Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
Dr. Lynn Fuller
Webpage: [Link]
Microelectronic Engineering
Rochester Institute of Technology
82 Lomb Memorial Drive
Rochester, NY 14623-5604
Tel (585) 475-2035
Email: [Link]@[Link]
MicroE webpage: [Link]
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
9-17-2014 Basic_Analog_Circuits.ppt
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 1
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
OUTLINE
Introduction
Op Amp
Comparator
Bistable Multivibrator
RC Oscillator
RC Integrator
Peak Detector
Switched Capacitor Amplifier
Capacitors
Design Examples
References
Homework
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 2
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
INTRODUCTION
Analog electronic circuits are different from digital circuits in that
the signals are expected to have any value rather than two discrete
values. Primitive analog components include the diode, mosfet,
BJT, resistor, capacitor, etc,. Analog circuit building blocks include
single stage amplifiers, differential amplifiers, constant current
sources, voltage references, etc. Basic analog electronic ciruits
include the operational amplifier, inverting amplifier, non-inverting
amplifier, integrator, bistable multivibrator, peak detector,
comparator, RC oscillator, etc. Mixed-mode analog integrated
circuits include D-to-A, A-to-D, etc.
This document will introduce some Basic analog electronic circuits.
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 3
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
BASIC TWO STAGE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 4
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
SPICE ANALYSIS OF OP AMP VERSION 2
.incl rit_sub_param.txt
m1 8 9 7 6 cmosn w=9u l=5u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=45p pd=28u as=45p ps=28u
m2 1 10 7 6 cmosn w=9u l=5u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=45p pd=28u as=45p ps=28u
m3 8 8 4 4 cmosp w=21u l=5u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=102p pd=50u as=102p
ps=50u
m4 1 8 4 4 cmosp w=21u l=5u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=102p pd=50u as=102p
ps=50u
m5 7 5 6 6 cmosn w=40u l=5u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=205p pd=90u as=205p
ps=90u
m6 2 1 4 4 cmosp w=190u l=5u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=950p pd=400u as=950p
ps=400u
m7 2 5 6 6 cmosn w=190u l=5u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=950p pd=400u as=950p
ps=400u
m8 5 5 6 6 cmosn w=40u l=5u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=205p pd=90u as=205p
ps=90u
vdd 4 0 3
vss 6 0 -3
cprobe 2 0 30p
Rprobe 2 0 1meg
cc 1 2 0.6p
mr1 20 20 4 4 cmosp w=6u l=10u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=200p pd=60u as=200p
ps=60u
mr2 5 5 20 4 cmosp w=6u l=10u nrd=1 nrs=1 ad=200p pd=60u as=200p
ps=60u
***************
*************
13.5kV/V gain
***dc open loop gain*********
vi1 9 0 0
vi2 10 0 0
*.dc vi2 -0.002 0.002 1u
.dc vi2 -1 1 0.1m
*****open loop frequency
characteristics*****
*vi1 9 0 0
*vi2 10 0 dc 0 ac 1u
*.ac dec 100 10 1g
.end
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 5
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 6
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
RIT OP AMP WITH OUTPUT STAGE
99
M6
M8
M5
W/L
100/2
W/L
100/2
W/L
100/2
M11
W/L
282/2
Vin+
+V
40/2
M1
5
W/L
686/2
12
+V
M2
M16
Vin-
40/2
W/L
100/2
W/L
336/2
10
20/40
M7
W/L
90/2
M4
90/2
M10
M14 11
M18
14
RL
M20
30/2 30/2
W/L
3800/2
W/L
100/2
M13
M9
M3
M19
M12
3
1
M15
13
M17
W/L
645/2
90/2 90/2
Rochester Institute of Technology98
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 7
W/L
2600/2
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFERS
The 741 Op Amp is a general purpose bipolar integrated circuit that
has input bias current of 80nA, and input voltage of +/- 15 volts @
supply maximum of +/- 18 volts. The output voltage can not go all
the way to the + and - supply voltage. At a minimum supply of +/- 5
volts the output voltage can go ~6 volts p-p.
The newer Op Amps have rail-rail output swing and supply voltages
as low as +/- 1.5 volts. The MOSFET input bias currents are ~ 1pA.
The NJU7031 is an example of this type of Op Amp.
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 8
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
LOW VOLTAGE, RAIL-TO-RAIL OP AMP
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 9
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
SOME BASIC ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
These circuits should be familiar:
R1
R1
Vin
R2
Vo
Vin
R2
Vo
+
Vo= Vin (1 + R2/R1)
Vo= - Vin R2/R1
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier
C
-
Vin
R
Vo
Vin
Vo= Vin
Unity Gain Buffer
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Vo
+
Vo= -1/RC Vin dt
Integrator
Page 10
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
SOME BASIC ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
R1
V1
-
V2
R1
R3
Vo
+
Vo= ( -R3/R1) (V1 + V2)
Rf
Rin
Inverting Summer
V2
Vo
V1
Vo= Rf/Rin (V1-V2)
Rin
Rf
Difference Amplifier
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 11
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
COMPARATOR
+V
+
Vin
Vref
Vo
Theoretical
+V
Vo
-V
Vref
-V
+V
-V
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Microelectronic Engineering
Measured
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 12
Vin
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
BISTABLE CIRCUIT WITH HYSTERESIS
R1
R2
Vo
+V
+V
+
-
Vin
Theoretical
Vo
VTH
Vin
-V
VTL
-V
Measured
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
Sedra and Smith pg 1187
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 13
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
RC INTEGRATOR
Vin
Vin
+Va
Vout
R
C
t1
Vout
+Va
Smaller RC
-Va
t
-Va
Vout = (-Va) + [2Va(1-e-t/RC)]
for 0<t<t1
If R=1MEG and C=10pF find RC=10us
so t1 might be ~20us
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 14
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
OSCILLATOR (MULTIVIBRATOR)
R1
R2
VT
Vo
+V
+V
+
-
Vo
-V
C
t1
-V
1+Vt/V
Period = T = 2RC ln
1-Vt/V
Bistable Circuit with Hysteresis and RC Integrator
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 15
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
PEAK DETECTOR
Variable Vin
Vo
Diode reverse leakage current ~100nA
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 16
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
CAPACITORS
Capacitor - a two terminal device whose current is proportional to
the time rate of change of the applied voltage;
I
I = C dV/dt
+
V
-
a capacitor C is constructed of any two conductors separated by an
insulator. The capacitance of such a structure is:
C = eo er Area/d
where eo is the permitivitty of free space
er is the relative permitivitty
Area
Area is the overlap area of the two
conductor separated by distance d
eo = 8.85E-14 F/cm
er air = 1
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
er SiO2 = 3.9
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 17
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SELECTED MATERIALS
Vacuum
Air
1.00059
Methanol
30
Photoresist
Acetone
20
Plexiglass
3.4
Barium strontium
titanate
500
Polyimide
2.8
Benzene
Conjugated
Polymers
2.284
6 to 100,000
Rubber
Silicon
11.7
Silicon dioxide
3.9
Ethanol
24.3
Silicon Nitride
7.5
Glycerin
42.5
Teflon
2.1
Glass
5-10
Water
80-88
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
[Link]
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 18
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
CALCULATIONS
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 19
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
DESIGN EXAMPLE
Square Wave
Generator
RC Integrator &
Capacitor Sensor
Peak Detector
Comparator
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 20
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
DESIGN EXAMPLE CAPACITOR SENSOR
R1
R2
+V
+
-V
Vref
C
Vo
+
-V
Square Wave
Generator
RC
Integrator
&
Capacitor
Sensor
Buffer
Peak
Detector
Comparator Display
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 21
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
EXAMPLE LABORATORY RESULTS
Smaller Capacitance
Larger Capacitance
Display
Square Wave
Generator
Output
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
Buffer
Output
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 22
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
CAPACITOR MICROPHONE PLUS AMPLIFIER
i
R
3.3V
i
V
NJU703
Vo
-3.3
Vo = - i R
i = d (CV)/dt , V is constant C = Co + Cm sin (2pft)
i = V Cm 2 p f cos (2pft)
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 23
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
PHOTODIODE I TO V LINEAR AMPLIFIER
R2
20K
R1
10K
3.3V
3.3V
p
n
IR LED
Gnd
R4
100K
R3
10K
3.3V
NJU703
NJU703
-3.3
-3.3
Gnd
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 24
Vout
0 to 1V
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
PHOTO DIODE I TO V LOG AMPLIFIER
1N4448
R1
20K
3.3V
I
n
3.3V
IR LED
Linear amplifier uses
100K ohm in place
of the 1N4448
Vout
0 to 1V
NJU703
-3.3
Vout vs. Diode Current
3.5
Gnd
3.0
Output Voltage (V)
Gnd
Linear Amplifier
Log Amplifier
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Photodiode
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
0.0
0.01
0.1
10
100
Diode Current (uA)
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 25
1000
10000
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
PHOTO DIODE I TO V INTEGRATING AMPLIFIER
Reset
Internal
100 pF
C
Ri
Rf
Analog Vout
Integrator and amplifier allow for measurement at low light levels
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 26
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
DIODE AS A TEMPERATURE SENSOR
P+
N+
Poly Heater, Buried pn Diode,
N+ Poly to Aluminum Thermocouple
Compare with theoretical -2.2mV/C
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 27
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
SIGNAL CONDITIONING FOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR
R1
20K
p
3.3V
+
0.2 < Vout < 0.7V
Gnd
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 28
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
OP AMP CONSTANT CURRENT SOURCE
Grounded Load
Floating Load
+
Vo
Rx/R1=R3/R2
Rx
R1
Vs
I = Vs/R
Load
R
Vo
+
R3
R2
Load
Vs
I = Vs/R2
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 29
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
RESISTIVE PRESSURE SENSOR
+5 Volts
R1
Vo2
5 Volts
R3
R3=427
R1=427
R4
R2
Vo1=2.5v
Vo2=2.5v
R2=427
Vo1
R4=427
Gnd
Resistors on a Diaphragm
Gnd
No Pressure
Vo2-Vo1 = 0
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 30
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
5 Volts
V1
Vo1
+
-
R4
R2
R1=427.6
Vo1=2.4965v
R2=426.4
R3=426.4
Gnd
With Pressure
Rochester=
Institute
of Technology
Vo2-Vo1
0.007v
Microelectronic Engineering
=7 mV
R1
R3
Vo2=2.5035v
R4=427.6
R3
R2
V2
+
-
R4
Vo2
Gnd
R4
2R2
1+
Vo = (V2-V1)
R3
R1
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 31
Vo
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
POWER OUTPUT STAGE
+V
+V
-
Vin
Vo
Rload
-V
-V
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 32
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
REFERENCES
1. Switched Capacitor Circuits, Phillip E. Allen and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Publishers, 1984.
2. Active Filter Design Using Operational Transconductance Amplifiers: A
Tutorial, Randall L. Geiger and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio, IEEE Circuits and
Devices Magazine, March 1985, pg. 20-32.
3. Microelectronic Circuits, 5th Edition, Sedra and Smith
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 33
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
HOMEWORK BASIC ANALOG CIRCUITS
1. Create one good homework problem and the solution related to
the material covered in this document. (for next years students)
2. Design a bistable multivibrator witrh Vth of +/- 7.5 volts and
frequency of 5 Khz.
3. Design a temperature sensor circuit that will shut down a heater
if the temperature exceeds 90C
4. Design a peak detector that will respond to changes in input in
less than one second.
5. Derive the equation for the oscillator on page 15
(multivibrator).
6. Derive the voltage gain equation for the difference amplifier.
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 34
Basic Analog Electronic Circuits
DERIVE GAIN EQUATION FOR DIFFERENCE AMP
Rf
Rin
I = (V1-Vx)/Rin
Vx = V1
V2
Vx +
V1
Vo
Vo = -I Rf + Vx
Vo= Rf/Rin (V1-V2)
Rin
Rf
Difference Amplifier
Rochester Institute of Technology
Microelectronic Engineering
September 17, 2014 Dr. Lynn Fuller, Professor
Page 35
Rf
Rf + Rin
