodal equilibrium equations for a line element.
This chapter considers the two-dimensional finite element.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Two-dimensional (planar) elements are thin-plate elements
such that two coordinates define a position on the element
surface.
The elements are connected at common nodes and/or along
common edges to form continuous structures.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Nodal compatibility is then enforced during the formulation of
the nodal equilibrium equations for two-dimensional
elements.
If proper displacement functions are chosen, compatibility
along common edges is also obtained.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

The two-dimensional element is extremely important for:
(1) Plane stress analysis, which includes problems such
as plates with holes, fillets, or other changes in
geometry that are loaded in their plane resulting in local
stress concentrations.

Plane Stress Problems

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

The two-dimensional element is extremely important for:
(1) Plane stress analysis, which includes problems such
as plates with holes, fillets, or other changes in
geometry that are loaded in their plane resulting in local
stress concentrations.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

The two-dimensional element is extremely important for:
(2) Plane strain analysis, which includes problems such
as a long underground box culvert subjected to a
uniform load acting constantly over its length or a long
cylindrical control rod subjected to a load that remains
constant over the rod length (or depth).

Plane Strain Problems

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

The two-dimensional element is extremely important for:
(2) Plane strain analysis, which includes problems such
as a long underground box culvert subjected to a
uniform load acting constantly over its length or a long
cylindrical control rod subjected to a load that remains
constant over the rod length (or depth).

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

We begin this chapter with the development of the stiffness
matrix for a basic two-dimensional or plane finite element,
called the constant-strain triangular element.
The constant-strain triangle (CST) stiffness matrix derivation is
the simplest among the available two-dimensional elements.
We will derive the CST stiffness matrix by using the principle
of minimum potential energy because the energy formulation
is the most feasible for the development of the equations for
both two- and three-dimensional finite elements.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
We will now follow the steps described in Chapter 1 to formulate
the governing equations for a plane stress/plane strain
triangular element.
First, we will describe the concepts of plane stress and plane
strain.
Then we will provide a brief description of the steps and basic
equations pertaining to a plane triangular element.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Plane Stress
Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the
normal stress and the shear stresses directed
perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.
That is, the normal stress z and the shear stresses xz and yz
are assumed to be zero.
Generally, members that are thin (those with a small z
dimension compared to the in-plane x and y dimensions) and
whose loads act only in the x-y plane can be considered to be
under plane stress.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Plane Strain
Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the
strain normal to the x-y plane z and the shear strains xz
and yz are assumed to be zero.
The assumptions of plane strain are realistic for long bodies
(say, in the z direction) with constant cross-sectional area
subjected to loads that act only in the x and/or y directions and
do not vary in the z direction.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain
The concept of two-dimensional state of stress and strain and
the stress/strain relationships for plane stress and plane strain
are necessary to understand fully the development and
applicability of the stiffness matrix for the plane stress/plane
strain triangular element.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain
A two-dimensional state of stress is shown in the figure below.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain
The infinitesimal element with sides dx and dy has normal
stresses z and y acting in the x and y directions (here on
the vertical and horizontal faces), respectively.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain
The shear stress xy acts on the x edge (vertical face) in the y
direction. The shear stress yx acts on the y edge (horizontal
face) in the x direction.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain
Since xy equals yx, three independent stress exist:

y xy

Recall, the relationships for principal stresses in twodimensions are:

2
x y
x y
2
1

xy max
2
2

x y
2

y
2
x
xy min
2
2

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

Also, p is the principal angle which defines the normal whose

direction is perpendicular to the plane on which the maximum
or minimum principle stress acts.

tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

The general two-dimensional state of strain at a point is show

below.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

u
x

v
x

xy

u v

y x

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

u
x

v
x

xy

u v

y x

The strain may be written in matrix form as:

xy

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

For plane stress, the stresses z, xz, and yz are assumed to

be zero. The stress-strain relationship is:
x
E

y
2
1
xy

1
x
0

0
1
y
0 0 0.5 1 xy

x
x


y D y


xy
xy

0
E

[D ]
1
0
2

1
0 0 0.5 1

is called the stress-strain matrix (or the constitutive matrix),

E is the modulus of elasticity, and is Poissons ratio.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

For plane strain, the strains z, xz, and yz are assumed to be

zero. The stress-strain relationship is:
x
1
E


y

1 1 2 0

xy

x
x


y D y


xy
xy

1
0

0 x

0 y

0.5 xy

1
E

[D ]
1 1 2 0

1
0

0
0

0.5

is called the stress-strain matrix (or the constitutive matrix),

E is the modulus of elasticity, and is Poissons ratio.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Two-Dimensional State of Stress and Strain

The partial differential equations for plane stress are:

2u 2u 1 2u 2v

2 y 2 xy
x 2 y 2
2v 2v 1 2v
2u

2 y 2 xy
x 2 y 2

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations

Consider the problem of a thin plate subjected to a tensile load

as shown in the figure below:

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

Discretize the thin plate into a set of triangular elements. Each

element is define by nodes i, j, and m.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

We use triangular elements because boundaries of irregularly

shaped bodies can be closely approximated, and because the
expressions related to the triangular element are
comparatively simple.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

This discretization is called a coarse-mesh generation if few

large elements are used.
Each node has two degrees of freedom: displacements in the x
and y directions.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

We will let ui and vi represent the node i displacement

components in the x and y directions, respectively.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

The nodal displacements for an element with nodes i, j, and m

are:
di
d d j
d
m

where the nodes are ordered counterclockwise around the

element, and
u
d i i
v i

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

The nodal displacements for an element with nodes i, j, and m

are:
ui
v
i
u
d j
v j
um

v m

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions
u( x, y )
The general displacement function is: i

v ( x, y )

The functions u(x, y) and v(x, y) must be compatible with the

element type.
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships
The general definitions of normal and shear strains are:

u
x

v
x

xy

u v

y x

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships

For plane stress, the stresses z, xz, and yz are assumed to

be zero. The stress-strain relationship is:
x
E

y
2
1
xy

1
x
0

0
1
y
0 0 0.5 1 xy

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships

For plane strain, the strains z, xz, and yz are assumed to be

zero. The stress-strain relationship is:
x
1
E

1 1 2 0

xy

1
0

x

y
0.5 xy
0
0

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

Using the principle of minimum potential energy, we can derive

the element stiffness matrix.

f [k ]d
This approach is better than the direct methods used for onedimensional elements.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 5 - Assemble the Element Equations and
Introduce Boundary Conditions

The final assembled or global equation written in matrix form is:

F [K ]d
where {F} is the equivalent global nodal loads obtained by
lumping distributed edge loads and element body forces at the
nodes and [K] is the global structure stiffness matrix.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 6 - Solve for the Nodal Displacements

Once the element equations are assembled and modified to

account for the boundary conditions, a set of simultaneous
algebraic equations that can be written in expanded matrix
form as:
F [K ]d
Step 7 - Solve for the Element Forces (Stresses)

For the structural stress-analysis problem, important secondary

quantities of strain and stress (or moment and shear force)
can be obtained in terms of the displacements determined in
Step 6.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Derivation of the Constant-Strain Triangular Element
Stiffness Matrix and Equations
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types

Consider the problem of a thin plate subjected to a tensile load

as shown in the figure below:
ui
v
i
u
d j
v j
um

v m

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

We will select a linear displacement function for each triangular

element, defined as:
u
u( x, y )
Linear representation of u(x, y)
i

u
y
v ( x, y )
m

ui

uj

(xi, yi)

(xm, ym)
(xj, yj)

a a2 x a3 y
1

a4 a5 x a6 y

A linear function ensures that the displacements along each

edge of the element and the nodes shared by adjacent
elements are equal.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

We will select a linear displacement function for each triangular

element, defined as:
a1
a
2
a a x a3 y 1 x y 0 0 0 a3
i 1 2

a4 a5 x a6 y 0 0 0 1 x y a4
a5

a6

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

To obtain the values for the as substitute the coordinated of the

nodal points into the above equations:
ui a1 a2 xi a3 y i

v i a4 a5 xi a6 y i

u j a1 a2 x j a3 y j

v j a4 a5 x j a6 y j

um a1 a2 xm a3 y m

v m a4 a5 xm a6 y m

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

Solving for the as and writing the results in matrix forms gives:
ui 1 xi

u j 1 x j
u 1 x
m
m

y i a1

y j a2

y m a3

a x u
1

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

The inverse of the [x] matrix is:

i
1
i
[x]
2A
i
1

j m

j m
j m

1
2A 1

xi
xj

yi
yj

xm

ym

2 A xi y j y m x j y m y i xm y i y j

where A is the area of the triangle

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

The inverse of the [x] matrix is:

i
1
[x]
i
2A
i
1

j m

j m
j m

i x j y m y j xm

i y j y m

i xm x j

j xi y m y i xm

j ym yi

j xi xm

m xi y j y i x j

m y i y j

m x j xi

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

The values of a may be written matrix form as:

i
a1
1

a2
i
a 2 A
3
i

j m ui

j m u j
j m um

i
a4
1

a5
i
2
A
a
i
6

j m vi

j m v j
j m v m

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

Expanding the above equations

u 1

a1

y a2

a3

Substituting the values for a into the above equation gives:

i j m ui
1
u 1 x y i j m u j
2A

i j m um

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

We will now derive the u displacement function in terms of the

coordinates x and y.
i ui j u j mum

y i u i j u j m um
i ui j u j mum
Multiplying the matrices in the above equations gives:
1
u 1 x
2A

u ( x, y )

1
i i x i y u i j j x j y u j
2A

m m x m y um

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

We will now derive the v displacement function in terms of the

coordinates x and y.
i v i j v j mv m

y i v i j v j mv m
i v i j v j mv m
Multiplying the matrices in the above equations gives:
1
v 1 x
2A

v ( x, y )

1
i i x i y v i j j x j y v j
2A

m m x m y v m

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

The displacements can be written in a more convenience form

as:
u ( x, y ) N i u i N j u j N m u m
v ( x, y ) N i v i N j v j N m v m

where:

1
i i x i y
2A
1
Nj
j j x j y
2A
1
Nm
m m x m y
2A
Ni

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

The elemental displacements can be summarized as:

u( x, y ) Ni ui N j u j Nmum

v ( x, y ) Ni v i N j v j Nmv m

In another form the above equations are:

N i
{ }
0

0
Ni

{ } [N ]{d }

Nj
0

0
Nj

Nm
0

ui
v
i
0 uj

Nm v j
um

v m

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

In another form the equations are: { } [N ]{d }

N

0
Ni

N 0i

Nj
0

0
Nj

Nm
0

0
Nm

The linear triangular shape functions are illustrated below:

Nj

Ni

Nm
1

1
x

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

So that u and v will yield a constant value when rigid-body

displacement, Ni + Nj + Nm = 1 for all x and y locations on the
element.

The linear triangular shape functions are illustrated below:

Nj

Ni

Nm
1

1
x

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

The requirement of completeness for the constant-strain triangle

element used in a two-dimensional plane stress element is
illustrated in figure below.
The element must be able to translate uniformly in either the x
or y direction in the plane and to rotate without straining as
shown

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions

The reason that the element must be able to translate as a rigid

body and to rotate stress-free is illustrated in the example of a
cantilever beam modeled with plane stress elements.
By simple statics, the beam elements
beyond the loading are stress free.
Hence these elements must be free
to translate and rotate without
stretching or changing shape.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships
Elemental Strains: The strains over a two-dimensional
element are:
u

x x
v
{ } y

y
xy u v

y x

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships

Substituting our approximation for the displacement gives:

u

u,x
Ni ui N j u j Nm um
x
x
u,x Ni ,x ui N j ,x u j Nm,x um

where the comma indicates differentiation with respect to that

variable.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships

The derivatives of the interpolation functions are:

Ni ,x
N j ,x

1
i i x i y i
2 A x
2A
j
2A

Nm, x

m
2A

Therefore:
u
1

i ui j u j m um
x 2 A

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships

In a similar manner, the remaining strain terms are

approximated as:
v
1

i v i j v j mv m
y 2 A
u v
1

i u i i v i j u j j v j m u m mv m
y x 2 A

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships

We can write the strains in matrix form as:

u

i 0 j 0
x x
1
v
{ } y

0 i 0 j
y 2 A
j
i
j
i
xy u v

y x
{ } [B ]{d }

{ } Bi

Bj

ui
v
m 0 i
u
0 m j
v
m m j
um

v m
di

Bm d j

d m

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships
Stress-Strain Relationship: The in-plane stress-strain
relationship is:
x
x


{ } [D ][B ]{d }
y [D ] y


xy
xy

For plane stress [D] is:

1

0
E

[D ]
1
0
2

1
0 0 0.5 1

For plane strain [D] is:

[D ]

1
E

1 1 2 0

1
0

0.5
0

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

The total potential energy is defined as the sum of the internal

strain energy U and the potential energy of the external forces
:
U
p

Where the strain energy is: U

1
1
{ }T { }dV { }T [D]{ }dV

2V
2V

The potential energy of the body force term is:

b { }T { X }dV
V

where {} is the general displacement function and {X} is the

body weight per unit volume.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

The total potential energy is defined as the sum of the internal

strain energy U and the potential energy of the external forces
:
U
p

Where the strain energy is: U

1
1
{ }T { }dV { }T [D]{ }dV

2V
2V

The potential energy of the concentrated forces is:

p {d }T {P }
where {P} are the concentrated forces and {d} are the nodal
displacements.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

The total potential energy is defined as the sum of the internal

strain energy U and the potential energy of the external forces
:
U
p

Where the strain energy is: U

1
1
{ }T { }dV { }T [D]{ }dV

2V
2V

The potential energy of the distributed loads is:

s { }T {T }dS
S

where {} is the general displacement function and {T} are

the surface tractions.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

Then the total potential energy expression becomes:

1
T
T
p d [B ]T [D][B ]d dV d [N ]T { X }dV
2V
V
d P d [N ]T {T }dS
T

The nodal displacements {d} are independent of the general xy coordinates, therefore
1
T
T
p d [B ]T [D][B ]dV d d [N ]T { X }dV
2
V
V
d P d
T

[N ]

{T }dS

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

We can define the last three terms as:

f [N ]T { X }dV P [N ]T {T }dS
V

Therefore:
1
T
T
d [B]T [D][B]dV d d f
2
V

Minimization of p with respect to each nodal displacement

requires that:
p

[B ]T [D][B ]dV d f 0
V

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

The above relationship requires:

[B ]

[D][B ]dV d f

The stiffness matrix can be defined as:

[k ] [B ]T [D][B ]dV
V

For an element of constant thickness, t, the above integral

becomes:
[k ] t [B ]T [D][B ] dx dy
A

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

The integrand in the above equation is not a function of x or y

(global coordinates); therefore, the integration reduces to:
[k ] t [B ]T [D][B ] dx dy
A

[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]
where A is the area of the triangular element.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

Expanding the stiffness relationship gives:

[k ii ] [k ij ] [kim ]

[k ] [k ji ] [k jj ] [k jm ]
[k mi ] [kmj ] [kmm ]
where each [kii] is a 2 x 2 matrix define as:
[kii ] [Bi ]T [D ][Bi ] tA
[kim ] [Bi ]T [D][Bm ] tA

[kij ] [Bi ]T [D ][B j ] tA

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

Recall:
i
1
Bi 2A 0
i

0
i
i

m
1
Bm 2A 0
m

j
1
B j
0
2A
j

j
j

0
m
m

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 5 - Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain the
Global Equations and Introduce the Boundary
Conditions

The global stiffness matrix can be found by the direct stiffness

method.
N
[K ] [ k ( e ) ]
e 1

The global equivalent nodal load vector is obtained by lumping

body forces and distributed loads at the appropriate nodes as
well as including any concentrated loads.
N

{F } {f ( e ) }
e 1

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 5 - Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain the
Global Equations and Introduce the Boundary
Conditions

The resulting global equations are: F K d

where {d} is the total structural displacement vector.
In the above formulation of the element stiffness matrix, the
matrix has been derived for a general orientation in global
coordinates.
Therefore, no transformation form local to global coordinates is
necessary.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 5 - Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain the
Global Equations and Introduce the Boundary
Conditions

However, for completeness, we will now describe the method to

use if the local axes for the constant-strain triangular element
are not parallel to the global axes for the whole structure.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 5 - Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain the
Global Equations and Introduce the Boundary
Conditions

To relate the local to global displacements, force, and stiffness

matrices we will use:
f Tf
d Td
k T T k T

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 5 - Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain the
Global Equations and Introduce the Boundary
Conditions

The transformation matrix T for the triangular element is:

C S 0 0 0 0
S C 0 0 0 0

0 0 C S 0 0
T

0 0 S C 0 0
0 0 0 0 C S

0 0 0 0 S C

C cos
S sin

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Formulation of the Plane Triangular Element Equations
Step 6 - Solve for the Nodal Displacements
Step 7 - Solve for Element Forces and Stress

Having solved for the nodal displacements, we can obtain

strains and stresses in x and y directions in the elements by
using:
{ } [B ]{d }
{ } [D ][B ]{d }

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1

Consider the structure shown in the figure below.

Let E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.25, and t = 1 in.

Assume the element nodal displacements have been
determined to be u1 = 0.0, v1 = 0.0025 in, u2 = 0.0012 in,
v2 = 0.0, u3 = 0.0, and v3 = 0.0025 in.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1

First, we calculate the element s and s as:

i y j y m 0 1 1

i xm x j 0 2 2

j y m y i 0 ( 1) 2

j xi xm 0 0 0

m y i y j 1 0 1

m x j xi 2 0 2

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1

Therefore, the [B] matrix is:

i
1
B 2 A 0
i

i
i

j
j

1 0 2 0 1 0
0
1 0 2 0 0 0 2
m

2(2)
m
2 1 0 2 2 1

i y j y m 0 1 1

i xm x j 0 2 2

j y m y i 0 ( 1) 2

j xi xm 0 0 0

m y i y j 1 0 1

m x j xi 2 0 2

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1

For plane stress conditions, the [D] matrix is:

0.25
0
1
30 106
[D ]
0.25
1
0
2

1 (0.25)
0
0
0.375
Substitute the above expressions for [D] and [B] into the general
equations for the stiffness matrix:
[k ] tA [B ]T [D ][B ]

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1

[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]

1 0 2
0 2 1

1
0.25
0
1 0 2 0 1 0
1
(2)30 106 2 0
1 0 2 0 0 0 2
k
0.25
1
0

2(2)

4(0.9375) 2 0 2
0
2 1 0 2 2 1
0
0.375

1 0 2

0 2 1

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1

Performing the matrix triple product gives:

1.25
2 1.5
0.5
0.25
2.5
1.25 4.375 1 0.75 0.25 3.625

1
4
0

2
1
lb
k 4 106

1.5
1.5
0.75 in
1.5 0.75 0
0.5 0.25 2 1.5
2.5
1.25

0.25 3.625 1 0.75 1.25 4.375

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
The in-plane stress can be related to displacements by:
{ } [D ][B ]{d }
0.0

0.0025 in

x
0.25
0
1
1 0 2 0 1 0
6
0.0012 in
1
30 10

0.25
1
0
0 2 0 0 0 2
y

2(2)
0.0
0.9375 0

0
0.375

2 1 0 2 2 1 0.0
xy

0.0025 in

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
The stresses are:

x 19,200 psi

y 4,800 psi
15,000 psi

xy

Recall, the relationships for principal stresses and principal

angle in two-dimensions are:
1

x y
2

x y
2

y
2
x
xy max
2

2 xy
1
tan1

2
x y

y
2
x
xy min
2

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Therefore:
2

19,200 4,800
2
19,200 4,800

15,000 28,639 psi
2
2

19,200 4,800
2
19,200 4,800

15,000 4,639 psi
2
2

1
2( 15,000)
o
tan1
32.3
2
19,200
4,800

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The general force vector is defined as:

f [N ]T { X }dV P [N ]T {T }dS
V

Lets consider the first term of the above equation.

Xb

Yb

fb [N ]T { X }dV

where Xb and Yb are the weight densities in the x and y

directions, respectively.
The force may reflect the effects of gravity, angular velocities, or
dynamic inertial forces.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The integration of the {fb} is simplified if the origin of the
coordinate system is chosen at the centroid of the element, as
shown in the figure below.

With the origin placed at the centroid, we can use the definition
of a centroid.

y dA 0
A

x dA 0
A

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The integration of the {fb} is simplified if the origin of the
coordinate system is chosen at the centroid of the element, as
shown in the figure below.

With the origin placed at the centroid, we can use the definition
of a centroid.

y dA 0
A

x dA 0
A

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The integration of the {fb} is simplified if the origin of the
coordinate system is chosen at the centroid of the element, as
shown in the figure below.

With the origin placed at the centroid, we can use the definition
of a centroid.

y dA 0
A

x dA 0
A

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
For a given thickness, t, the body force term becomes:

fb [N ]T { X }dV t [N ]T { X }dA
V

Recall the interpolation functions for a place stress/strain

triangle:
1
1
Ni
Nj
i i x i y
j j x j y
2A
2A
Nm

1
m m x m y
2A

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
Therefore the terms in the integrand are:

x dA y dA 0
i

i j m

2A
3

The body force at node i is given as:

fbi

tA X b

3 Yb

fbix
Xb
f
Y
biy

b
The general body force vector is:
fbjx tA X b
fb f Y
bjy 3 b
fbmx
Xb

Yb
fbmy

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The third term in the general force vector is defined as:

fs [N ]T {T }dS
S

Lets consider the example of a uniform stress p acting between

nodes 1 and 3 on the edge of element 1 as shown in figure
below.
p

T px

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The third term in the general force vector is defined as:

fs [N ]T {T }dS
S

N1
0

N
[N ]T 2
0
N3

0
N1

N2
0

N3

evaluated at x = a

T px

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
Therefore, the traction force vector is:

fs [N ]T {T }dS
S

N1
0

t L
N
fs 02
0 0
N3

0
N1p
0

N1

L
N2 p
0 p
dy
dy dz t
0
N2 0
0
N3 p
0

N3
0

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The interpolation function for i = 1 is:
Ni

1
i i x i y
2A

For convenience, lets choose the coordinate system shown in

the figure below.
i x j y m y j xm
with i = 1, j = 2, and m = 3

1 x 2 y 3 y 2 x3 0

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The interpolation function for i = 1 is:
Ni

1
i i x i y
2A

For convenience, lets choose the coordinate system shown in

the figure below.
Similarly, we can find:

1 0
N1

1 a

ay
2A

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The interpolation function for i = 1 is:
Ni

1
i i x i y
2A

N1

ay
2A

The remaining interpolation function, N2 and N2 are:

N2

L(a x )
2A

N3

Lx ay
2A

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The interpolation function for i = 1 is:
Ni

1
i i x i y
2A

Substituting the interpolation function in the traction force vector

expression gives:
fs1x
1
f
0
s1y

fs 2 x pLt 0
fs f

2 0
s 2y
fs 3 x
1


0
fs 3 y

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
The figure below shows the results of the surface load
equivalent nodal for both elements 1 and 2:

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Treatment of Body and Surface Forces
For the CS triangle, a distributed load on the element edge can
be treated as concentrated loads acting at the nodes
associated with the loaded edge.
However, for higher-order elements, like the linear strain triangle
(discussed in Chapter 8), load replacement should be made
by using the principle of minimum potential energy.
For higher-order elements, load replacement by potential
energy is not equivalent to the apparent statically equivalent
one.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Explicit Expression for the Constant-Strain Triangle
Stiffness Matrix
Usually the stiffness matrix is computed internally by computer
programs, but since we are not computers, we need to
explicitly evaluate the stiffness matrix.
For a constant-strain triangular element, considering the plane
strain case, recall that: [k ] tA[B ]T [D][B ]
where [D] for plane strain is:
1
E

[D ]
1 1 2 0

1
0

0.5
0

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

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Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Explicit Expression for the Constant-Strain Triangle
Stiffness Matrix
Substituting the appropriate definition into the above triple
product gives:
[k ] tA[B ]T [D ][B ]

i
0

j
tE
[k ]

4 A(1 )(1 2 ) 0

i
0

j
0

i
i

1
j

1
j
0
0
m

0 0

0.5 i
0

i
i

j
j

m
m

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Explicit Expression for the Constant-Strain Triangle
Stiffness Matrix
Substituting the appropriate definition into the above triple
product gives:
[k ] tA[B ]T [D ][B ]

The stiffness matrix is a function of the global coordinates x and

y, the material properties, and the thickness and area of the
element.

CIVL 8/7117

Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
Consider the thin plate subjected to the surface traction shown
in the figure below.

Assume plane stress conditions. Let E = 30 x 106 psi, n = 0.30,

and t = 1 in.
Determine the nodal displacements and the element stresses.

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
Discretization
Lets discretize the plate into two elements as shown below:

This level of discretization will probably not yield practical results

for displacement and stresses: however; it is useful example
for a longhand solution.

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
The tensile traction forces can be converted into nodal forces as
follows:
fs1x
1 5,000 lb
1
f

0
0
0
s1y

fs 2 x pLt 0 1,000 psi (1 in )10 in 0

0
fs f

0
2
2 0
s2y

0
fs 3 x
1 5,000 lb
1

0
0
fs 3 y

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
The governing global matrix equations are: {F } [K ]{d }
Expanding the above matrices gives:
0
F1x R1x
d1x
0
F

d

1y R1y
1y
0
F2 x R2 x
d 2 x

0
F2 y R2 y
d 2 y

[ K ] [K ]
d 3 x
F3 x 5,000 lb
d 3 x
d 3 y
F3 y 0

d 3 y

d 4 x
F4 x 5,000 lb
d 4 x

F4 y 0

d 4 y

d 4 y

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix
The global stiffness matrix is assembled by superposition of the
individual element stiffness matrices.
The element stiffness matrix is: [k ] tA[B ]T [D ][B ]

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
For element 1: the coordinates are xi = 0, yi = 0, xj = 20, yj = 10,
xm = 0, and ym = 10. The area of the triangle is:
A

bh (20)(10)

100 in.2
2
2

i y j y m 10 10 0

i xm x j 0 20 20

j y m y1 10 0 10

j xi xm 0 0 0

m y i y j 0 10 10

m xi x j 20 0 20

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
Therefore, the [B] matrix is:
0
0
1
[B ]
0
20
200
20 0

10

10

0
0

0
10

0
20

0
20 1
in
10

i y j y m 10 10 0

i xm x j 0 20 20

j y m y1 10 0 10

j xi xm 0 0 0

m y i y j 0 10 10

m xi x j 20 0 20

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
For plane stress conditions, the [D] matrix is:
1

0
6
E
30 10

[D ]
1
0

0.91
1 2
0 0 0.5 1

0
1 0.3
0.3 1
0 psi

0
0 0.35

Substitute the above expressions for [D] and [B] into the general
equations for the stiffness matrix:
[k ] tA [B ]T [D ][B ]

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

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Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
0
20
0
0
20 0

1 0.3
0
0
0
30(106 ) 10
T
[B ] [D ]
0

0.3 1

200(0.91) 0
0
10
0
0 0.35
10 0
20

20 10
0

Therefore:

0
6

6
10
30(10
)
[B ]T [D]

200(0.91) 0
10

0
20
3
0
3
20

7
0

3.5
7

3.5

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]

0
6

(0.15)(106 ) 10
1(100)

0.91
0
10

0
20
3
0
3
20

7
0

0
0
0
1

0
20

3.5 200
20 0
7

3.5

10

10

0
0

0
10

0
20

0
20

10

CIVL 8/7117

Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Simplifying the above expression gives:
u1
140

0
75,000
[k (1) ]

0.91 70
140

70

v1

u3

0
400
60
0
60
400

v3

0
60
100
0
100
60

70
0
0
35
70
35

u2
140
60
100
70
240
130

v2
70
400

60 lb
in
35
130

435

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
For element 2: the coordinates are xi = 0, yi = 0, xj = 20, yj = 0,
xm = 20, and ym = 10. The area of the triangle is:
A

bh (20)(10)

100 in.2
2
2

i y j y m 0 10 10

i xm x j 20 20 0

j y m y1 10 0 10

j xi xm 0 20 20

m y i y j 0 0 0

m xi x j 20 0 20

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Problem 2
Therefore, the [B] matrix is:
10
0
10 0
1
[B ]
0
0
0
20
200
0
10 20 10

0
0
20

0
20
0

1
in

i y j y m 0 10 10

i xm x j 20 20 0

j y m y1 10 0 10

j xi xm 0 20 20

m y i y j 0 0 0

m xi x j 20 0 20

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
For plane stress conditions, the [D] matrix is:
1

0
6
E
30 10

[D ]
1
0

0.91
1 2
0 0 0.5 1

0
1 0.3
0.3 1
0 psi

0
0 0.35

Substitute the above expressions for [D] and [B] into the general
equations for the stiffness matrix:
[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

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Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
0
10 0
0
10
0

1 0.3
0
20
0
30(106 ) 10
T
[B ] [D ]
0

0.3 1

20 10
200(0.91) 0
0
0 0.35
0
0
20

20
0
0

Therefore:

10
0

6
10
30(10
)
[B ]T [D]

200(0.91) 0
6

3
0
3
20
0
20

0
3.5

3.5
7

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]

10
0

(0.15)(106 ) 10
1(100)

0.91
0
6

3
0
3
20
0
20

0
3.5

10
0
10 0
7
1

0
0
0
20

3.5 200
0
10 20 10
7

0
0
20

20
0

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

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Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Simplifying the above expression gives:
u1
100
0

75,000 100
[k (2) ]

0.91 60
0

60

v1

u4

0
35
70
35
70

100 60
60
0
35
70
70
0

240 130 140 60

130 435
400
70
140 70
140
0

400
60
0
400

v4

u3

v3

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
In expanded form, element 1 is:
u1

v1

u2

v2

u3

v3

0
28 14
0
14
28
0
80
12 80 12
0

28 12 48 26 20 14

12
7
375,000 14 80 26 87
[k (1) ]
0.91 0
20
0
12 20 12

14
0
7
7
14 0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

u4

v4

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

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Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
In expanded form, element 2 is:
u1

v1

0
20
0
7

0
0
0
0
375,000
[k (2) ]
14
0.91 0

12 0
20 14

12 7

u2

v2

u3

v3

u4

v4

12

20

12

14

14

28 14
28
0

0
80
12 80
28 12
48 26

14 80 26 87

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Using the superposition, the total global stiffness matrix is:
u1

v1

u2

v2

u3

v3

u4

v4

28 14
26 20 12
0
0
48
0
87
12 80 26
0
14
7

0
0
28 12 48 26 20 14

80 26 87
12
0
0
7
375,000 14

[k ]
0.91 0
48
0
26 20 12
28 14

14
0
87
12 80
7
26 0
20 14
0
0
48 26
28 12

0
0
14 80 26 87
12 7

CIVL 8/7117

Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Using the superposition, the total global stiffness matrix is:
u1

v1

u2

v2

u3

v3

u4

v4

28 14
26 20 12
0
0
48
0
87
12 80 26
0
14
7

0
0
28 12 48 26 20 14

80 26 87
12
0
0
7
375,000 14

[k ]
0.91 0
48
0
26 20 12
28 14

14
0
87
12 80
7
26 0
20 14
0
0
48 26
28 12

0
0
14 80 26 87
12 7

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
The governing global matrix equations are:
0
28 14
0
26 20 12 d1x
R1x
48

R

0
87
12 80 26
0
14
7 d1y
1y

R2 x
0
0 d 2 x
28 12 48 26 20 14

0
0 d 2 y
R2 y 375,000 14 80 26 87 12 7

d 3 x
5,000
0.91
0

26

20
12
48
0

28
14
lb

26
0
14
7
0
87
12 80 d 3 y

20 14
0
0
28 12
48 26 d 4 x
500 lb

0
0
14 80 26 87
12 7
d 4 y

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CIVL 8/7117

Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Applying the boundary conditions: d1x d1y d 2 x d 2 y 0
The governing equations are:
0
28 14 d3 x
5,000 lb
48

0

0
87 12 80 d 3 y

375,000

0.91 28 12
48 26 d 4 x
5,000 lb

14 80 26 87 d 4 y

Solving the equations gives:

d 3 x
d
3y
6
10
d
4x
d 4 y

609.6

4.2

in
663.7
104.1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
The exact solution for the displacement at the free end of the
one-dimensional bar subjected to a tensile force is:

PL (10,000)20

670 10 6 in
6
AE 10(30 10 )

The in-plane stress can be related to displacements by:

{ } [D ][B ]{d }

1
i
0
E

{ }
1
0
2
0

2 A(1 )
0 0 0.5 1 i

i
i

j
j

d ix
d
iy
0

d
jx
m
d jy
m
d mx

d my

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CIVL 8/7117

Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Element 1: { } [D][B ]{d }
1
1 0 3
0
E

{ }
1
0
0 1 0
2 A(1 2 )
0 0 0.5 1 1 1 3

x

y

xy

0.3

0.3

30(10 )(10 )
6

0.96(200)

0
0 0

0.35
20
0

3
3

10

10

20

10

20

d1x
d
1y
0
d

3x
2
d3 y
2
d 2 x

d 2 y
0.0
0.0

0
609.6

20

4.2
10

0.0

0.0

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Element 2: { } [D][B ]{d }
1
1 0 4
0
E

{ }
1
0
0 1 0
2 A(1 2 )
0 0 0.5 1 1 1 4

x

y

xy

0.3

0.3

30(10 )(10 )
6

0.96(200)

10
0 0

0.35
0
0

4
4

10

20

10

20

10

20

d1x
d
1y
0
d

4x
3
d4 y
3
d 3 x

d 3 y
0.0
0.0

0
663.7

20
104.1

609.6

4.2

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
Element 1: { } [D][B ]{d }

x 1,005 psi

y 301 psi
2.4 psi

xy

Element 2:

x 995 psi

y 1.2 psi
2.4 psi

xy

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Plane Stress Example 1
The principal stresses and principal angle are:
2

995 1.2
995 1.2
2

( 2.4) 995 psi
2
2

995 1.2
995 1.2
2

( 2.4) 1.1 psi
2
2

2( 2.4)

p tan 1
0o

2
995 1.2

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Chapter 6 - Plane stress and Plane Strain Equations - Part 1

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Equations

Problems
17. Do problems 6.6a, 6.6c, 6.7, 6.9a-c, 6.11, and 6.13 on
pages 377 - 383 in your textbook A First Course in the
Finite Element Method by D. Logan.
18. Rework the plane stress problem given on page 356 in your
textbook A First Course in the Finite Element Method by
D. Logan using WinFElt to do analysis.
Start with the simple two element model. Continuously
refine your discretization by a factor of two each time until
your FEM solution is in agreement with the exact solution
for both displacements and stress.
How many elements did you need?

End of Chapter 6

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