Politics and Governance

st - Politics concerns the production, distribution, and

1 Grading use of resources in the course of social existence.
Politics
- Politics is the ability to achieve a desirable outcome,
- Science and art of government; the science dealing
through whatever means.
with the form, organization, and administration of a
- Politics can therefore be seen as a struggle over
state or a part of one, and with the regulation of its
scarce resources, and power can be seen as the
relations with other states (Oxford English
means through which this struggle is conducted.
Dictionary, n.d).
- Power structured relationships, arrangements,
- It is a way of ruling divided societies by a process
whereby one group of persons is controlled by
of free discussion and without undue violence
another (Millet, 1969).
(Crick, 1993).
- Politics as class struggle (Karl Marx).
- Who gets what, when, and how (Leswell, 1936).
- Man moving man (Jouvenal, 1963).
Governance
- The process of decision-making and the process by
POLITICS AS AN POLITICS AS PROCESS
which decisions are implemented or not.
ARENA
- It is the traditions and institutions by which
The art of government Compromise and authority in a country is exercised for the common
public affairs. consensus; Power and the good. Including: (i) the process by which those in
distribution of resources. authority are selected, monitored, and replaced. (ii)
the capacity of the government to effectively
Politics: Art of the Government manage its resources and implemented sound
- What concerns the polis. policies. (iii) the respect of citizens and the state for
o Polis, center of everything; of a nation. the institutions that govern economics and social
- What concerns the state? interactions among them (World Bank, n.d).
- The authoritative allocation of value (Easton, 1979). - It encompasses and involve several actors that
o Respond to pressure by allocating interact in the process of managing the government
benefits, rewards, or penalties. How? (Carino, 2000).
Through politics.
o Politics takes place in the polity = Good Governance
organizations centered on the - Popularized by the United Nations, World Bank,
machinery of the government. Asian Development bank, and other financial
 Machinery, the departments institutions which saw the need for developing
such as DepEd, DOH, DOJ, countries to produce significant improvement in
etc. their respective administrative systems (Brillantes &
- The task is therefore not to abolish politicians and Fernandez, 2008 as cited in Bihasa, 2015).
bring politics to an end, rather, to ensure that - It includes the process of involving formal and
politics is conducted within a framework of checks informal actors.
and constraints that guarantee that government
power is not abused. Good Governance Key Dimensions
Who has power? Who makes decisions?
Politics: Public Affairs How stakeholders make How account is rendered?
- Public life vs Private life their voices heard?
o Politics is restricted to the activities of
the state itself and the responsibilities Five Principles of Good Governance
that are properly exercised by public (Institute on Governance)
bodies. Legitimacy and Voice Direction
Performance Accountability
Public Private Fairness
The state: Apparatus of the Civil society: autonomous
government. bodies: businesses, trade Eight Principles of Good Governance
unions, clubs, families, and (United Nations Development Program)
so on. Participation Transparency
Accountability Consensus-Oriented
Public Private Responsiveness Equity and Inclusivity
Public realm: politics, Personal realm: family and Effectiveness and
commerce, work, art, domestic life. Rule of Law
Efficiency
culture and so on.
The Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG)
Politics: Compromise and Consensus Good Financial Disaster
- Politics is the activity by which differing interests Social Protection
Housekeeping Preparedness
within a given unit of rule are conciliated by giving
Business-
them a share in power in proportion to their Environmental
Peace and Order Friendliness and
importance to the welfare and the survival of the Management
Competitiveness
whole community (Crick, 1962; 2002).
- Politics as decision-making: seen as a particular
Framework of Governance
means of resolving conflict; that is, by compromise,
- Governance is the process whereby societies or
conciliation, and negotiation rather than through
organizations make their important decisions,
force and naked power.
determine who has a voice, who is engaged in the
process, and how the account is rendered (Institute
Politics: Power
on Governance, 2006).

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 Politics and Governance
o Sometimes portrayed as a meta-
ideology.
o It is the most important reformation in
Europe during the 19th century.
o It has 2 types: Classical and Social.

Key Ideas of Liberalism

Individualism: The core principle of liberal ideology. It
reflects a belief in the supreme importance of human
individuals as opposed to any social group or collective
The three legs of Governance (UNDP): body.
Economic Political Administrative Freedom: Individual freedom or liberty are
interchangeable, is the core value of liberalism; it is given
priority over say, equality, justice, or authority.
Reason: The world has a rational structure, and this can be
uncovered through at exercise of human reason and by
critical enquiry.
Equality: Individualism implies a belief in foundation
equality: that is, the belief that individuals are born equal,
at least, in terms of moral worth.
Toleration: Toleration, the forbearance; the willingness of
people to allow others to think, speak, and act in ways of
which they disapprove, is both a guarantee of individual
liberty and a means of social enrichment.
The media serves as the watchdog of the government.
Consent: In the liberal view, authority and social
The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various relationships should always be based on consent or willing
ways: the point is to change it. agreement.
- Karl Marx Constitutionalism: They are constantly aware of the
danger. This limits the government from exercising
The Role of Ideas in Politics excessive power and this prevents autocratic government.
- All people are political thinkers.
- What people think and believe about society, power, Primarily, there is no specific definition of liberalism; many
rights, etc., determines their actions. facets. The primary point of individuals in a liberal state,
- Since the world is full of ‘scribblers’, beliefs and humans should be the most important aspect of society; the
theories provide the wellspring of human action. state must promote equality. Moreover, liberals advocate
- In reality, our political life is one-sided and freedom under the law; there should be a boundary that limits
inadequate. the freedom of the people, otherwise, this may turn into a
- Political thought and political practice are threat to people’s freedom. Additionally, in Liberalism, humans
inseparably linked. are deemed rational and are reliable in deciding for the
- Ideas and ideologies influence political life in a common good; the evolution of ideas is inevitable, thus the
number of ways (Heywood, 2017). progression in ideas and implementations. Toleration, on the
o Structure political understanding and so other hand, is a way through which new ideas may arise and is
set goals and inspire activism. a way to prevent conflicts. Liberalism is against
o Shape the nature of political systems. authoritarianism.
o Act as a form of social cement.
In Philippine Liberalism, it focuses on 3 Ks: Kalayaan,
Katarungan, at Karapatang Pantao. On January 19, 1946, the
Ideology
Liberal Party was established. Additionally, plurality means
- To consist of a particular type of political thought,
diversity. In the Philippines, the political system is pluralist;
distinct from say, political stance, or political
political parties have variations.
philosophy.
Populism; popularity is the basis of decision-making.
Political Ideology
- Involves the reflection of questions about the
Decentralization in the Philippines: Republic Act 71760
nature, role, and significance of thought, and about
(Local Government Code of 1991)
which sets of political ideas and arguments should
- Devolution
be classified as ideologies.
o Transfer of power from national
- Coined by Destutt de Trace – the new science of
government to local. An example is
ideas (ideologie).
scholarship.
- Ideology is the most elusive concept in the whole of
- Deconcentration
the social sciences (McLellan, 1995).
o Transfer of administrative tasks.
- It is a more or less coherent set of ideas that
provides a basis for organized political action, - Debureaucratization
whether this is intended to preserve, modify, or o Inclusion of Private sectors to hold
overthrow the existing system of power power and properties.
relationships.
PPP – Public-Private Partnership
Classical Political Ideologies CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility
- Liberalism
o Ideology of the industrialized west. - Conservatism

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 Politics and Governance
o They arose as a reaction against the intersection between liberalism and
growing pace of economic and political socialism.
change, which was in many ways
symbolized by the French Revolution. Four Elements of State
o It was harked back to the acien regime. - People
o They want to retain the traditional way. - Sovereignty
- Territory
Key Ideas of Conservatism - Government
Tradition: Respect for established customs and institutions - International Viewpoint (5th)
that have endured through time.
Pragmatism: Human knowledge is limited. Faith in Theories of the State
experience and history must be the answer for everything. - John Jaques Rousseu
Human Imperfection: Human nature is in a pessimistic - John Locke
state. Human beings are also morally corrupt. - Thomas Hobbes
Organicism: Society is a living entity and thus structured
- Feminism
by natural necessity.
o Mary Wollstonecraft published her book:
Hierarchy: Social position and status are natural and
inevitable in an organic society. A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
o Feminism is diverse but it has a unifying
Authority: Authority is always exercised from above since
it is a source of social cohesion. The authority’s role is to feature, looking for “The social role of
protect the marginalized. women.”
o Marxist Feminist, Neoliberal Feminist,
Property: Ownership is vital since it gives people security
and measure of independence from the government. etc.
o Feminism is a diverse idea that provides
- Socialism women equal opportunities as men.
o It developed as a reaction against the
- Green Politics (Ecologism)
emergence of industrial capitalism.
o Reflects concerns about the damage
o From artisans and craftsmen to factory
done to the natural world by increasing
fodder.
the pace of economic development and
survival of the human species.
Key Ideas of Socialism
o Concerns are sometimes expressed
Community: Human beings are creatures linked by the
existence of a common humanity. through the vehicle of conventional
ideologies.
Fraternity: Human beings are bound together by a sense
o Anthropocentric worldview vs
of comradeship or fraternity.
ecocentric.
Social Equality (Egalitarianism): Social equality is
essential for social cohesion and stability. The most
 Anthropocentrism: human-
centered in terms of decision.
important value of socialism. Equality encompasses
competition and hatred.
- Religious Fundamentalism
Need: Material benefits should be distributed on the basis
o Jihad – “Holy Struggle”
of need, rather than simply on the basis of merit or work.
o Holy struggle is the need to proliferate
Social Class: The working class is an agent of social
change, even social revolution. religion.
o Strong reliance on religion.
Common Ownership: Harnessing material sources for/to
the common good. o Sharia Law

- Asian Values
- Fascism o Confucianism in Singapore.
o Child of the 20th century.
o Against the ideas and values that had 5 Basic Human Relationship in Confucianism
dominated Western political thought - Ruler to Ruled
since the French Revolution. - Husband to Wife
o It has the image of the organically - Father to Son
- Older Brother to Younger Brother
unified national community.
- Peers to Peers
o There is a strength in unity.
o Anti-capitalism, socialism, etc. Confucius, education vitalizes life.
All members of the community should follow the directives of
the government (Benito Mussolini).
German is superior to that of Jews (Hitler).
This triggered the 1789 French Revolution.

- Anarchism
o Political authority in all its forms
especially in the form of the state, is
both evil and unnecessary.
o Individuals should manage their own
affairs through voluntary agreement and
cooperation through understanding the

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 Politics and Governance
nd - Participants view employment as a career, tenure
2 Grading protects against unfair arbitrary dismissal.
Bureaucracy
- It is the instrumentality that takes on the operation
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
or implementation of the policies and programs of
- Defined Hierarchy
the government.
o It is a way of putting an order in the
- This provides for the continuity of the government
wherein there are transition problems (Bihasa, hierarchy of things.
2015). o There should be a hierarchy to put an
- Bureaucracy is to achieve the purpose of the order because this ensures smoother
government. transactions.
- Bureau – Office; Kratos – Power/Strength (Greek) - Division of Work
- It is the exercise of power by the officials of the o Done to facilitate the accomplishment
government in accordance with the instruction of of the objectives of a bureaucracy.
those who wield sovereign power in the state o Ensures the completion of tasks.
(Baker, n.d). - Functions within a framework of rules
- It is a specific form of social organization o The more it operates within a
administrative in nature, which deals with the framework of rules the more it
activities of a large number of people like the becomes value driven and neutral.
family, social club, or church (De Guzman et al., o They work with fixed rules to avoid
1988). what is prohibited.
- The term was coined by Max Weber, a German - It specifies duties and responsibilities
sociologist and economist. o It results into a smooth and less bumpy
operation.
Bureaucracy is a cooperative group of effort in a public setting - Proper and Scientific Selection of Officials
wherein everything is interconnected and interrelated. It gives o Product of civil service reforms in the
life to any branch of the government, as this organization is government.
designed to accomplish a multitude of tasks. It also monitors o To avoid liabilities.
the progress of the implementation of a program. - Uses an Impersonal Approach
o The organization should not be made to
Bureaucracy According to Max Webber suffer from the ties that bind employees.
- It is the extension of the government.
- Bureaucracy is opposed to particularism. Evolution of Philippine Bureaucracy
o Particularism is where employees were - Precolonial
hired or fired for a variety of non- o Barangay handles all the needs of the
organizational reasons such as religion, public from economic trade to protect
race, sex, and relation or family the entire community.
connections; favoritism. o Datu spearheaded all three (3) branches
- He wanted a more rational approach. of the government. They govern
o Organizations should act rationally to alongside the council of leaders.
o achieve their goals. - Spanish Period
 Clarified leadership structure. o Imposed a highly centralized
 Clarified rules for decision- government.
making. o Filipinos were not allowed to usurp a
- Legal-Rational Authority high position; the highest position
o The legitimate authority of leadership available to Filipinos was the Cabeza de
positions should be formalized and fixed Barangay.
to those positions. - Revolutionary Period
o Consistent with societal laws, o Enactment of Malolos Constitution.
organizations should be run by formal  Malolos Constitution is the
rules and policies. foundation of the present
o Authority resides in the position or constitution. This labels the
office. power of the government and
- Legacy its limits.
o Some people will still attempt to take - American Period
advantage. o Highly centralized government but
o Red tape = Overemphasis on structure, promised the Filipinos to give their
policies, and procedures slows or independence as soon as they achieve a
prevents needed action. stable government.
o Iron cage = People were trapped in - Commonwealth
calculated systems that pursued o Allowed the creation of a transitory
efficiency and control that threatened government for independence.
individual freedom. Enactment of 1935 constitution.
- Japanese Period
Bureaucracy o Japanese introduced its own system of
- Fixed division of labor among participants. civil service that is an all-Filipino cast
- Hierarchy of offices. - After the WWII
- Set of general rules that govern performance. o The creation of additional departments.
- Rigid separation of personal life from work life. The public complained of the problems
- Selection of personnel on the basis technical in the bureaucracy.
qualifications and equal treatment of all employees.

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 Politics and Governance
- Contemporary agreement debate, one
o Attempted to restructure the Philippine interpretations of political ideological view saw VFA
Bureaucracy. events as a new form of US
colonial intervention.
The Spoils of Filipino Bureaucracy (Corpuz, 1957) Volunteer campaigns carry
Apathetic Public a widely accepted mental
Perpetuation of
Vulnerability to Reaction to script that those who help in
the Spoils
Nepotism Bureaucratic Shared material scripts a candidates campaign get
System
Misconduct rewarded with a job and/or
Survival of Non-Special government contracts if the
Historical Typing of Politization candidate wins.
Experience Bureaucrats Members of one faction in
Malacanang Palace carry in
Regulating and Controlling Bureaucracy their mind (sometimes
Negative emotions toward
(Constitutional Bodies) exaggerated) narratives of
outgroup members
what the rival camp is
- Civil Service Commission (CSC) scheming and plotting
o Central personnel agency of the against them.
government which is directly in charge The anti-Marcos groups still
of the entire civil service in the country. hold memories of how
o Human Resources Department of the Collective memories constitutional changes can
Government. be used to rationalize the
o It is the repository of all government declaration of Martial law.
data and regulates employees through Religious faith includes
the civil service exam. working for social justice
 Civil Service Exam is Religious beliefs and working in favor of
required for those who want issues such as land
to work for the government. distribution.
However, Latin honor
graduates are exempted. Objective Filipino Political Culture
- Commission on Audit (COA) Objective Examples of Manifest Latent
o It has been created to ensure that the Component Objective Meaning Meaning:
resources of the government are not s of Filipino Political : What is What is
wasted and are dispensed entirely for the Political Culture Directly Symbolized
purpose which these resources are Culture Observe or Implied
intended. d
o COA shall have the power, authority, and In the future,
duty to examine, audit, and settle all the local
accounts of the government (1987 leader’s
Constitution). family can
o Material or all assets are also audited. expect to be
- Commission on Elections (COMELEC) given
House employment
Politics and Culture Representativ and other
Invitation
- Politics refers to the production, allocation, and use e is asked by favors by
to be the
of decision-making powers among large groups of a local leader this powerful
daughter’
individuals. In stable and strong states, political to act as the politician. In
s
activities usually refer to the powers of the state godfather at turn, the
wedding
government (Montiel, 2014). the wedding representativ
godfather
- Culture is socially constructed (Fiske, 1996). of the e can expect
.
- Culture involves subjective and objective aspects. leader’s the leader’s
- A culture incorporated within politics. daughter. family to
Political help during
2 Types of Culture Practice the
Manifested Directly Observable campaign
Latent Hidden Agenda period
(Holhsteiner,
1963).
Filipino Political Culture The general
A top general
- Filipino political culture is a systematically related This is is not
of the
set of mental and concrete construction as they part of favored by
Philippine
produce, allocate, and use political powers within, the the new PNP
National
outside, and in interaction with the state. regular chief and is
Police (PNP)
cycle of now
is transferred
Subjective Filipino Political Culture post- politically
out of Metro
Subjective Components of Examples of How Group changing impotent
Manila to a
Filipino Political Culture Subjectivities are among within the
far-away
Activated During Political military PNP
provincial
Exercises officials. influence
post.
hierarchy.
Ideology-inspired shared During the visiting forces

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 Politics and Governance
“Huwag niyo “Don’t I am o A politician is a family.
akong challenge powerful and - The Ties that Bond
subukan.” me.” you are not. o Family plays a role in Filipino politics.
Do not o Political clans and dynasties are
threaten me prominent.
or I will hit o Nepotism
Political back at you.
Language Hand over
“Doon tayo
some bribe - Personal Approach
mag usap”
“Let’s money and I o According to studies, politicians possess
from a traffic
talk over won’t give great qualities of friendliness.
policeman to
there.” you a - Lack of Professionalism: Tampuhan and
a traffic
violation Personalan
violator.
ticket. o Filipino politics is perceived to be too
I have a personal.
powerful - Perceived Political Utility of Shame: Hiya and
I like
connection Delicadeza
President
with the - Pakikisama (fitting in with a Group)
Erap
Erap car plate President, so o It pressures some public officials to give
Police enough to
during Erap’s don’t charge in to the demands of people who are
Artifact use his
presidency. me with any politically connected.
name as
violation or o It could push politicians to remain
my car
you may get
plate. neutral regarding issues.
into trouble
o Example would be avoidance of any
yourself.
confrontational stance or direct refusal
Groups with
so that it may not hurt the other person’s
red-colored
feeling.
Content streamers
- Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude)
of and banners
o It is a cultural expectation that a person
Red-colored whatever are
who receives any kind of favor is
streamers, is printed associated
personally indebted to that other person
and banners on the with left-of-
and is obligated to return the favor.
during rallies. streamers center
o Some Filipinos give their support to a
and political
banners. beliefs and candidate as an investment.
political - Informal Personal Connections
formations. o Power is channeled through personal
relationships, connections, attachments,
Muslim Politics or bonds with persons of influence.
- In Muslim and Mindanao politics, three (3) forms of - Machismo
authority exist: o Government is still run largely by males,
o Sultanate/Datuism and many political practices are male-
 Sultan is a symbol of centered.
authority. - Culture of Dependence
 Highly centralized form of o Filipinos tend to display a sense of
government and leadership. dependency and helplessness, especially
 Power is inherited. those in extreme poverty.
o Islamic
 Governance involves Power
constituent consultation - Fundamental concept in social science (Bertrand &
(maswara). Russell, 1939).
 The act of - Power is the ability to make things happen or to
consulting bring about desired outcomes (Coleman, 2006).
constituents.
 Full authority about the Types of Power
implementation of Shariah - Coercive Power
government, law, court, and o The capacity to disperse punishment to
judge. those who do not comply with requests
 In 2019, the Bangsamoro or demands. There is a negative
Autonomous Region in reinforcement.
Muslim Mindanao o Quarantine and Lockdown
(BARMM) was established. - Connection Power
o Western or Democratic o It is based on who you know.
o USA and Philippines collaboration.
Cultural Aspect of Filipino Governance - Expert Power
- Personality Politics o It comes from a person’s expertise. The
o Philippine political culture is highly extent of specialized skills or knowledge
personal. followers attribute to a leader.
o Filipino society is collectivist, family- o The Philippine government expert urges
oriented, and person-oriented. adoption of small nuclear reactors.

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 Politics and Governance
o Credentials - States have bureaucracies staffed by state’s own
- Information Power personnel.
o Based on the information not previously - States can monopolize certain functions within its
available to others. territory.
o Bilateral relations and discussion - States tries to form nations within their borders.
between the Philippine government and
Timor-Leste President Jose Ramos- Elements of the State
Horta. People Territory
- Legitimate Power/Positional Power Sovereignty Government
o Comes from a position a person holds.
o Barangay Captains hold the principal Not all people are eligible for a citizenship.
unit of government/democracy.
- Referent Power Article II (Declaration of Principles and State Policies) of
o People who are well-liked and respected the 1987 Constitution
can have this power. Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican state.
o Have strong interpersonal skills. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority
o Satisfaction ratings of President emanates from them.
Section 7. The state shall pursue an independent foreign policy.
Bongbong and Vice President Sarah.
In its relations with other states the paramount consideration
- Reward Power
shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national
o Based upon a person’s ability to bestow
interest, and the right to self-determination.
rewards.
o Granting performance-based bonuses to
Powers of the State
public officials. - Power of Taxation
- Police Power
Compulsory power is using influence. - Eminent Domain
Institutional power is where constituents follow the policies of
the organization they belong to. Article 1 (National Territory) of the 1987 Constitution
Structural power is the division of powers in the form of - The national territory comprises the Philippine
bureaucracy. archipelago with all the islands…
Agenda setting is a power harnessed from a certain situation.
Nation State
Nation - A state based on the common acceptance of a
- A large group whose members believe they belong common culture, a common history and a common
together based on shared identity as people; an fate, irrespective of whatever political, social and
imagined social and political community. economic differences may exist between the
- Culture members of the nation-state.
- Imagined community (Anderson, 2010).
- Product of two forces: Nation Building and State Formation
o The group needs to have cohesion. - Nationhood ought to be the basis of forming states.
o The individual members’ desire to o In Asia, states preceded the
belong. consolidation of national identities as
Western colonizers established
Ethnic Nation governments to facilitate the governance
- Only one ethnic group within a community. of newfound territories.
Territorial Nation Autonomy
- Culturally diverse community. - The ability of political leaders to formulate and
pursue goals that are not simply reflective of
Classification of the nation: particularistic demands or interests of social groups
- or classes in society.
State
- An organization composed of numerous agencies Philippine Experience
led and coordinated by the executive authority - Experience why it is hard for the Philippines to
which has the ability or authority to make and construct its nationality.
implement the binding rules and parameters for all o Geographic Setting
the people and its territory. o The issue with the dominant majority
- It has a government that binds rules and parameters
(politics and religions).
for all the people and its territory.
- The colonial governments aid and prepared the
- Emerged from the institutionalization of central
ground for the Philippines to conceptualize the idea
state apparatus control over sub-central
of a nation through forging a unity between ethnic
powerholders.
groups into administrative units.
- The state therefore is an impersonal and public
- Pre-colonial Philippines: Barangay
system of rule over territorial circumscribed
- Spanish occupation: Las (Islas) Filipinas
societies, exercised through a complex set of
- Various level of governments was established.
institutional arrangements and offices which is
distinguished from the largely localized and
The Hierarchy of Government in Spanish Occupation
particularistic forms of power that preceded it.
Central Government
State as a Concept Audiencia
- States are tied with territory. Treasury Officials

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 Politics and Governance
Municipality: Gobernadorcillos Delegation decree authority refers to an organizational process
Cities: Cabildos in which a manager delegates task within a specific
Settled Provinces: Alcades Mayores organization.
Frontier Provinces: Corregidores Special Powers
Villages: Cabeza de Barangay Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces
Encomienda: Royal Land Grants Executive Clemency Diplomatic Powers

The American Colonial period introduced the decentralized Types of Issuances

form of government. Establishment of executive, legislative, - Executive Order
and judicial branches. Checks and balances and separation of o A declaration by the president or a
powers were introduced. Elections and local autonomy were governor that has the force of law,
administered. The colonization resulted into the creation of an usually based on existing statutory
elite-dominated politics and having weak social control. powers.
- Administrative Order
Globalization o Related to the organization.
- It is the creation of links on a worldwide level in - Proclamation
different aspects such as in politics, business, o Act of the President to fix a specific date
religion, and sociocultural among others. or declare a status or even a condition of
- It broadens and quickens the flow of goods and a public moment to become a celebration
ideas at great distances. or holiday.
- Understanding of the world and the increased - Memorandum Order
perception of the world as a whole (Robertson, o Act of the president on matters of
1992). administrative detail or subordinate or
- It is a process by which different economies and temporary interest which only concern a
societies become more closely integrated (Nilson, particular officer or office of the
2010). government.
- All processes by which the peoples of the world are - Memorandum Circular
incorporated into a single world society (Albrow o Act of the President on matters relating
and King, 1990). to internal administration which the
- Globalization is the intensification of social President desires to bring to the attention
relations throughout the world, linking distant of all or some of the departments,
localities in such a way that local happenings are agencies, bureaus, or officers of the
formed as a result of events that occur many miles government for information or
away and vice versa (Giddens, 1991). compliance, shall be embodied in
memorandum circulars.
The Executive Department - General of Special Order
- Article VII. The Executive Department o Acts and commands of the President in
o Charged with the execution and his capacity as the Commander-in-Chief
administration of law. of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
o Section 1. The executive power shall be shall be issued as general or special
vested in the President of the orders.
Philippines.
o President, Vice President, Cabinet, and Term Limits
Local Government. - President
o For six (6) years only, no re-elections.
President o No person who has succeeded and
served as president for four (4) years can
Qualifications of a President according to Article VII, run again.
Section II. - Vice President
Natural born Filipino Registered voter o Maximum for two (2) terms.
Must be able to read and 40 years of age at the day of
write. the election. Line of Succession
Must have reside in the Philippines ten years before the - Vice President
election is held. o In cases of death, disability, or
resignation of the President.
Powers of the President - Senate President
Executive o In case of death, disability, or resignation
Control and of the President and Vice President.
supervision over - Speaker of the House of Representatives
Power to execute Power to appoint the executive o In case of death, disability, or resignation
branch of the of the President, Vice President, and the
Philippines. Senate President.
General
supervision over Ordinance – Vice President
Military Powers
local government making powers. Natural born Filipino Registered voter
units. Must be able to read and 40 years of age at the day of
write. the election.
Legislative Must have reside in the Philippines ten years before the
Veto Power Delegated Decree Authority election is held.

Politics and Governance

 Politics and Governance
Duties
- According to the constitution, the vice president
may concurrently assume a cabinet position should
the President of the Philippines offer the former
one. The vice president will become a secretary
concurrent to the position of the vice president.
Aside from the cabinet post, the vice president is
mandated to assume the presidency in case of the
death, disability, or resignation of the Philippines.

Succession
- Should there be a vacancy in the Office of the Vice
President, the President of the Philippines is
required by the constitution to nominate a
replacement with the concurrence of Committee on
Appointments.

The Cabinet
- The cabinet secretaries act as the alter ego of the
President executing, with his authority, the power of
the office of the President in their respective
departments.
- The number of secretaries varies from time to time
depending on the need of an administration.
According to the Administrative Code of 1987, the
President of the Philippines may create or dissolve
any department as he sees fit.

Appointment
- According to the Article 7, Section 16. The
President may appoint anyone to executive
departments with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments. Names of individuals nominated to
cabinet posts are submitted to the commission on
appointments for their consideration.

Powers
- As stated, the cabinet secretary is the alter ego of
the President in their respective departments.

Local Chief Executives

- Barangay = punong barangay (Barangay Chairman)
- Municipality = municipal mayor
- City = city mayor
- Province = provincial governor

Politics and Governance