CONTENTS
Preface Preface 1st Edition
xi xiii
INTRODUCTION
Introduction Metallurgical Sources of SO2 Gases Nomenclature
1-1
1-3 1-11 1-23
Molten Sulphur Storage and Handling Sulphur Melting Sulphur Filtration Sulphur Piping Sulphur Pumps Sulphur Concrete and Asphalt
5-28 5-39 5-44 5-60 5-70 5-76
6 2 GAS CLEANING
Gas Cleaning Quench Systems Venturi Scrubbers Gas Cooling Wet Electrostatic Precipitators Dynawave Wet Gas Booster Fans Weak Acid Pumps Arsenic Removal Fluoride Removal Mercury Removal Selenium Removal Weak Acid Piping Vacuum Relief Devices Hot Gas Filters
SULPHUR BURNING
Sulphur Burning Sulphur Furnaces Sulphur Burners
6-1
6-3 6-6 6-15
2-1
2-3 2-9 2-14 2-20 2-26 2-46 2-53 2-57 2-59 2-64 2-70 2-78 2-80 2-85 2-88
SULPHURIC ACID REGENERATION
Sulphuric Acid Regeneration Vapour Phase Recovery
7-1
7-3 7-23
LIQUID SULPHUR DIOXIDE
Liquid Sulphur Dioxide Liquid SO2 Storage and Handling
8-1
8-3 8-13
ENERGY RECOVERY
Energy Recovery Cogeneration
9-1
9-3 9-17
CONTACT SECTION
Contact Section Catalyst Converters Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchangers Blowers Preheat Systems Stacks
3-1
3-3 3-10 3-30 3-47 3-61 3-75 3-84
10 ACID STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION
Storage Tanks Transportation Acid Loading/Unloading
10-1
10-3 10-29 10-43
11 STEAM SYSTEMS
Steam Systems Economizers Boilers Superheaters
11-1
11-3 11-10 11-18 11-26
STRONG ACID SYSTEM
Strong Acid System Acid Towers Acid Distributors Mist Eliminators Acid Pump Tanks Acid Coolers Acid Pumps Acid Piping Acid Valves Acid Strainers Acid Resistant Linings Product Acid Quality
4-1
4-5 4-14 4-47 4-54 4-83 4-96 4-107 4-115 4-131 4-135 4-138 4-165
12 TECHNOLOGY Technology
NOx Treatment REGESOX SULFACID Haldor Topse WSA Process KVT Sulfox Process Petersen-Fattinger-Process SO2 Reduction Pressure Plant Tail Gas Scrubbing SO2 Absorption Nitrosylsulphuric Acid Process
12-1 12-3
12-4 12-10 12-12 12-13 12-16 12-18 12-21 12-26 12-28 12-34 12-41
SULPHUR
Sulphur Bulk Storage and Handling
5-1
5-3 5-13
CONTENTS
13 MECHANICAL
Mechanical Gas Ducting Dampers Equipment Equipment Fabrication Insulation
13-1
13-3 13-4 13-4 13-25 13-38 13-44
Oleum Hydrogen Sulphide Nitrosylsulphuric Acid
17-46 17-50 17-52
18 OPERATIONS
Operations Optimization and Process Control Emergency Plans Interlocks and Emergency Shutdown Plant Emissions Weak Gas Strong Gas Plant Startups Plant Shut Downs
18-1
18-3 18-15 18-25 18-27 18-32 18-40 18-45 18-52 18-64
14 INSTRUMENTATION
Instrumentation Temperature Pressure Flow Acid Concentration SO2 Concentration O2 Concentration SO3/Acid Mist Dew Point Opacity NOx
14-1
14-3 14-4 14-7 14-9 14-13 14-16 14-18 14-22 14-23 14-24 14-25
19 OLEUM AND SULPHUR TRIOXIDE
Oleum and Sulphur Trioxide Oleum Oleum Distillation Sulphur Trioxide Handling and Storage Oleum Handling and Storage
19-1
19-3 19-5 19-11 19-14 19-19
15 SAFETY
Safety Sulphuric Acid/Oleum Safety Sulphur Dioxide Safety Sulphuric Acid Mist Safety Showers and Eyewashes Spills Pipeline Identification Noise
15-1
15-3 15-8 15-13 15-16 15-19 15-22 15-24 15-26
20 WEAK ACID EFFLUENT TREATMENT
Weak Acid Effluent Treatment Lime Arsenic Copper Molybdenum Mercury Selenium Other Impurities
20-1
20-3 20-20 20-23 20-30 20-31 20-32 20-34 20-36
16 MATERIALS
Materials Corrosion Polarization Curves Metals High Silicon Stainless Steels Chas. S. Lewis Alloys Meehanite Protective Coatings Membranes and Mortars Elastomers
16-1
16-5 16-8 16-92 16-96 16-113 16-118 16-119 16-121 16-132 16-136
21 SULPHURIC ACID CONCENTRATION AND RECOVERY
Sulphuric Acid Concentration Sulphuric Acid Recovery
21-1
21-3 21-19
22 PLANT SIMULATIONS
Plant Simulations Physical Properties
22-1
22-3 22-14
17 PROPERTIES
Properties Sulphur Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur Trioxide Sulphuric Acid
17-1
17-3 17-4 17-17 17-27 17-34
23 SULPHURIC ACID PLANT SPECIFICATION
Sulphuric Acid Plant Specification Equipment Specifications
23-1
23-3 23-27
CONTENTS
24 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Plant Laboratory Test Standards and Methods Sampling Sulphur Gas Cleaning Mercury Removal Contact Section Product Sulphuric Acid Liquid Sulphur Dioxide
24-1
24-3 24-5 24-9 24-14 24-22 24-24 24-26 24-33 24-40
Table A-5 Table A-6 Table A-7 Table A-8
Flanged Tees and Crosses Flanged Reducers Flanged Reducing 90o Elbows Pipe Data Carbon and Alloy Steel Stainless Steel
Time to Drain a Horizontal Cylindrical Tank Fan Design
Appendix B Patents
Table B-1 Table B-2 Table B-3 Table B-4 Table B-5 Table B-6 Table B-7 Table B-8 Table B-9 Table B-10 Table B-11 Table B-12 Table B-13 Table B-14 Table B-15 Table B-16 Table B-17 Table B-18 Table B-19 Table B-20 Table B-21 Table B-22 Table B-23 Sulphuric Acid Technology Catalyst Vanadium Catalyst Platinum Catalyst Converter Designs Acid Distributors Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchangers Towers Mist Eliminators Sulphur Dioxide to Sulphur Sulphur Dioxide Scrubbing Mercury Removal Nitorgen Oxides Acid Regeneration and Concentration Sulphur Dioxide Technology Impurity Removal Sulphur Technology Materials Sulphur Combustion Sulphur Trioxide Technology Gas Cleaning Technology A-1 Energy Recovery Technology Acid Cooler Technology
25 MAINTENANCE
Maintenance Equipment Inspection Equipment Life Spares Plant Retrofits and Revamps Plant Shut Down and Mothballing Plant Relocation
25-1
25-5 25-35 25-47 25-57 25-61 25-74 25-82
26 UTILITIES
Utilities Cooling Water Air Systems Electric Power Fuel Systems Boiler Feed Water Systems
26-1
26-3 26-4 26-9 26-14 26-17 26-19
APPENDIX Appendix A Engineering Data
Table A-1 Table A-2 Table A-3 Table A-4 Barometric Pressure at Elevations Above/Below Mean Sea Level BWG Equivalents Cast Iron Flange Dimensions Flanged Bends
Appendix C Equipment Checklists Appendix D MONDI Pipe Specification
