VARENDRA UNIVERSITY

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Course Code: EEE 2102
Course Title: Electronics II Lab

Lab Manual

Course Teacher
Md. Arifuzzaman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE, Varendra University

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 General Guidelines

The following general guidelines must be followed for different segments of Lab throughout
the semester:

Guidelines for Lab Report

1. Lab Report must be submitted regularly. Any delayed submission will not be accepted.
2. Data table as well as calculation & result must be completed by the students during each
lab experiment and signature of course teacher must be taken.
3. The signed data table/result sheet must be attached with the lab report.
4. Student must complete the pre-lab of each experiment using simulation software before
starting the experiment.
5. The pre-lab documents must be submitted with the lab report.

Guidelines for Lab viva

1. Lab viva will be held during the lab test.

2. A portion of lab test mark will be assigned for lab viva.
3. The board viva will be held also as before.

Guidelines for Lab Test

1. Lab test will be held after the completion of all experiments from the lab manual.
2. Lab test mark will be awarded as per the rubrics mentioned for the lab test.

Marks Distribution

Assessment Criteria Marks

Attendance 10
Lab Report 20
Experimental Test 20
Lab Test
Lab Viva 10
Quiz 20
Viva 20
Total 100

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 Rubrics

Students will be awarded marks as per the rubrics set for lab test and lab report which are mentioned
below:
Rubrics for Lab Report

Serial Criteria Details Marks

No.
01 Title page Includes course info., student details, experiment no. 01
and name, submission date etc.
02 Objective Clearly stated and concise statement of purpose of 01
the experiment
03 Theory Brief and correct conceptual write up relevant to 01
experiment
04 Apparatus List of apparatus required with necessary ratings 01
05 Circuit Diagram Neat sketch of relevant circuit using apparatus with 02
rating
06 Data Table/ Correct and complete data table/ Calculation with 03
Calculation and result relevant to experiment
Result
07 Discussion Concise statement reflecting the findings and other 01
relevant things
Total 10

Rubrics for Lab Test

Serial Criteria Details Marks

No.
01 Circuit diagram and Neat sketch of circuit diagram with required 02
apparatus apparatus along with their ratings relevant to
experiment
02 Circuit Properly implemented circuit connection relevant to 06
Implementation experiment and circuit diagram
03 Corrected Input and Accurate and complete Input-Output relevant to 06
Output experiment
04 Calculation and Necessary calculations with result relevant to 06
Result experimental output
Total 20

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 Sample Lab Report

Experiment No.: 01
Experiment Name: Introduction to Operational Amplifier and Its Applications.
Objective:
1. To study the basic configuration and characteristics of an operational amplifier (Op-Amp).
2. To analyze the working of inverting and non-inverting amplifier circuits.
3. To understand the practical applications of Op-Amps in signal amplification.

Theory:
An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is a high-gain voltage amplifier with differential inputs and
a single-ended output. It is widely used in analog electronic circuits. The most commonly used Op-
Amp is the 741 IC, which can be configured in various ways depending on the application.

Key Characteristics of Ideal Op-Amp:

 Infinite open-loop gain

 Infinite input impedance
 Zero output impedance
 Infinite bandwidth
 Zero offset voltage

Common Applications:

 Inverting amplifier
 Non-inverting amplifier
 Voltage follower (buffer)
 Summing amplifier
 Differentiator and Integrator

In this experiment, we focus on two basic applications:

1. Inverting Amplifier – The input signal is applied to the inverting terminal, resulting
in a 180° phase-shifted output.
2. Non-Inverting Amplifier – The input signal is applied to the non-inverting terminal;
the output is in phase with the input

Required Apparatus:

1. Breadboard
2. Op-Amp IC 741
3. Resistors (various values)
4. Signal generator
5. Dual power supply (+12V, -12V)

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 6. Oscilloscope / Voltmeter
7. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1. Circuit diagram of inverting amplifier Fig.2. Circuit diagram of non inverting amplifier

Data Table:
Configuration Vin (V) R1 (kΩ) Rf (kΩ) Theoretical Gain Vo (V)
Inverting Amplifier 1.0 1.0 10.0 -10 -10.1
Non-Inverting Amplifier 1.0 1.0 10.0 11 10.9

Calculation and Result:

Inverting Amplifier Gain:

Av = −Rf/R1 = −10/1 = −10

Non-Inverting Amplifier Gain:

Av = 1+Rf/R1 = 1+10/1 =11

Measured gain:

 For inverting amplifier: Vout ≈ -10.1V

 For non-inverting amplifier: Vout ≈ 10.9V

The measured results closely match the theoretical values, indicating correct circuit behavior.

Discussion:
The experiment demonstrated the behavior of Op-Amps in two basic configurations. The inverting
amplifier produced an output that was 180° out of phase with the input, and the non-inverting
amplifier maintained the same phase as the input. This experiment serves as a foundational step in
understanding more complex Op-Amp-based analog circuits.

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 List of Experiments
Serial No. Name of the experiment Page No.
01 Study of an inverting amplifier circuit using op-amp. 07
02 Study of a non-inverting amplifier circuit using op-amp. 10
03 Study of the maximum output voltage swing of an inverting 12
amplifier circuit.
04 Study of an integrator circuit using op-amp. 14
05 Study of a differentiator circuit using op-amp. 16
06 Study of an inverting comparator circuit using op-amp. 18
07 Study of a non-inverting comparator circuit using op-amp. 20
08 Study of a zero crossing detector circuit using op-amp 22
09 Study of a Summing amplifier detector circuit using op-amp. 24
10 Study of a Subtracting amplifier circuit using op-amp. 26
11 Design of a phase shift oscillator circuit of 100 Hz frequency using 28
op-amp.
12 Design of a Wien-bridge oscillator circuit of 100Hz frequency 30
using op-amp.

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Experiment No.: 01
Experiment Name: Study of an inverting amplifier circuit using op-amp.
Objectives
 To study about op-amp.
 To study the operation of an inverting amplifier circuit.
Theory
An inverting amplifier using op-amp is a type of amplifier using op-amp where the output waveform
will be phase opposite to the input waveform. The input waveform will be amplifier by the factor Av
(voltage gain of the amplifier) in magnitude and its phase will be inverted. In the inverting amplifier
circuit the signal to be amplified is applied to the inverting input of the op amp through the input
resistance R1. Rf is the feedback resistor. Rf and R1 together determine the gain of the amplifier.
Inverting operational amplifier gain can be expressed using the equation Av = – Rf/R1. Negative sign
implies that the output signal is negated. The circuit diagram of abasic inverting amplifier using op-
amp is shown below

Fig: Pin configuration of 741 op-amp ic.

The input and output waveforms of an inverting amplifier using op-amp is shown below. The graph is
drawn assuming that the gain (Av) of the amplifier is 2and the input signal is a sine wave. It is clear
from the graph that the output is twice in magnitude when compared to the input (Vout = Av*Vin)
and phase opposite to the input.

Required Apparatus
1. OP-AMP (741);
2. Signal Generator;
3. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
4. Resistors (2.2KΩ, 10KΩ);
5. Connecting wires.
6. Project board

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Circuit Diagram

Figure1-2 Circuit of an inverting amplifier.

Procedure
 Place the 741 op-amp IC in the project board.
 Place the resistors as the circuit diagram.
 Connect the signal generator in the inverting input as the diagram.
 Connect the CRO input 1 with the input where the signal generator is connected.
 Connect the CRO input 2 with the output of the 741 IC.
 Merge the Ground pin of signal generator and CRO.
 Power up the IC with +12V in pin 7 and -12V in pin 4 of the 741 IC.
 Select Sine wave at 200Hz with 2V p-p.
 Collect data from the CRO.

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Waveshape

Figure 1-3: Inverting amplifier output

Result and Discussion

𝑅𝑓
Gain Av = − 𝑅
1
𝑅𝑓
Output voltage Vout= − 𝑅 Vin
1

Precautions
 All connections were made tightly to avoid signal distortion due to loosen connection.
 Checked all connection twice before powering up the IC.
 Data was taken carefully from the oscilloscope
Questions:
1. What is an OP-AMP?
2. Draw the pin diagram of 741 OP-AMP.
3. Define inverting amplifier.
4. Write the output voltage equation of an inverting amplifier.
5. What will be the output of an inverting amplifier if the input signal is a Sine Wave?
6. What is Gain for inverting amplifier?
7. What is the Rf resistor called?

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Experiment No.: 02
Experiment Name: Study of a non-inverting amplifier circuit using op-amp.
Objectives
To study the operation of an non-inverting amplifier circuit.
Theory
Non-inverting amplifier: Non Inverting amplifier is one in which the output is in phase with
respect to input (i.e. if you apply a positive voltage, output will be positive). Output is an Non
inverted (in terms of phase) amplified version of input.
The output voltage equation of an non-inverting amplifier is:
𝑅
Vout = (1 + 𝑅𝑓 ) Vin
1

Circuit Diagram

Figure 2-1: Circuit of an non-inverting amplifier

Required Apparatus
1. OP-AMP (741);
2. Signal Generator;
3. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
4. Resistors (2.2KΩ, 10KΩ);
5. Connecting wires.
6. Project board
Procedures
 Place the 741 op-amp IC in the project board.
 Place the resistors as the circuit diagram.
 Connect the signal generator in the non-inverting input as the diagram.

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  Connect the CRO input 1 with the input where the signal generator is connected.
 Connect the CRO input 2 with the output of the 741 IC.
 Merge the Ground pin of signal generator and CRO.
 Power up the IC with +12V in pin 7 and -12V in pin 4 of the 741 IC
 Select Sine wave at 200Hz with 2V p-p
 Collect data from CRO.
Waveshape

Result and Discussion

𝑅𝑓
Gain Av = 1 + 𝑅
1
𝑅𝑓
Output voltage Vout=(1 + ) Vin
𝑅1

Precautions
 All connections were made tightly to avoid signal distortion due to loosen connection.
 Checked all connection twice before powering up the IC.
 Data was taken carefully from the oscilloscope
Questions
1. Define non-inverting amplifier.
2. Write the output voltage equation of anon-inverting amplifier.
3. What will be the output of a non-inverting amplifier if the input signal is a Sine Wave?
4. What is Gain for non-inverting amplifier?

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Experiment No.: 03
Experiment Name: Study of the maximum output voltage swing of an inverting
amplifier circuit.
Objectives
To study the maximum output voltage swing of an inverting amplifier circuit.
Theory
Maximum output voltage swing: The maximum output voltage at which the output voltage
can be increased without any distortion is called maximum output voltage swing of an op-amp. For an
op-amp the maximum output voltage can be from +Vcc to –Vcc .
Circuit Diagram

Required Apparatus
i. OP-AMP (741);
ii. Signal Generator;
iii. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
iv. Resistors (2.2KΩ, 10KΩ);
v. Connecting wires.
vi. Project board
Procedure
 Place the 741 op-amp IC in the project board.
 Place the resistors as the circuit diagram.
 Connect the signal generator in the non-inverting input as the diagram.
 Connect the CRO input 1 with the input where the signal generator is connected.
 Connect the CRO input 2 with the output of the 741 IC.
 Merge the Ground pin of signal generator and CRO.

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  Power up the IC with +12V in pin 7 and -12V in pin 4 of the 741 IC
 Select Sine wave at 200Hz and carefully rotate the p-p amplitude knob until the output
waveshape reaches the maximum saturation point without distortion.
 Collect data from oscilloscope.
Waveshape

Figure 3-2

Result and Discussion

𝑅𝑓
Gain Av = 1 +
𝑅1
Maximum output voltage swing from +Vcc to –Vcc .
Precautions
 All connections were made tightly to avoid signal distortion due to loosen connection.
 Checked all connection twice before powering up the IC.
 Data was taken carefully from the oscilloscope
Questions
1. Define maximum output voltage swing.

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Experiment No.: 04
Experiment Name; Study of an integrator circuit using op-amp.
Objectives
 To study the operation of an integrator circuit.

Theory
Integrator: the Op-amp Integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the
mathematical operation of integration, that is we can cause the output to respond to changes in the
input voltage over time as the op-amp integrator produces an output voltage which is proportional to
the integral of the input voltage.
The output voltage equation of an integrator circut is:
1
Vo = − 𝑉𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝐶

Circuit Diagram

Figure 4-3: Circuit of an integrator.

Required Apparatus
1. OP-AMP (741);
2. Signal Generator;
3. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
4. Resistors (1.5 KΩ);
5. Capacitor (0.1mF)
6. Connecting wires.
7. Project board

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Procedure
 Place the 741 op-amp IC in the project board.
 Place the resistor and capacitor as the circuit diagram.
 Connect the signal generator in the inverting input as the diagram.
 Connect the CRO input 1 with the input where the signal generator is connected.
 Connect the CRO input 2 with the output of the 741 IC.
 Merge the Ground pin of signal generator and CRO.
 Power up the IC with +12V in pin 7 and -12V in pin 4 of the 741 IC
 Select square wave at 200Hz at 2V p-p.
Waveshapes

Figure 4-2: Input and output waveshape of an integrator circuit.

Result and Discussion
1
Vo = − 𝑅𝐶 𝑉𝑖 𝑑𝑡

Precautions
 All connections were made tightly to avoid signal distortion due to loosen connection.
 Checked all connection twice before powering up the IC.
 Data was taken carefully from the oscilloscope
Questions
1. Define integrator circuit.
2. What is the output equation of an integrator circuit?
3. What will be the waveshape of an integrator circuit if the input is a square wave at the
inverting input pin?

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Experiment No.: 05
Experiment Name: Study of a differentiator circuit using op-amp.
Objectives
To study the operation of an differentiator circuit.
Theory
Differentiator: The basic operational amplifier differentiator performs the mathematical
operation of differentiation that is it produces a voltage output which is directly proportional to the
input voltage’s rate-of-change with respect to time.
The output voltage equation of a differentiator circuit is:
𝑑𝑣𝑖
Vo = −𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡

Circuit Diagram

.Figure 5-4: Circuit of a differentiator

Required Apparatus
1. OP-AMP (741);
2. Signal Generator;
3. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
4. Resistors (100 KΩ);
5. Capacitor (1.1mF)
6. Connecting wires.
7. Project board
Procedure
 Place the 741 op-amp IC in the project board.

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  Place the resistor and capacitor as the circuit diagram.
 Connect the signal generator in the inverting input as the diagram.
 Connect the CRO input 1 with the input where the signal generator is connected.
 Connect the CRO input 2 with the output of the 741 IC.
 Merge the Ground pin of signal generator and CRO.
 Power up the IC with +12V in pin 7 and -12V in pin 4 of the 741 IC
 Select Square wave, Triangular wave and Sine wave one by one at 200Hz at 2V p-p.
Waveshape

Figure 5-5

Result and Discussion

𝑑𝑣𝑖
Vo = −𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡

Precautions
 All connections were made tightly to avoid signal distortion due to loosen connection.
 Checked all connection twice before powering up the IC.
 Data was taken carefully from the oscilloscope
Questions
1. Define differentiator circuit.
2. What is the output equation of an integrator circuit?
3. What will be the waveshape of an integrator circuit if the input is a square wave,
triangular wave and sine wave at the inverting input pin?

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Experiment No.: 06
Experiment Name: Study of an inverting comparator using op-amp.
Objectives
To study the operation of an inverting comparator circuit.
Theory
Inverting comparator: Voltage comparator is a circuit which compares two voltages and
switches the output to either high or low state depending upon which voltage is higher. In the case of
an inverting comparator, the reference voltage is applied to the non-inverting input and voltage to be
compared is applied to the inverting input. Whenever the input voltage (Vin) goes above the Vref, the
output of the opamp swings to negative saturation.
Circuit Diagram

Figure 6-1 : Circuit of an inverting comparator

Required apparatus
1. OP-AMP (741);
2. Signal Generator;
3. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
4. Resistors (R1= 10k, R2 = 1K);
5. Connecting wires.
6. Project board
7. Multimeter

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Procedure
 Place the 741 op-amp IC in the project board.
 Place the resistors as the circuit diagram.
 Connect the signal generator in the inverting input as the diagram.
 Connect the CRO input 1 with the input where the signal generator is connected.
 Connect the CRO input 2 with the output of the 741 IC.
 Merge the Ground pin of signal generator and CRO.
 Power up the IC with +12V in pin 7 and -12V in pin 4 of the 741 IC
 Select Sine wave one by one at 200Hz at 2V p-p.
Waveshape

Figure 6-2: input and output waveshape of an inverting comparator circuit.

Result and Discussion
 All connections were made tightly to avoid signal distortion due to loosen connection.
 Checked all connection twice before powering up the IC.
Questions
1. Define inverting comparator.

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Experiment No.: 07
Experiment Name: Study of a non-inverting comparator circuit using op-amp.
Objectives
To study the operation of a non-inverting comparator circuit.
Theory
Non-inverting comparator: Voltage comparator is a circuit which compares two voltages and
switches the output to either high or low state depending upon which voltage is higher. In non-
inverting comparator the reference voltage is applied to the inverting input and the voltage to be
compared is applied to the non-inverting input. Whenever the voltage to be compared (Vin) goes
above the reference voltage, the output of the op amp swings to positive saturation (V+) and vice
versa.
Circuit Diagram

Figure 7-6: Circuit of non-inverting comparator.

Required Apparatus
i. OP-AMP (741);
ii. Signal Generator;
iii. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
iv. Resistors (R1= 10k, R2 = 1K);
v. Connecting wires.
vi. Project board
vii. multimeter

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Procedure
 Place the 741 op-amp IC in the project board.
 Place the resistors as the circuit diagram.
 Connect the signal generator in the non-inverting input as the diagram.
 Connect the CRO input 1 with the input where the signal generator is connected.
 Connect the CRO input 2 with the output of the 741 IC.
 Merge the Ground pin of signal generator and CRO.
 Power up the IC with +12V in pin 7 and -12V in pin 4 of the 741 IC
 Select Sine wave one by one at 200Hz at 2V p-p.
Waveshape

Figure 7-7: Input and output waveshape of a non-inverting comparator circuit.

Result and Discussion

Precautions
 All connections were made tightly to avoid signal distortion due to loosen connection.
 Checked all connection twice before powering up the IC.
Questions
1. Define non-inverting comparator.

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Experiment No.: 08
Experiment Name: Study of a zero crossing detector circuit using op-amp.
Objectives
To study the operation of a zero crossing detector circuit.
Theory
Zero crossing detectors: A zero crossing detector circuit is a useful application of Op-amp
as Comparator. It is used to track the changing in the sine waveform from positive to negative or vice
versa while it crosses Zero voltage. It can also be used as a Square Wave Generator.
Circuit Diagram

Figure 8-8: Circuit of a zero crossing detector.

Required Apparatus
2. OP-AMP (741);
3. Signal Generator;
4. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
5. Connecting wires.
6. Project board
7. multimeter
Procedure
 Place the 741 op-amp IC in the project board.
 Connect the signal generator in the inverting input as the diagram.

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  Connect the non-inverting input to Ground.
 Connect the CRO input 1 with the input where the signal generator is connected.
 Connect the CRO input 2 with the output of the 741 IC.
 Merge the Ground pin of signal generator and CRO.
 Power up the IC with +12V in pin 7 and -12V in pin 4 of the 741 IC
 Select Sine wave one by one at 200Hz at 2V p-p in the signal generator.
Waveshape

Figure 8-9: Input and output waveshape of a zero crossing detector circuit.
Result and Discussion

Precautions
 All connections were made tightly to avoid signal distortion due to loosen connection.
 Checked all connection twice before powering up the IC.
Questions
1. Define zero crossing detector.

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Experiment No.: 09
Experiment Name: Study of a Summing amplifier circuit using op-amp.
Objectives
To study the operation of a Summing amplifier circuit.
Theory
In a summing amplifier configuration, multiple input voltages are applied to the inverting input
through individual resistors. The non-inverting input is usually connected to the ground. The output
voltage Vout is a weighted sum of the input voltages.
Circuit Diagram

Figure 9-10: Circuit of a Summing amplifier

Required Apparatus
1. OP-AMP (741);
2. Rin1=Rin2=Rin3=10Kohm, Rf=15Kohm.
3. Signal Generator;
4. CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
5. Connecting wires.
6. Project board
7. multimeter

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Procedure
 Assemble the circuit on a breadboard according to the circuit diagram provided.
 Connect the power supply to the op-amp (typically ±15V for a 741 op-amp).
 Use a DC power supply to apply different input voltages
 Vin1,Vin2 and Vin3 through the resistors Rin1,Rin2 and Rin3 Measure the output voltage
 Using an oscilloscope or a multimeter.
 Verify the output voltage against the theoretical value calculated using the formula provided.
 Compare the measured output voltage with the theoretical value.
 Discuss any discrepancies and potential sources of error.
Calculation
Vout = -(Rf/Rin1 * Vin1 + Rf/Rin2 * V_in2 + Rf/Rin3 * V_in3)
If all resistors R1, R2, and R3 are equal and equal to R, and the feedback resistor Rf is also
equal to R, then the output voltage is:
V_out = -(V_in1 + V_in2 + V_in3)

Result and Discussion

Precautions
 Ensure the power supply voltages do not exceed the rated values for the op-amp.
 Check all connections to avoid short circuits.
 Verify resistor values using a multimeter before use.
Questions
1. What is the main function of a summing amplifier?
2. How is the output voltage of a summing amplifier determined?
3. Why are the input voltages applied to the inverting input of the op-amp in a summing
amplifier?
4. What is the role of the feedback resistor Rf in a summing amplifier?
5. How does the summing amplifier circuit differ if all the resistors are not equal?
6. What precautions should be taken while assembling the summing amplifier circuit?
7. How can you verify the functionality of the summing amplifier?

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Experiment No.: 10
Experiment Name: Study of a Subtracting amplifier circuit using op-amp.
Objectives
To study the operation of a Subtracting amplifier circuit.
Theory
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain voltage amplifier with differential inputs and usually
a single-ended output. The op-amp has two inputs, the inverting input (−) and the non-inverting input
(+), and one [Link] a subtracting amplifier configuration, two input voltages are applied to the
inverting and non-inverting inputs of the op-amp through resistors. The output voltage V_out is the
differencebetweenthe two input voltages.
Circuit Diagram

Figure 10-11: Circuit of a Subtracting amplifier.

Required Apparatus
 OP-AMP (741);
 Rin1= Rin2= Rin3=10Kohm, Rf=15Kohm.
 Signal Generator;
 CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope);
 Connecting wires.
 Project board
 Multimeter

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Procedure
 Assemble the circuit on a breadboard according to the circuit diagram provided.
 Connect the power supply to the op-amp (typically ±15V for a 741 op-amp).
 Use a function generator to apply different input voltages V_in1 and V_in2 through the
resistors R1.
 Measure the output voltage V_out using an oscilloscope or a multimeter.
 Verify the output voltage against the theoretical value calculated using the formula provided.
 Compare the measured output voltage with the theoretical value.
 Discuss any discrepancies and potential sources of error.

Result and Discussion

Precautions
 Ensure the power supply voltages do not exceed the rated values for the op-amp.
 Check all connections to avoid short circuits.
 Verify resistor values using a multimeter before use.
Questions
1. What is the main function of a subtracting amplifier?
2. How is the output voltage of a subtracting amplifier determined?
3. Why are the input voltages applied to both inverting and non-inverting inputs of the op-amp
in a subtracting amplifier?
4. What is the role of the resistors in a subtracting amplifier?
5. How does the subtracting amplifier circuit work if the resistors are not equal?
6. What precautions should be taken while assembling the subtracting amplifier circuit?
7. How can you verify the functionality of the subtracting amplifier?

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