Current Electricity

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
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1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
(a) Time rate of flow of charge through a cross sectional area is called current.
if q charge flows in time interval t then average current is given by
q q dq
Iav = and Instantaneous current i = lim  .
t t0 t dt
(b) Direction of current is along the direction of flow of positive charge or opposite to the direction of
flow of negative charge. But the current is a scalar quantity.
i
i
q+ velocity q – velocity
SI unit of current is ampere and
1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/sec
1 coulomb/sec = 1A
2. CONDUCTOR
In some materials, the outer electrons of each atom or molecule are only weakly bound to it. These
electrons are almost free to move throughout the body of the material and are called free electrons.
They are also known as conduction electrons. When such a material is placed in an electric field, the
free electrons drift in a direction opposite to the field. Such materials are called conductors.
3. INSULATOR
Another class of materials is called insulators in which all the electrons are tightly bound to their
respective atoms or molecules. Effectively, there are no free electrons. When such a material is placed
in an electric field, the electrons may slightly shift opposite to the field but they can’t leave their parent
atoms or molecules and hence can’t move through long distances. Such materials are also called
dielectrics.

4. SEMICONDUCTOR
In semiconductors, the behavior is like an insulator at low levels of temperature. But at higher
temperatures, a small number of electrons are able to free themselves and they respond to the applied
electric field. As the number of free electrons in a semiconductor is much smaller than that in a
conductor, its behavior is in between a conductor and an insulator and hence, the name semiconductor.
A free electron in a semiconductor leaves a vacancy in its normal bound position. These vacancies also
help in conduction.
Current, velocity and current density
n  no. of free charge particles per unit volume
q  charge of each free particle
i  charge flow per unit time
i = nqvA
Current density, a vector, at a point have magnitude equal to current per
unit normal area at that point and direction is along the direction of the
current at that point
di
J n so di = J. ds
ds
Current is flux of current density.
Due to principle of conservation of charge :
Charge entering at one end of a conductor = charge leaving at the other end, so current does not
change with change in cross section and conductor remains uncharged when current flows through it.
Current Electricity

Example 1. Find free electrons per unit volume in a metallic wire of density 104 kg/m3, atomic mass number
100 and number of free electron per atom is one.
Solution : Number of free charge particle per unit volume
total free charge particle
(n) =
total volume

 Number of free electron per atom means total free electrons = total number of atoms.
NA
= M
MW

NA
M
MW N 6.023  1023  104
So n = = A d =
V MW 100  103
n = 6.023 × 1028 m–3

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5. MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS INSIDE CONDUCTOR
All the free electrons are in random motion due to the thermal
3 1
energy and relationship in given by KT = mv2
2 2
At room temperature its speed is around 106 m/sec or
103 km/sec
but the average velocity is zero so current in any direction is
zero.
When a conductor is placed in an electric field. Then for a small duration electrons, do have an average
velocity but its average velocity becomes zero within short interval of time.

When by some means a constant potential difference is

applied across the conductor, then the electrons start moving
with an acceleration and due to collision with other atoms &
electrons, its average velocity becomes nearly constant and is
called as drift velocity.
v
the electric field between the plate = E 
Vd = drift velocity = average velocity along the wire
hence i = nAeVd Vd is of the order 10–3 m/s
Current Electricity

Example 2. Find the approximate total distance travelled by an electron in the time-interval in which its
displacement is one meter along the wire.
displacement S
Solution : time = 
drift velocity Vd
 Vd = 1 mm/s = 10–3 m/s (normally the value of drift velocity is 1 mm/s)
S=1m
1
time = = 103 s
10 3
distance travelled = speed × time    speed = 106 m/s
So required distance = 106 × 103 m = 109 m
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6. RELATION BETWEEN I & V IN A CONDUCTOR
In absence of potential difference across a conductor no net current flows through a cross section.
When a potential difference is applied across a conductor the charge carriers (electrons in case of
metallic conductors) start drifting in a direction opposite to electric field with average drift velocity. If
electrons are moving with velocity v d, A is area of cross section and n is number of free electrons per
unit volume then,

I = nAevd.  v d 

 average displacement of electron along the wire between two successive collisions. It is also called
mean free path.
 the time in which the particle does not collide with any other particle and is called as relaxation
time.
1  eE  2 1 e2 1 e 2 V
=  = .E = 
2  m  2 m 2 m
1 e2 V 1  nAe2   nAe2 
  =  V 
 2m 
i = nAe . i= V
2 m    2m
As temperature (T)   

7. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
The property of a substance by virtue of which it opposes the flow of electric current through it is termed
as electrical resistance. Electrical resistance depends on the size, geometry, temperature and internal
structure of the conductor.
nAe2 
We have i = V
2m
Here i  V
it is known as Ohm’s law
V 2m
i=  R=  V = R
R nAe2 
2m  
hence R = . so Here R =  V =  ×
nAe  A
2
A A
V  
  =   E = J   J= = current density
A A
2m 1
 is called resistivity (it is also called specific resistance), and = = ,  is called conductivity.
ne  
2

Therefore current in conductors is proportional to potential difference applied across its ends. This is
Ohm's Law. Units: R  ohm(),   ohm  meter(  m) also called siemens,  –1m–1.
Current Electricity

Example 3. The dimensions of a conductor of specific resistance  are A D

shown below. Find the resistance of the conductor across

AB, CD and EF. E
c
F
c b a
Answer : RAB = , RCD = , REF = b
ab ac bc a
Solution : For a condition C
B
 Re sistivity  length
R= =
A Area of cross section
c b a
RAB = , RCD = , REF =
ab ac bc



7.1 Dependence of Resistance on various factors
2m
R
 
A ne2  A
Therefore R depends as
1 1 1
(1)  (2)  (3)  
A n 
(4) and in metals  decreases as T increases  R also increases.
Results
(a) On stretching a wire (volume constant)
2
R1
If length of wire is taken into account then  1
2
R2 2
If radius of cross section is taken into account then, where R1 and R2 are initial and final resistances
and 1,2 are initial and final lengths and r1 and r2 initial and final radii respectively. (If elasticity of
the material is taken into consideration, the variation of area of cross-section is calculated with the
help of Young’s modulus and Poison’s ratio)
(b) Effect of percentage change in length of wire
2
 x 
1  100 
2
R2
   where  – original length and x - % increment
2
R1
if x is quite small (say < 5%) then % change in R is
 x 
2 
 1    1
R2  R1
 100      100  2x%
100 
R1 1 
 
 
 

Example 4. If a wire is stretched to double its length, find the new resistance if original resistance of the
wire was R.

Solution : As we know that R =
A
 '
in case R = 
A'
   '  2 (volume of the wire remains constant)
A 2 
A'   R= = 4 = 4R
Current Electricity
Example 5. The wire is stretched to increase the length by 1% find the percentage change in the
Resistance.

Solution : As we known that  R=
A
R   A  A
  = + – and =–
R  A A
R
= O + 1 +1 = 2
R
Hence percentage increase in the Resistance = 2%

Note :
 Above method is applicable when % change is very small.

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Temperature Dependence of Resistivity and Resistance :
The resistivity of a metallic conductor nearly increases with increasing temperature. This is because,
with the increase in temperature the ions of the conductor vibrate with greater amplitude, and the
collision between electrons and ions become more frequent. Over a small temperature range (upto
100ºC), the resistivity of a metal can be represented approximately by the equation,
(T) = 0 [1 +  (T – T0)] .....(i)
where, 0 is the resistivity at a reference temperature T 0 (often taken as 0ºC or 20ºC) and (T) is the
resistivity at temperature T, which may be higher or lower than T 0. The factor  is called the
temperature coefficient of resistivity.
The resistance of a given conductor depends on its length and area of cross-section besides the
resistivity. As temperature changes, the length and area also change. But these changes are quite
small and the factor /A may be treated as constant.
Then, R 
and hence, R(T) = R0 [1 + (T – T0)] .....(ii)
In this equation R(T) is the resistance at temperature T and R0 is the resistance at temperature T0, often
taken to be 0ºC or 20ºC. The temperature coefficient of resistance  is the same constant that appears.

Note :
  The -T equation written above can be derived from the relation, 
   = fractional change in resistivity per unit change in temperature
d d
=   or,  
dT dT
d
  dT ( can be assumed constant for small temperature variation )

 T
d
 
0
 
  dT
T0
.....(iii)

  
 In   =  (T – T0)
 0 
   0e(T T0 )
if (T – T0) << 1 then
e(T T0 ) can approximately be written as 1 + (T – T0). Hence,
In the above discussion we have assumed  to be constant. If it is a function of temperature it will come
inside the integration in Eq. (iii).
Current Electricity

Example 6. The resistance of a thin silver wire is 1.0  at 20ºC. The wire is placed in liquid bath and its
resistance rises to 1.2 . What is the temperature of the bath ? (Here  = 10–2 /ºC)
Solution : Here change in resistance is small so we can apply
R = R0 (1 + )
 1.2 = 1 × (1 + 10–2 )   = 20ºC
  – 20 = 20   = 40º C Ans.
1
Example 7. A conductive wire has resistance of 10 ohm at 0ºC, and  is /ºC, then determine its
273
resistance at 273ºC.
Solution : In such a problem, term   T will have a larger value so could not be used directly in
R = R0 (1 +   T). We need to go for basics as
dR
As we know that  =
RdT
dR R2
 R =  dT  n
R1
= (T2 – T1)

 R2 = R1e(T2 T1)  R2 = 10e1

 R2 = 10 e  Ans.
Electric current in resistance
In a resistor current flows from high potential to low potential High potential is represented by
positive (+) sign and low potential is represented by negative (–) sign.

VA – VB = iR
If V1 > V2 then current will flow from A to B

V1  V2
and i =
R
V2  V1
If V1 < V2 then current will go from B to A and i =
R
Example 8. Calculate current (i) flowing in part of the circuit shown in figure?

6
Solution : VA – VB = i × R  i= = 3A Ans.
2
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8. ELECTRICAL POWER :
Energy liberated per second in a device is called its power. The electrical power P delivered or
consumed by an electrical device is given by P = VI, where V = Potential difference across the device
and 
    = Current.
If the current enters the higher potential point of the device then electric power is consumed by it (i.e. acts as
load). If the current enters the lower potential point then the device supplies power (i.e. acts as source).
Current Electricity

[Link]
Power = = V
dt
P = V
If power is constant then energy = P t
If power is variable then Energy =  pdt
V2
Power consumed by a resistor P = 2R = V = .
R
When a current is passed through a resistor energy is wasted in overcoming the resistance of the wire.
This energy is converted into heat.
V2
W = Vt = 2 Rt = t
R
The heat generated (in joules) when a current of  ampere flows through a resistance of R ohm for
t second is given by:
I2 Rt
H = 2 Rt Joule = Calorie
4.2
1 unit of electrical energy = 1 Kilowatt hour = 1 KWh = 3.6 x 106 Joule.

Example 9. If bulb rating is 100 watt and 220 V then determine

(a) Resistance of filament
(b) Current through filament
(c) If bulb operate at 110 volt power supply then find power consumed by bulb.
Solution : Bulb rating is 100 W and 220 V bulb means when 220 V potential difference is applied between
the two ends then the power consumed is 100 W
Here V = 220 Volt
P = 100 W
V2
= 100 So R = 484 
R
Since Resistance depends only on material hence it is constant for bulb
V 220 5
=   Amp.
R 22  22 11
Power consumed at 110 V
110  110
 Power consumed = = 25 W
484
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9. BATTERY (CELL)
A battery is a device which maintains a potential difference across its two terminals A and B. Dry cells,
secondary cells, generator and thermocouple are the devices used for producing potential difference in an
electric circuit. Arrangement of cell or battery is shown in figure. Electrolyte provides continuity for current.
Current Electricity
It is often prepared by putting two rods or plates of different metals in a chemical solution. Some
internal mechanism exerts force (Fn ) on the ions (positive and negative) of the solution. This force
drives positive ions towards positive terminal and negative ions towards negative terminal. As positive
charge accumulates on anode and negative charge on cathode a potential difference and hence an
electric field E is developed from anode to cathode. This electric field exerts an electrostatic force
F  qE on the ions. This force E is opposite to that of Fn . In equilibrium (steady state)
Fn = Fe and no further accumulation of charge takes place.
When the terminals of the battery are connected by a conducting wire, an electric field is developed in
the wire. The free electrons in the wire move in the opposite direction and enter the battery at positive
terminal. Some electrons are withdrawn from the negative terminal. Thus, potential difference and
hence, Fe decreases in magnitude while Fn remains the same. Thus, there is a net force on the positive
charge towards the positive terminal. With this the positive charge rush towards positive terminal and
negative charge rush towards negative terminal. Thus, the potential difference between positive and
negative terminal is maintained.

Internal resistance (r) :

The potential difference across a real source in a circuit is not equal to the emf of the cell. The reason is
that charge moving through the electrolyte of the cell encounters resistance. We call this the internal
resistance of the source.
* The internal resistance of a cell depends on the distance between electrodes (r  d), area of
1 1
electrodes (r  ) and nature, concentration (r  c) and temperature of electrolyte (r  ).
s Temp.

Example 10. What is the meaning of 10 Amp. hr ?

Solution : It means if the 10 A current is withdrawn then the battery will work for 1 hour.
10 Amp  1 hr
1 Amp 10 hr
1/2 Amp  20 hr

_____________________________________________________
10. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE : (E.M.F.)
Definition  : Electromotive force is the capability of the system to make the charge flow.
Definition  : It is the work done by the battery for the flow of 1 coloumb charge from lower potential
terminal to higher potential terminal inside the battery.

10.1 Representation for battery :

Ideal cell : Cell in which there is no heating effect.

Non ideal cell : Cell in which there is heating effect inside due to opposition to the current flow internally
Current Electricity
Case I :Battery acting as a source (or battery is discharging)
VA – VB =  – ir
VA – VB   
    it is also called terminal voltage.
The rate at which the chemical energy of the cell is consumed = i
The rate at which heat is generated inside the battery or cell = i2r
electric power output = i – i2r = (– ir) i
Case II : Battery acting as a load (or battery charging)
VA–VB =  + ir
the rate at which chemical energy stored in the cell = i
thermal power inside the cell = i2r
electric power input =i + i2r = (+ir) i = (VA–VB) i
Definition III :
Electromotive force of a cell is equal to potential difference between its terminals when no current is
passing through the circuit.
Case III : When cell is in open circuit
i = 0 as resistance of open circuit is infinite ().
So V = so open circuit terminal voltage difference is equal to emf of the cell.
Case IV :
Short circuiting : Two points in an electric circuit directly connected by a conducting wire are called
short circuited, under such condition both points are at same potential.
When cell is short circuited

i= and V = 0, short circuit current of a cell is maximum.
r
Note :
  The potential at all points of a wire of zero resistance will be same.
* Earthing : If some point of circuit is earthed then its potential is assumed to be zero.

11 RELATIVE POTENTIAL
While solving an electric circuit it is convenient to chose a reference point and assigning its voltage as
zero, then all other potentials are measured with respect to this point. This point is also called the
common point.

Example 11. In the given electric circuit find

(a) current
(b) power output
(c) relation between r and R so that the electric power output (that
means power given to R) is maximum.
(d) value of maximum power output.
(e) plot graph between power and resistance of load
(f) From graph we see that for a given power output there exists two
values of external resistance, prove that the product of these
resistances equals r2.
(g) what is the efficiency of the cell when it is used to supply
maximum power.
Current Electricity
Solution : (a) In the circuit shown if we assume that potential at A is zero then potential at B i
Now since the connecting wires are of zero resistance
 VD = VA = 0  VC = VB =  – ir
Now current through CD is also i ( it’s in series with the cell).
VC  VD (  i r)  0 
 i=  Current i =
R R r R
Note : After learning the concept of series combination we will be able to calculate the
current directly
2
(b) Power output P = i2 R = .R
r  R 
2

dP 2 22R 2
(c) = – = R  r – 2R 
3 
dR r  R 2 r  R 3 R  r 
dP
for maximum power supply =0
dR
r + R – 2R = 0  r=R
Here for maximum power output outer resistance
should be equal to internal resistance
2
(d) Pmax =
4r
(e) Graph between ‘P’ and R maximum power output at R = r
2 
Pmax =  i=
4r r R
2R
(f) Power output P =
(r  R)2
P(r2 + 2rR + R2)= 2R
2
R2 + (2r – ) R + r2 = 0
P
above quadratic equation in R has two roots R1 and R2 for given values of , P and r such that
 R1R2 = r2 (product of roots)
r2 = R1R2
2 2
(g) Power of battery spent = .2r =
r  r 
2
2r
2
   2
power (output) =   r =
r r  4r
2
 100
power output 1
Efficiency = = 4r 2  ×100 = 50%
total power spent by cell  2
2r

Example 12. In the figure given beside find out the current in the wire BD
Current Electricity
Solution : Let at point D potential = 0 and write the potential of
10
other points then current in wire AD = = 5 A from A
2
20
to D current in wire CB = = 4A from C to F
5
 current in wire BD = 1 A from D to B

Example 13. Find the current in each wire

Solution : Let potential at point A is 0 volt then potential of other points is shown in figure.
40  0
current in BG =  40 A from G to B
1
0  (30)
current in FC =  15 A from C to F
2

0  (40)
current in DE =  20 A from D to E
2
current in wire AH = 40 – 35 = 5 A from A to H

_____________________________________________________________
12. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
12.1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (Junction law)
This law is based on law of conservation of charge. It states that " The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at
a point of the circuit is zero " or total currents entering a junction equals total current leaving the junction.
  in = out.
It is also known as KCL (Kirchhoff's current law).

Example 14. Find relation in between current i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 and i6.

Solution : i1 + i2 – i3 – i4+ i5 + i6 = 0
Current Electricity
Example 15. Find the current in each wire

Solution :

Let potential at point B = 0. Then potential at other points are mentioned.

Potential at E is not known numerically.
Let potential at E = x
Now applying Kirchhoff’s current law at junction E. (This can be applied at any other junction
also).
x  10 x  30 x  14
  0
1 2 2
4x = 36  x = 9
10  9
Current in EF = = 1A from F to E
1
30  9
Current in BE =  10.5A from B to E
2
9  ( 14)
Current in DE =  11.5A from E to D
2

Example 16. Find the potential at point A

Solution : Let potential at A = x, applying Kirchhoff current law at junction A

x  20  10 x  15  20 x  45 x  30
   0
1 2 2 1
2x  60  x  35  x  45  2x  60
 0
2
 6x + 10 = 0  x = –5/3
5
Potential at A = V
Current Electricity

—————————————————————————————————
12.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Loop law) :
“The algebraic sum of all the potential differences along a
closed loop is zero.
SoR + EMF = 0”.
The closed loop can be traversed in any direction. While
traversing a loop if potential increases, put a positive sign in
expression and if potential decreases put a negative sign.
Assume sign convention)
   V1  V2 + V3  V4 = 0.
Boxes may contain resistor or battery or any other element (linear or nonlinear).
It is also known as KVL

Example 17. Find current in the circuit

Solution :   all the elements are connected in series current is

all of them will be same let current = i
Applying Kirchhoff voltage law in ABCDA loop
10 + 4i – 20 + i + 15 + 2i – 30 + 3i = 0
10i = 25
 i = 2.5 A
Example 18. Find the current in each wire applying only Kirchhoff voltage law

Solution : Applying Kirchhoff voltage law in loop ABEFA

i1 + 30 + 2 (i1 + i2) – 10 = 0
3l1 + 2l2 + 20 = 0 .....(i)
Applying Kirchhoff voltage law in BEDCB
+ 30 + 2(i1 + i2) + 50 + 2i2 = 0
4i2 + 2i1 + 80 = 0
2i2 + i1 + 40 = 0 .....(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii)
3  40 2i2  + 2i2 + 20 = 0
– 120 – 4i2 + 20 = 0
i2 = –25 A and i1 = 10 A  i1 + i2 = – 15 A
current in wire AF = 10 A from A to F
current in wire EB = 15 A from B to E
current in wire DE = 25 A from E to D.
Current Electricity

—————————————————————————————————
13. COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES :
A number of resistances can be connected and all the complicated combinations can be reduced to two
different types, namely series and parallel.

V
The equivalent resistance of a combination is defined as Req =
i
13.1 Resistances in Series:
When the resistances (or any type of elements) are connected end to end then they are said to be in
series. The current through each element is same.

Resistances in series carry equal current but reverse may not be true.

Example 19. Which electrical elements are connected in series?

Solution : Here S1, S2, R1, R3 connected in one series and R4, S3 connected in different series

———————————————————————————————————
Equivalent of Resistors :

The effective resistance appearing across the battery (or between the terminals A and B) is
R = R1 + R2 + R3 +.....+ Rn (this means Req is greater then any resistor)
and V = V1 + V2 + V3 +......+ Vn.
The potential difference across a resistor is proportional to the resistance. Power in each resistor is also
proportional to the resistance
 V = R and P = 2R

where  is same through any of the resistor.

R1 R2
V1 = V ; V2 = V ; etc
R1  R2  .........  Rn R1  R2  .........  Rn
Current Electricity

Example 20. Find the current in the circuit

Solution : Req = 1 + 2 + 3 = 

the given circuit is equivalent to
v 30
current i =  = 5A Ans.
Req 6

Example 21. In the figure shown B1, B2 and B3 are three bulbs rated as (200V, 50 W), (200V, 100W) and
(200 V, 25W) respectively. Find the current through each bulb and which bulb will give more
light?

 200   200   200 

2 2 2
Solution : R1 = ; R2 = ; R3 =
50 100 25
the current following through each bulb is
200 200 100 1
= = =  A
R1  R2  R3 2  2  1 4  200  7 14
 200   100 
 
Since R3 > R1 > R2
   Power consumed by bulb = i2R 
    if the resistance is of higher value then it will give more light.
 Here Bulb B3 will give more light.
———————————————————————————————————
13.2 Resistances in Parallel :
A parallel circuit of resistors is one in which the same voltage is applied across all the components in a
parallel grouping of resistors R1, R2, R3,........, Rn.

(a) (b)

In the figure (a) and (b) all the resistors are connected between points A and B so they are in parallel.
Current Electricity
Equivalent resistance :

Applying Kirchhoff's junction law at point P

i0 = i1 + i2 + i3
V V V V
Therefore, =  
R eq R1 R2 R3

in general,

Conclusions: (about parallel combination)

(a) Potential difference across each resistor is same.
(b) I = I1 + I2 + I3 +.......... In.
1 1 1 1 1
(c) Effective resistance (R) then     ........  . (R is less than each resistor).
R R1 R2 R3 Rn
(d) Current in different resistors is inversely proportional to the resistance.
1 1 1 1
I1: I2: ........... In = : : : ........ : .
R1 R2 R3 Rn

G1 G2
I1 =  , I2 =  , etc.
G1  G2  .........  Gn G1  G2  .........  Gn

1
where G = = Conductance of a resistor. [Its unit is 1 or (mho)]
R

Example 22. When two resistors are in parallel combination then determine i 1 and i2, if the combination
carries a current i ?
i1 R 2
Solution :  i1R1 = i2R2 or 
i2 R1
R2 i R1 i
i1 =  i2 = ,
R1  R 2 R1  R 2

1
Note : Remember this law of i  in the resistors connected in parallel. It can be used in problems.
R
Current Electricity
Example 23. Find current passing through the battery and each resistor.

Solution : Method () : It is easy to see that potential difference across each resistor is 30 V.
30 30 30
  current is each resistors are = 15 A,  10 A and 5 A
2 3 6
 Current through battery is = 15 + 10 + 5 =30 A.
V 1 1 1 1
Method () : By ohm’s law i =  =   = 1
R eq R eq 2 3 6
30
Req = 1  i = = 30 A
1
Now distribute this current in the resistors in their inverse ratio.

Current total in 3  and 6  is 15 A it will be divided as 10 A and 5 A.

Note : The method () is better. But you will not find such an easy case every where.
Exercise 24. Find current which is passing through battery.

Solution : Here potential difference across each resistor is not 30 V

 Battery has internal resistance. Here the concept of combination of resistors is useful.
30
Req = 1 + 1 = 2 i = = 15 A.
2
Example 25. Find equivalent Resistance

Solution :

Here all the Resistance are connected between the terminals A and B
Modified circuit is

R
So Req =
3
Current Electricity
Example 26. Find the current in Resistance P if voltage supply between A and B is V volts.

Solution :

3R
Req =
5
5V
I= Modified circuit
3R
5V
R
Current in P = 3R = 2V
1.5R  R 3R

Example 27. Find the current in 2 resistance

Solution :

2, 1in series = 3     

18
   3, 6in parallel = =2
9
   2, 4in series = 6
   6, 3in parallel = 2
Req = 4 + 4 + 2 = 10     
120
i= = 12A
10
8
So current in 2 Resistance = A
3
———————————————————————————————————
14. WHEATSTONE NETWORK : (4 TERMINALNETWORK)

G
Current Electricity
The arrangement as shown in figure, is known as Wheat stone
P Q
bridge
Here there are four terminals in which except two all are G
connected to each other through resistive elements.
In this circuit if R1 R3 = R2 R4 then VC = VD and current in R5 = 0 R S
this is called balance point or null point
When current through the galvanometer is zero (null point or
or
P R
balance point) = , then PS = QR  Here in this case
Q S
P Q
products of opposite arms are equal. Potential difference between
C and D at null point is zero. The null point is not affected by
resistance R5, E and R. It is not affected even if the positions
of Galvanometer and battery (E) are interchanged.
R S
hence, here the circuit can be assumed to be following,

Example 28. Find equivalent resistance of the circuit between the terminals A and B.

Solution : Since the given circuit is wheat stone bridge and it is in

balance condition.
 10 × 3 = 30 = 6 × 5

16  8 16
hence this is equivalent to Req =  
16  8 3

Example 29.

Find (a) Equivalent resistance (b) and current in each resistance

1
 1 1 1
Solution : (a) Req =     1 5 
 16 8 16 
60
(b) i = = 12 A
4 1
Hence 12 A will flow through the cell.
By using current distribution law.
Current in resistance 10 and 6 = 3A
Current in resistance 5 and 3 = 6A
Current in resistance 20 = 0
Current in resistance 16 = 3A
Current Electricity
Example 30. Find the equivalent resistance between A and B

Solution :

This arrangement can be modified as shown in figure since it is balanced wheat stone bridge

2R  2R
Req = =R
2R  2R

Example 31. Determine the value of R in the circuit shown in figure, when the current is zero in the branch CD.
A

5 20

V C D
10 R

B
Solution : The current in the branch CD is zero, if the potential difference across CD is zero.
That means, voltage at point C = voltage at point D.
Since no current is flowing, the branch CD is open circuited. So the same voltage is applied
across ACB and ADB
10 R
V10 = V ×  VR = V ×
15 20  R
10 R
 V10 = VR and V × =V ×
15 20  R
 R = 40   Ans.
_____________________________________________________
15. SYMMETRICAL CIRCUITS :
Some circuits can be modified to have simpler solution by using symmetry if they are solved by
traditional method of KVL and KCL then it would take much time.

Example 32. Find the equivalent Resistance between A and B

Current Electricity
Solution :  Method :
Here no two resistors appear to be in series or parallel no Wheatstone bridge here. This circuit will
V
be solved by using Req = . The branches AC and AD are symmetrical

 Current through them will be same.
The circuit is also similar from left side and right side current distribution while entering through B and an
exiting from A will be same. Using all these facts the currents are as shown in the figure. It is clear that
current in resistor between C and E is 0 and also in ED is 0. It’s equivalent as shown in figure (b)

2R
Req =
3
 Method
 The potential difference in R between (B, C) and between (B.D.) is same VC = VD
Hence the point C and D are same hence circuit

can be simplified as this called folding. Now, it is Balanced Wheatstone Bridge

2R  R 2R
Req = 
2R  R 3

Note : In II Method it is not necessary to know the currents in CA and DA.

Example 33. Find the equivalent Resistance between A and B

Solution : In this case the circuit has symmetry in the two

branches AC and AD at the input
 current in them are same but from input and from
exit the circuit is not similar
( on left R and on right 2R)
 on both sides the distribution of current will not be similar.
Current Electricity
Here Vc = Vd
hence C and D are same point the circuit can be
simplified that as shown
Now it is balanced wheat stone bridge
3R 9
3R  R
Req = 2 = 2 = R.
3R 9
3R 
2 2
Example 34. Find the equivalent Resistance between A and B

Solution :

Here VA = VC and VB = VD

Here the circuit can be simplified as

This circuit can be simplified as

4R
2R 
Req = 3 = 4R Ans.
10R 5
3
Current Electricity
Example 35. Find the equivalent Resistance between A and B
5 10

A 5 B

10 5
Solution : It is wheat stone bridge but not balanced. No series parallel connections. But similar values on
input side and output. Here we see that even after using symmetry the circuit does not reduce
to series parallel combination as in previous examples.

 Applying Kirchhoff voltage law v – 10(i – x) – 5x = 0

v – 10i + 5x = 0 ......(1)
10(i – x) – 5 (2x – i) – 5x = 0
10i – 10x – 10 x + 5i – 5x = 0
15i – 25 x = 0
15
x= i 5x = 3i ......(2)
25
Using (2) and (1)
 v – 10 i + 3i = 0
v/i = 7
Req = 7 Ans.
———————————————————————————————————
16. GROUPING OF CELLS
16.1 Cells in Series:


Equivalent EMF
Eeq = E1  E2  .......  En [write EMF's with polarity]

Equivalent internal resistance req = r1  r2  r3  r4  ....  rn

If n cells each of emf E, arranged in series and if r is internal
resistance of each cell, then total emf = n E so current in the
circuit
nE
=
R  nr
nE
If nr << R then  =  Series combination is advantageous.
R
E
If nr >> R then  =  Series combination is not advantageous.
r
Note : If polarity of m cells is reversed, then equivalent emf = (n-2m)E while the equivalent resistance
is still nr + R, so current in R will be
(n  2m)E
i
nr  R .
Current Electricity

Example 36. Find the current in the loop.

Solution : The given circuit can be simplified as

35 35 7 7
i= = = A  = A
10  5 15 3 3
———————————————————————————————————
16.2 Cells in Parallel :
1  
 2  ....  n
r1 r2 rn
Eeq  [Use emf’s with polarity]
1  1  .....  1
r1 r2 rn
1 1 1 1
   .... 
req r1 r2 rn
If m cells each of emf E and internal resistance r be
connected in parallel and if this combination is connected to
an external resistance then equivalent emf of the circuit = E.
r
Internal resistance of the circuit = .
m
E mE
and  = = .
R m
r mR  r
mE
If mR << r ; I = Parallel combination is advantageous.
r
E
If mR >> r ; I = Parallel combination is not advantageous.
R
16.3 Cells in Multiple Arc :
mn = number of identical cells.
n = number of rows
m = number of cells in each row.
The combination of cells is equivalent to single cell of
emf = mE
mr
and internal resistance =
n
mE
Current I =
R  mr
n
For maximum current nR = mr
mr
or R = = internal resistance of the equivalent battery.
n
nE mE
max =  .
2r 2R
Current Electricity

Example 37. Find the emf and internal resistance of a single battery which is equivalent to a combination of
three batteries as shown in figure.
10V 2
6V 1

4V 2
Solution :
10V 2
6V 1
B

A
C
4V 2
Battery (B) and (C) are in parallel combination with opposite polarity. So, their equivalent
10 4

BC = 2 2 = 5  2 = 3V rBC = 1. 6V 1 3V 1
1 1 1

2 2
Now, ABC = 6 – 3 = 3V
rABC = 2. Ans.

———————————————————————————————————
17. GALVANOMETER
Galvanometer is represented as follow:

It consists of a pivoted coil placed in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. Attached to the coil is a
spring. In the equilibrium position, with no current in the coil, the pointer is at zero and spring is relaxed.
When there is a current in the coil, the magnetic field exerts a torque on the coil that is proportional to
current. As the coil turns, the spring exerts a restoring torque that is proportional to the angular
displacement. Thus, the angular deflection of the coil and pointer is directly proportional to the coil
current and the device can be calibrated to measure current.
When coil rotates the spring is twisted and it exerts an opposing torque on the coil.
There is a resistive torque also against motion to damp the motion. Finally in equilibrium
  magnetic = spring  BINA sin  = C
But by making the magnetic field radial  = 90º.
 BINA = C 

here B = magnetic field A = Area of the coil
 Current C = torsional constant
N = Number of turns  = angle rotate by coil.
  Current sensitivity
The ratio of deflection to the current i.e. deflection per unit current is called current sensitivity (C.S.) of
 BNA
the galvanometer CS = =
 C
Current Electricity
Note: Shunting a galvanometer decreases its current sensitivity. A linear scale is obtained. The marking on
the galvanometer are proportionate.

The galvanometer coil has some resistance represented by Rg. It is of the order of few ohms. It also
has a maximum capacity to carry a current known as g. g is also the current required for full scale
deflection. This galvanometer is called moving coil galvanometer.

———————————————————————————————————
18. AMMETER
A shunt (small resistance) is connected in parallel with galvanometer to convert it into ammeter; An
ideal ammeter has zero resistance
Ammeter is represented as follow -

If maximum value of current to be measured by ammeter is  then

G  RG = ( – G)S
 .R
S= G G
  G
 G  RG
S= when  >> G.

where  = Maximum current that can be measured using the given ammeter.
For measuring the current the ammeter is connected is series.
In calculation it is simply a resistance

RG .S
Resistance of ammeter RA =
RG  S
for S << RG  RA = S

Example 38. What is the value of shunt which passes 10% of the main current through a galvanometer of
99 ohm ?
Solution : As in figure Rgg = ( – g)S   Rg 
g

   G

    99 × =    ×S
10  10 
    S = 11 .
(  – g ) S
Current Electricity
Example 39. Find the current in the circuit (a) & (b) and also determine percentage error in measuring the
current through an ammeter.

10
Solution : ln A = = 5A
2
10
ln B = = 4A
2.5
i  i´
Percentage error is = × 100 = 20% Ans.
i
Here we see that due to ammeter the current has reduced. A good ammeter has very low
resistance as compared with other resistors, so that due to its presence in the circuit the current
is not affected.

Example 40. Find the reading of ammeter ? Is this the current through 6  ?

36
Solution : Req = 1 = 3 
36
18
Current through battery  = =6A
3
6
So, current through ammeter = 6 × =4A
9
No, it is not the current through the 6  resistor.
Note: Ideal ammeter is equivalent to zero resistance wire for calculation potential difference across it is zero.

———————————————————————————————————
19. VOLTMETER
A high resistance is put in series with galvanometer. It is used to measure potential difference across a
resistor in a circuit.

V
For maximum potential difference V = G . R + G RG R= – RG
G
V
If RG << R  RS 
G
For measuring the potential difference a voltmeter is connected across that element. (Parallel to that
element it measures the potential difference that appears between terminals ‘A’ and ‘B’.)
For calculation it is simply a resistance
Current Electricity
Resistance of voltmeter RV = RG + R  R
Vo
g = . R  Ideal voltmeter.
Rg  R
A good voltmeter has high value of resistance.
Ideal voltmeter  which has high value of resistance.
Note :
 For calculation purposes the current through the ideal voltmeter is zero.
V  V´
 Percentage error in measuring the potential difference by a voltmeter is = × 100
V

Example 41. A galvanometer has a resistance of G ohm and range of V volt. Calculate the resistance to be
used in series with it to extend its range to nV volt.
V
Solution : Full scale current ig =
G
to change its range
V
V1 = (G + Rs)ig nV = (G + Rs)  Rs = G(n – 1) Ans.
G
Example 42. Find potential difference across the resistance 300  in A and B.
200 

300  V 600 
100 V

(B)
100
Solution : In (A) : Potential difference =  300 = 60 volt
200  300
100 300  600
In (B) : Potential difference =  = 50 volt
300  600 300  600
200 
300  600
We see that by connecting voltmeter the voltage which was to be measured has changed.
Such voltmeters are not good. If its resistance had been very large than 300  then it would not
have affected the voltage by much amount.
———————————————————————————————————
Current sensitivity
The ratio of deflection to the current i.e. deflection per unit current is called current sensitivity (C.S.) of

the galvanometer CS =

Note : Shunting a galvanometer decreases its current sensitivity.

Example 43. A galvanometer with a scale divided into 100 equal divisions, has a current sensitivity of
10 division per mA and voltage sensitivity of 2 division per mV. What adoptions are required to
use it (a) to read 5A full scale and (b) 1 division per volt ?
Current Electricity
 100
Solution : Full scale deflection current ig = = mA = 10 mA
cs 10

Full scale deflection voltage Vg =
vs
= mv = 50 mv
Vg 50mV
So galvanometer resistance G = = =5
ig 10mA
(a) To convert the galvanometer into an ammeter of range 5A, a resistance of value S is
connected in parallel with it such that
( – ig) S = ig G
(5 – 0.01) S = 0.01 × 5
5
S=  0.01  Ans.
499
(b) To convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter which reads 1 division per volt, i.e. of range
100 V,
V = ig (R + G)
100 = 10 × 10–3 (R + 5)
R = 10000 – 5
R = 9995   9.995 k Ans.
———————————————————————————————————
20. POTENTIOMETER
A potentiometer is a linear conductor of uniform cross-section with a steady current set up in it. This
maintains a uniform potential gradient along the length of the wire. Any potential difference which is less
than the potential difference maintained across the potentiometer wire can be measured using this.
The wire should have high resistivity and low expansion coefficient. For example : Manganin or,
Constantine wire etc.

= , r
r R

VA – VB = .R
R r Potentiometer wire
Resistance = R
Potential gradient (x)  Potential difference per unit length of A
L
B
wire
VA  VB  R
x= = .
L R r L

Example 44. Primary circuit of potentiometer is shown in figure determine :

(A) current in primary circuit
(B) potential drop across potentiometer wire AB
(C) potential gradient (means potential drop per unit length of potentiometer wire)
(D) maximum potential which we can measure above potentiometer
 = 2V r = 1 R1 = 20

R = 10L = 10m
A B
Current Electricity
 2 2
Solution : (a) i = =  i= A Ans.
r  R1  R 1  20  10 31
2 20
(b) VAB = iR = × 10   vAB = volt Ans.
31 31
VAB 2
(c) x = = volt/m Ans.
L 31
20
(d) Maximum potential which we can measure by it = potential drop across wire AB = volt
31

Example 45. How to measure an unknown voltage using potentiometer.

Solution : The unknown voltage V is connected across the potentiometer wire
as shown in figure. The positive terminal of the unknown voltage is
kept on the same side as of the source of the top most battery. When
reading of galvanometer is zero then we say that the meter is
balanced. In that condition V = x.

———————————————————————————————————
20.1 Application of potentiometer
(a) To find emf of unknown cell and compare emf of two cells.
In case , In figure, (2) is joint to (1) then balance length = 1
 1 = x1 ....(1)
in case , In figure, (3) is joint to (2)
then balance length = 2
2 = x2 ....(2)
1
 1
2 2
If any one of 1 or 2 is known the other can be found. If x is
known then both 1 and 2 can be found

Example 46. In an experiment to determine the emf of an unknown cell, its emf is compared with a standard
cell of known emf 1 = 1.12 V. The balance point is obtained at 56cm with standard cell and
80 cm with the unknown cell. Determine the emf of the unknown cell.

Solution : Here,  1 = 1.12 V ; 1 = 56 cm ; 2 = 80 cm

Using equation
1 = x1 .....(1)
2 = x2 .....(2)
1    80 
we get  1
2 = 1  2
 or 2 = 1.12   = 1.6 V Ans
2 2  1  56 
Current Electricity

————————————————————————————————
(b) To find current if resistance is known
VA – VC = x1
x 1
 R1 = x1 ; =
R1
Similarly, we can find the value of R2 also.
Potentiometer is ideal voltmeter because it does not draw any
current from circuit, at the balance point.

Example 47. A standard cell of emf 0 = 1.11 V is balanced against 72 cm

length of a potentiometer. The same potentiometer is used to
measure the potential difference across the standard resistance
R = 120 . When the ammeter shows a current of 7.8 mA, a
balanced length of 60 cm is obtained on the potentiometer.
(i) Determine the current flowing through the resistor.
(ii) Estimate the error in measurement of the ammeter.

Solution : Here, 0 = 72 cm ; = 60 cm ; R = 120  and 0 = 1.11 V

(i) By using equation 0 = x 0 .....(i)
V = IR = x    .....(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
0   1.11  60 
=    = = 7.7 mA
R 0 120  72 
(ii) Since the measured reading 7.8 mA (> 7.7 mA) therefore, the instrument has a positive
error.
 0.1
I = 7.8 – 7.7 = 0.1 mA,  × 100 = 1.3 %
 7.7
———————————————————————————————————
(c) To find the internal resistance of cell.
Ist arrangement 2nd arrangement

by first arrangement ’ = x1 .....(1)

by second arrangement R = x2
x 2 ' ' x 2
= , also  =  = 
R r ' R r ' R R
x 1 x 2  1 
    =  r’ =  2
R
r ' R R  2 
Current Electricity

Example 48. The internal resistance of a cell is determined by using a potentiometer. ln an experiment, an
external resistance of 60 is used across the given cell. When the key is closed, the balance
length on the potentiometer decreases from 72 cm to 60 cm. calculate the internal resistance of
the cell.

Solution : According to equation  0 = x0 ....(i)

V = IR = x ....(ii)

0
I= ....(iii)
R r
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
 
r=R  0
– 1
 
here 0 = 72 cm ;  = 60 cm ; R = 60 

 72 
 r = (60)  – 1 or r = 12 .
 60 

———————————————————————————————————
21. METRE BRIDGE (USE TO MEASURE UNKNOWN RESISTANCE)
If AB =  cm, then BC = (100 – ) cm.
Resistance of the wire between A and B R
[ Specific resistance  and cross-sectional area A are same for whole of the wire]
or R =  .....(1)
where  is resistance per cm of wire.
Current Electricity
Similarly, if Q is resistance of the wire between B and C, then
Q  100 – 
 Q = (100 – ) ....(2)
P
Dividing (1) by (2), =
Q 100 
Applying the condition for balanced Wheatstone bridge, we get
R Q=PX
Q 100 
 x=R or X = R
P
Since R and  are known, therefore, the value of X can be calculated.
Note : For better accuracy, R is so adjusted that  lies between 40 cm and 60 cm.

Example 49. In a meter bridge experiment, the value of unknown resistance is 2. To get the balancing
point at 40cm distance from the same end, the resistance in the resistance box will be :
(A) 0.5  (B) 3  (C) 20  (D) 80 
Solution : Apply condition for balance wheat stone bridge,
P P 100  40
= = =
Q 100  2 40
Ans. P = 3.

———————————————————————————————————
22. POST-OFFICE BOX
Introduction : It is so named because its shape is like a box and it was originally designed to
determine the resistances of electric cables and telegraph wires. It was used in post offices to
determine the resistance of transmission lines.
Construction : A post office box is a compact form of Wheatstone bridge with the help of which we can
measure the value of the unknown resistance correctly up to 2nd decimal place, i.e., up to 1/100th of an
ohm correctly. Two types of post office box are available - plug type and dial type. In the plug-type
instrument shown in figure (a), each of the arms AB and BC contains three resistances of 10, 100 and
1000 ohm. These arms are called the ratio arms. While the resistance P can be introduced in the arm
AB, the resistance Q can be introduced in the arm BC. The third arm AD, called the resistance arm, is a
complete resistance box containing resistances from 1  to 5,000 . In this arm, the resistance R is
introduced by taking out plugs of suitable values. The unknown resistance X constitutes the fourth arm
CD. Thus, the four arms AB, BC, CD and AD are infect the four arms of the Wheatstone bridge
(figure (b)). Two tap keys K1 and K2 are also provided. While K1 is connected internally to the terminal
A, K2 is connected internally to B. These internal connections are shown by dotted lines in figure (a).
A battery is connected between C and key K1 (battery key). A galvanometer is connected between D
and key K2 (galvanometer key). Thus, the circuit is exactly the same as that shown in figure (b). It is
always the battery key which is pressed first and then the galvanometer key. This is because a
self-induced current is always set up in the circuit whenever the battery key is pressed or released.
If we first press the galvanometer key, the balance point will be disturbed on account of induced
current. If the battery key is pressed first, then the induced current becomes zero by the time the
galvanometer key is pressed. So, the balance point is not affected.
Current Electricity
x

1000 100 10 B 10 100 1000 C

A
P Q B
1 2 2 5 10 20 20 50 P Q
G
+
R ¥ A C
5000 2000 2000 1000 500 200 200 100
D – K2
R X
k1 k2
D

G
K1
(a) (b)
Working : The working of the post office box involves broadly the following four steps :
. Keeping R zero, each of the resistances P and Q are made equal to 10 ohm by taking out suitable
plugs from the arms AB and BC respectively. After pressing the battery key first and then the
galvanometer key, the direction of deflection of the galvanometer coil is noted. Now, making R
infinity, the direction of deflection is again noted. If the direction is opposite to that in the first case,
then the connections are correct.
. Keeping both P and Q equal to 10, the value of R is adjusted, beginning from 1, till 1  increase
reverses the direction of deflection. The 'unknown' resistance clearly lies somewhere between the
two final values of R.
 Q 10 
 X  R P  R 10  R 
 
As an illustration, suppose with 3 resistance in the arm AD, the deflection is towards left and with
4, it is towards right. The unknown resistance lies between 3 and 4.
. Making P 100  and keeping Q 10 , we again find those values of R between which direction of
deflection is reversed. Clearly, the resistance in the arm AD will be 10 times the resistance X of the
wire.
 Q 10 R
 X  R P  R 100  10 
 
In the illustration considered in step II, the resistance in the arm AD will now lie between 30 , and 40 .
So, in this step, we have to start adjusting R from 30  onwards. If 32  and 33  are the two values of
R which give opposite deflections, then the unknown resistance lies between 3.2  and 3.3 .
IV. Now, P is made 1000  and Q is kept at 10 . The resistance in the arm AD will now be 100 times
the 'unknown' resistance.
 10 R 
 X  R 1000  100 
 
In the illustration under consideration, the resistance in the arm AD will lie between 320  and
330. Suppose the deflection is to the right for 326 ohm, towards left for 324 ohm and zero
deflection for 325 then, the unknown resistance is 3.25 .
The post office box method is a less accurate method for the determination of unknown resistance
as compared to a metre bridge. This is due to the fact that it is not always possible to arrange
resistance in the four arms to be of the same order. When the arms ratio is large, large resistance
are required to be introduced in the arm R.
Current Electricity

Example 50. The post office box works on the principle of :

(A) Potentiometer (B) Wheatstone bridge (C) Matter waves (D) Ampere’s law
Answer : (B)
Example 51. While using a post office box the keys should be switched on in the following order :
(A) first cell key the and then galvanometer key.
(B) first the galvanometer key and then cell key.
(C) both the keys simultaneously.
(D) any key first and then the other key.
Answer : (A)
Example 52. In a post office box if the position of the cell and the galvanometer are interchanged, then the :
(A) null point will not change (B) null point will change
(C) post office box will not work (D) Nothing can be said.
Answer : (A)

Problem 1. Current is flowing from a conductor of non-uniform cross section area if A1 > A2 then find
relation between

(a) i1 and i2 (b) j1 and j2 (c) v1 and v2 (drift velocity)

where i is current, j is current density and V is drift velocity.
Answer : i1 = i2 , V1 < V2 , J1 < J2
Solution : (a) i = charge flowing through a cross-section per unit time.
 i1 = i2
i
(b) j = as A1 > A2 then j1 < j2
A
(c) j = nevd
j
vd = as j1 < j2 then, v1 < v2
ne
Problem 2. Figure shows a conductor of length  having a circular
cross-section. The radius of cross-section varies linearly from
a to b. The resistivity of the material is . Find the resistance
of the conductor.
Solution : In this problem cross–section area is variable so we can’t
  
apply formula  R   directly.
 A
So we assume elementary strip ‘PQ’ of thickness dx and
radius r resistance of this strip is :
dx
dR =
r 2
r a ba ba
By geometry = =  r= x+a
x
dx 
Resistance of conductor is R =  b  a 
2
R =
ab
Ans.
0  x  a
 
Current Electricity
Problem 3. A cylindrical tube of length  has inner radius a while outer radius b. What is the resistance of the
tube between (a) its ends (b) its inner and outer surfaces? (The resistivity of its material is )
Solution : (a) A = (b2 – a2)

R=
(b  a2 )
2

dx
(b) dR =
2 x
for a section taken at distance x from centre.
 dx
dR = .
2 x
b
 dx b

 R = dR =
2 
a
x
= n
a

Problem 4. Find the equivalent Resistance between A and B

Solution :

Putting A out of the structure in the same plane

2R  2R
Req = =R Ans. : Req = R
2R  2R

Problem 5. What shunt resistance is required to convert the 1.0 mA, 20 galvanometer into an ammeter
with a range of 0 to 50 mA ?
20
Answer : S= = 0.408 
49
Solution : ig Rg = (i – ig)S
ig = 1.0 × 10–3 A , G = 20
i = 50 × 10–3 A
igRg 1 103  20
S= = = 0.408 
i  vg 49  103

Problem 6. How can we convert a galvanometer with Rg = 20  and ig = 1.0 mA into a voltmeter with a
maximum range of 10 V ?
Answer : A resistance of 9980  is to be connected in series with the galvanometer.
Solution : v = ig RS + ig Rg
10 = 1 × 10–3 × Rs + 1 × 10–3 × 20
10  0.02 9.98
RS = = = 9980 
1 10 3
10 3
Current Electricity
Problem 7. A Potentiometer wire of 10 m length and having 10 ohm resistance, emf 2 volts and a rheostat.
If the potential gradient is 1 micro volt/mm, the value of resistance in rheostat in ohms will be :
(A) 1.99 (B) 19.9 (C) 199 (D) 1990
Answer : (D)
Solution : d = 10 m, R = 10,
dv
E = 2volts, = 1µ v/mm
d
dv 1 106
= 3
v/m = 1 × 10–3 v/m
d 1 10
dv
Across wire potential drop, ×  = 1 × 10–3 × 10 = 0.01 volts
d
0.01 E
i= = 0.001 = (R’ = resistance of rheostat)
10 R  R'
E 2
R’ = R =  10 = 2000 – 10 = 1990 
0.001 0.001

Problem 8. A resistance coil of resistance r connected to an external battery, is placed inside an adiabatic
cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston of mass m and same area A. Initially cylinder contains
one mole of ideal gas He. A current I flows through the coil such that temperature of gas varies
as T = T0 + at + bt2, keeping pressure constant with time t. Atmosphere pressure above piston
is P0. Find

(a) Current I flowing through the coil as function of time and

(b) Speed of piston as function of time.
Solution : Heat produced by coil inside the cylinder in time dt is
dQ = 2 r dt .....(i)
(a) As we know
 dQ = nCpdT .....(ii)
5R  5R 
    r dt = dT  Cp 
2  2 
dT
Here T = T0 + at + bt2  = (a + 2bt)
dt
 5R 
=  2r (2bt  a) .....(ii)
 
 5R 
 Cp  2 
 
Pressure is constant PV = RT PdV = RdT
PA dx = RdT
dx R dT R
Velocity v = = . = (2bt + a) (here P0A + mg = PA)
dt PA dt PA
R
= (2bt + a) Ans.
P0 A  mg
Current Electricity

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Definition of Current, Current densities & Drift velocities

A-1. The current through a wire depends on time as i = i0 +  sin t, where i0 = 10 A and  = A. Find the
2
charge crossed through a section of the wire in 3 seconds, and average current for that interval.

A-2. Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area
1.0 × 10–7 m2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly one
conduction electron. The density of copper is 9.0 × 103 kg m–3 and its atomic mass is 63.5 amu.

A-3. A current of 5 A exists in a 10  resistance for 4 minutes.

(i) How many coulombs and
(ii) How many electrons pass through any cross section of the resistor in this time?
Charge of the electron = 1.6 × 10–19 C.

Section (B) : Resistance

B-1. A cyllindrical conducting wire of radius 0.2 mm is carrying a current of 20 mA.
(a) How many electrons are transferred per second between the supply and the wire at one end?
(b) Write down the current density in the wire.

B-2. A battery sets up an electric field of 25 N/C inside a uniform wire of length 2 m and a resistance of 5 .
Find current through the wire.

B-3. (i) A potential difference of 200 volt is applied to a coil at a temperature of 15ºC and the current is
10 A. What will be the temperature of the coil when the current has fallen to 9 A, the applied voltage
1
being the same as before? Temperature coefficient of resistance  = ºC–1.
234
(ii) A platinum wire has resistance of 10 ohm at 0ºC and 20 ohm at 273 ºC. Find the value of
temperature coefficient of resistance.

B-4. The current-voltage graphs for a given metallic wire at two different temperature T 1 and T2 are shown in
the figure. Which one is higher, T1 or T2.

T1

T2

V
B-5. If a copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, what is the percentage change in its resistance ?

B-6 A rectangular carbon block has dimensions 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm × 50 cm.

(i) What is the resistance measured between the two square ends?
(ii) Between two opposing rectangular faces?
Resistivity of carbon at 20º C is 3.5 × 10–5 m.
Current Electricity
Section (C) : Power, Energy, Battery, EMF, Terminal voltage & Kirchoff’s laws
C-1. In following diagram boxes may contain resistor or battery or any other element

then determine in each case

(a) E.m.f. of battery
(b) Battery is acting as a source or load
(c) Potential difference across each battery
(d) Power input to the battery or output by the battery.
(e) The rate at which heat is generated inside the battery.
(f) The rate at which the chemical energy of the cell is consumed or increased.
(g) Potential difference across box
(h) Electric power output across box.

C-2. A resistor with a current of 3 A through it converts 500 J of electrical energy to heat energy in 12 s.
What is the voltage across the resistor?

C-3. The figure shows the current  in a single-loop circuit with a battery B and
resistance R (and wires of negligible resistance). Then find the order of
following at the point a,b and c
(a) The magnitude of the current,
(b) The electric potential, and
(c) The electric potential energy of the charge carriers (electron), greatest first.

C-4. (a) A car has a fresh storage battery of emf 12 V and internal resistance 5.0 × 10–2 . If the starter
draws a current of 90 A, what is the terminal voltage of the battery when the starter is on?
(b) After long use, the internal resistance of the storage battery increases to 500 . What maximum
current can be drawn from the battery? Assume the emf of the battery to remain unchanged.
(c) If the discharged battery is charged by an external emf source, is the terminal voltage of the battery
during charging greater or less than its emf 12 V?

C-5. 1 kW, 220 V electric heater is to be used with 220 V D.C. supply.
(a) What is the current in the heater?
(b) What is its resistance?
(c) What is the power dissipated in the heater.
(d) How much heat in calories is produced per second?
(e) How many grams of water at 100º C will be converted per minute into steam at 100º C with the
heater. (latent heat of vaporisation of water = 540 cal/g)] [J = 4.2 J/cal]

C-6.In following circuit potential at point ‘A’ is zero then determine

(a) Potential at each point
(b) Potential difference across each resistance
(c) Identify the batteries which act as a source
(d) Current in each battery
(e) Which resistance consumes maximum power
(f) Which battery consume or gives maximum power.
Current Electricity
C-7. For the circuit shown in figure, find the voltage across 10  resistor and the current passing through it.

C-8. For the circuit shown in figure, determine the unknown voltage drop V1

C-9. A resistor develops 400 J of thermal energy in 10 s when a current of 2 A is passed through it.
(a) Find its resistance.
(b) If the current is increased to 4 A, what will be the energy developed in 20 s.
Find the current in 10  resistance, V1 and source voltage Vs in the circuit shown in figure (Vs = VA – VB)
C-10.

Section : (D) Combination of Resistance

D-1. Two electric bulbs, each designed to operate with a power of 500 watts in 220 volt line, are connected
in series with a 110 volt line. What will be the power generated by each bulb? [JEE 1977]

D-2. Two (non-physics) students, A and B living in neighboring hostel rooms, decided to economies by
connecting their bulbs in series. They agreed that each would install a 100 W bulb in their own rooms
and that they would pay equal shares of the electricity bill. However, both decided to try to get better
lighting at the other’s expense; A installed a 200 W bulb and B installed a 50 W bulb. Which student is
more likely to fail the end-of-term examinations?
D-3. All resistance in diagram (fig.) are in ohms. Find the effective resistance between the points A and B.
Q 3 R

3
3
P 6 6 S
6
3 3

A 3 B
D-4. In the given circuit determine 3 2 4
(a) Equivalent resistance (Including internal resistance).
(b) Current in each resistance
(c) Potential difference across each resistance
(d) The rate at which the chemical energy of the cell is consumed
(e) The rate at which heat is generated inside the battery
(f) Electric power output
(g) Potential difference across battery
(h) Which resistance consumes maximum power?
(i) Power dissipated in 3  resistance.
Current Electricity
D-5. In given circuit determine
(a) Equivalent resistance (Including internal resistance).
(b) Current i, i1, i2 and i3
(c) Potential difference across battery and each resistance
(d) The rate at which the chemical energy of the cell is consumed
(e) The rate at which heat is generated inside the battery
(f) Electric power output
(g) Which resistance consumes maximum power ?
(h) Power dissipated across 4 resistance

D-6. (a) Determine the potential difference between X and Y in the circuit shown in Figure

(b) If intermediate cell has internal resistance r = 1 then determine the potential difference between
X and Y.
D-7. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit given in figure between the following point :
(i) A and B
(ii) C and D
(iii) E and F
(iv) A and F
(v) A and C

D-8. An infinite ladder network of resistance is constructed with 1 and 2 resistance, as shown in figure.

(i) Show that the effective resistance between A and B is 2.

(ii) What is the current that passes through the 2 resistance nearest to the battery?

D-9. As shown in figure a variable rheostat of 2 k is used to control the potential difference across 500 ohm
load. (i) If the resistance AB is 500 , what is the potential difference across the load? (ii) If the load is
removed, what should be the resistance at BC to get 40 volt between B and C?

D-10. ABCD is a square where each side is uniform wire of resistance 1 . Find a point E on CD such that if a
uniform wire of resistance 1  is connected across AE and a potential difference is applied across A
and C, the points B and E will be equipotential.
Current Electricity
D-11. Suppose you have three resistors of 20 , 50  and 100 . What minimum and maximum resistances
can you obtain from these resistors ?

D-12. Three bulbs, each having a resistance of 180 are connected in parallel to an ideal battery of emf
60 V. Find the current delivered by the battery when (a) all the bulbs are switched on, (b) two of the
bulbs are switched on and (c) only one bulb is switched on.

D-13. Consider the circuit shown in figure. Find the current through the 10 resistor when the switch S is
(a) opened (b) closed.
10 20

3V

Section (E) : Combination of Cells

E-1. Six lead-acid type of secondary cells, each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 , are joined in
series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 . Determine : (i) the current drawn from the supply
and (ii) its terminal voltage.
E-2. In the figure each cell has an emf of 1.5 V and 
A > B
internal resistance of 0.40 . Calculate:
(i) current 
(ii) current in the 36  resistor 12 18 36 1.8
(iii) potential difference across A and B.

D C

E-3. In the circuit shown all five resistors have the same value 200 ohms and each cell has an emf 3 volts.
Find the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current for the terminals A and B.

E-4. Find the currents through the three resistors shown in figure.

E-5. Find the value of i1/i2 in figure if (a) R = 0.1 , (b) R = 1 (c) R = 10 . Note from your answer that in
order to get more current from a combination of two batteries they should be joined in parallel if the
external resistance is small and in series if the external resistance is large as compared to the internal
resistances.
Current Electricity
Section (F) : Instrument
F-1. A galvanometer has a resistance of 30 ohm and a current of 2 mA is needed to give a full scale
deflection. What is the resistance needed and how is it to be connected to convert the galvanometer.
(a) Into an ammeter of 0.3 ampere range ?
(b) Into a voltmeter of 0.2 volt range ?

F-2. A voltmeter of resistance 400 is used to measure the potential

difference across the 100resistor in the circuit shown in the figure. (a)
What will be the reading of the voltmeter? (b) What was the potential
difference across 100  before the voltmeter was connected?

F-3. An electrical circuit is shown in the figure. Calculate the potential

difference across the resistance of 400 ohm, as will be measured by the
voltmeter V of resistance 400 ohm, either by applying Kirchhoff's rules
or otherwise.

F-4. A battery of emf 1.4 V and internal resistance 2  is connected to a resistor of 100  through an
ammeter. The resistance of the ammeter is 4/3 . A voltmeter has also been connected to find the
potential difference across the resistor.
(i) Draw the circuit diagram.
(ii) The ammeter reads 0.02 A. What is the resistance of the voltmeter?
(iii) The voltmeter reads 1.10 V, what is the zero error in the voltmeter?
(Hint : zero error = observed reading – actual reading)

F-5. In the figure the potentiometer wire AB of length L & resistance 9 r is joined to the cell D of e.m.f.  &
internal resistance r. The cell C's e.m.f. is /2 and its internal resistance is 2 r. The galvanometer G will
show no deflection then find length AJ :

F-6. Figure shows a 2.0 V potentiometer used for the determination of internal resistance of 1.5 V cell. The
balance point of the cell without 9.5  in the external circuit is 70 cm. When a resistor of 9.5  is used
in the external circuit of the cell, the balance point shifts to 60 cm length of the potentiometer wire.
Determine the internal resistance of the secondary cell.
Current Electricity
F-7. Figure shows a potentiometer with a cell of emf 2.0 V and internal
resistance 0.04  maintaining a potential drop across the
potentiometer wire AB. A standard cell which maintains a constant emf
of 1.02 V (for very moderate currents up to a few ampere) gives a
balance point of 67.3 cm length of the wire. To ensure very low
currents drawn from the standard cell, a very high resistance of 600 k
is put in series with it which is shorted close to the balance point. The
standard cell is then replaced by a cell of unknown emf E and the
balance point found similarly turns out to be at 82.3 cm length of the
wire.
(a) What is the value of E ?
(b) What purpose does the high resistance of 600 k have ?
(c) Is the balance point affected by this high resistance?
(d) Is the balance point affected by the internal resistance of the driver cell?
(e) Would the method work in the above situation if the driver cell of the potentiometer had an emf of
1.0 V instead of 2.0 V?
(f) Would the circuit work well for determining extremely small emf, say, of the order of few mV (such
typical emf of thermocouple)?

F-8. Figure shows a metre bridge (which is nothing but a practical Wheatstone Bridge) consisting of two
resistors X and Y together in parallel with a metre long constantan wire of uniform cross-section. With
the help of a movable contact D, one can change the ratio of the resistances of the two segments of the
wire until a sensitive galvanometer G connected across B and D shows no deflection. The null point is
found to be at a distance of 30 cm from the end A. The resistor Y is shunted by a resistance of 12.0 
and the null point is found to shift by a distance of 10 cm. Determine the resistance of X and Y.

F-9. Connect a battery to the terminals and complete the circuit diagram so that it works as a potential
divider meter. Indicate the output terminals also. [IIT-JEE (Main) 2003, 2/60]

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Section (A) : DefinItion of current, Current densities, Drift
A-1. The drift velocity of electrons in a conducting wire is of the order of 1mm/s, yet the bulb glows very
quickly after the switch is put on because
(A) The random speed of electrons is very high, of the order of 106 m/s
(B) The electrons transfer their energy very quickly through collisions
(C) Electric field is set up in the wire very quickly, producing a current through each cross section,
almost instantaneously
(D) All of above
Current Electricity
A-2. In the presence of an applied electric field ( E ) in a metallic conductor.
(A) The electrons move in the direction of E
(B) The electrons move in a direction opposite to E
(C) The electrons may move in any direction randomly, but slowly drift in the direction of E .
(D) The electrons move randomly but slowly drift in a direction opposite to E .

A-3. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is 5 kV and the current through it is 3.2 mA. Then the
number of electrons striking the target per second is [IIT-JEE(Scr.) - 2002,3/105]
(A) 2 × 1016 (B) 5 × 1016 (C) 1 × 1017 (D) 4 × 1015

A-4 An electric current passes through non uniform cross-section wire made
of homogeneous and isotropic material. If the j A and jB be the current b
a
densities and EA and EB be the electric field intensities at A and B A
B
respectively, then
(A) jA > jB ; EA > EB (B) jA > jB ; EA < EB (C) jA < jB ; EA > EB (D) jA < jB ; EA < EB

Section (B) : Resistance

B-1. A piece of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. The resistance of :
(A) each of the them increases (B) each of them decreases
(C) copper increases and germanium decreases (D) copper decreases and germanium increases

B-2. All the edges of a block in cuboidal shape with parallel

faces are equal. Its longest edge is twice its shortest edge.
The ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance between
parallel faces is:
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 8
(D) indeterminate unless the length of the third edge is specified.
Section (C) : Power, Energy, Battery, EMF and Terminal voltage
C-1. In an electric circuit containing battery, the positive charge inside the battery
(A) always goes from the positive terminal to the negative terminal
(B) may go from the positive terminal to the negative terminal
(C) always goes from the negative terminal to the positive terminal
(D) does not move.

C-2. If internal resistance of a cell is proportional to current drawn from the cell. Then the best representation
of terminal potential difference of a cell with current drawn from cell will be:

(A) (B) (C) (D)

C-3.

In which of the above cells, the potential difference between the terminals of a cell exceeds its emf.
(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d
 Current Electricity
C-4. A resistor of resistance R is connected to a cell of internal resistance 5 . The value of R is varied from
1  to 5 . The power consumed by R:
(A) increases continuously (B) decreases continuously
(C) first decreases then increases (D) first increases then decreases.

C-5.In the figure a part of circuit is shown :

(A) current will flow from A to B
(B) current may flow from A to B
(C) current will flow from B to A
(D) the direction of current will depend on r.

C-6. (i) Find the current flowing through the resistance R1 of the circuit shown in figure if the resistances
are equal to R1 = 10 , R2 = 20 , and R3 = 30 , and the potentials of points 1, 2 and 3 are equal
to 1 = 10 V, 2 = 6 V, and 3 = 5 V.

(A) 0.1 A (B) 0.2 A (C) 0.3 A (D) 0.4 A

(ii) In the previous question potential at point 0 is
(A) 15 V (B) 20 V (C) 25 V (D) 8 V

C-7. In the figure shown the current flowing through 2 R is :

(A) from left to right (B) from right to left (C) no current (D) None of these

C-8. Find the current through the 10  resistor shown in figure

(A) zero
(B) 1A
(C) 2A
(D) 5A

C-9. The efficiency of a cell when connected to a resistance R is 60%. What will be its efficiency if the
external resistance is increased to six times?
(A) 80 % (B) 90% (C) 55% (D) 95%

Section (D) : Combination of Resistance

D-1. Two coils connected in series have resistances 600  and 300  at 20°C and temperature coefficient
of resistivity 0.001 K–1 and 0.004 K–1 respectively.
(a) The resistance of the combination at temperature 50°C is
(A) 426  (B) 954  (C) 1806  (D) 214 


(b) The effective temperature coefficient of the combination is

1 1 1 3
(A) degree–1 (B) degree–1 (C) degree–1 (D) degree–1
1000 250 500 1000
Current Electricity
D-2. In the ladder network shown, current through the resistor 3  is 0.25 A. The input voltage ‘V’ is equal to

15
(A) 10 V (B) 20 V (C) 5 V (D) V
2
D-3. If 2 bulbs rated 2.5 W – 110 V and 100 W – 110 V are connected in series to a 220 V supply then
(A) 2.5 W bulb will fuse (B) 100 W bulb will fuse
(C) both will fuse (D) both will not fuse

D-4. In the figure shown each resistor is of 20  and the cell has emf
10 volt with negligible internal resistance. Then rate of joule
heating in the circuit is (in watts)
(A) 100/11
(B) 10000/11
(C) 11
(D) None of these

D-5. Arrange the order of power dissipated in the given circuits, if the same current is passing through the
system. The resistance of each resistor is ' r '. [IIT-JEE(Scr.) 2003, 3/84]

(i) (ii)

I
(iii) (iv) A B

(A) P2 > P3 > P4 > P1 (B) P1 > P4 > P3 > P2 (C) P1 > P2 > P3 > P4 (D) P4 > P3 > P2 > P1
D-6. Five identical resistors each of resistance 1  are initially arranged as
shown in the figure by clear lines. If two similar resistances are added
as shown by the dashed lines then change in resistance in final and
initial arrangement is
(A) 2  (B) 1  (C) 3  (D) 4 
D-7. Four identical bulbs each rated 100 watt, 220 volts are connected across a battery as shown. The total
electric power consumed by the bulbs is:

220V

(A) 75 watt (B) 400 watt (C) 300 watt (D) 400/3 watt
D-8. The current i in the circuit of figure is - [JEE 1983]
1 1
(A) amp. (B) amp.
45 15
1 1
(C) amp. (D) amp.
10 5
Current Electricity
D-9. Three equal resistors connected in series across a source of emf together dissipate 10 watts of power.
What would be the power dissipated if the same resistors are connected in parallel across the same
source of emf ? [JEE 1972]
(A) 60 watt (B) 90 watt (C) 100 watt (D) 30 watt
D-10. The given Wheatstone bridge is showing no deflection in the
galvanometer joined between the points B and D (Figure).
Calculate the value of R.
(A) 25 
(B) 50 
(C) 40   
(D) 100 

D-11. Three equal resistance each of R ohm are connected as shown in figure. A battery of 2 volts of internal
resistance 0.1 ohm is connected across the circuit. Calculate the value of R for which the heat
generated in the exeternal circuit is maximum. [REE 1990]

R R R

2V
(A) 0.1  (B) 0.2  (C) 0.3  (D) 0.4 
D-12. A wire of resistance 0.1 ohm cm –1 bent to form a square ABCD of side 10 cm. A similar wire is
connected between the corners B and D to form the diagonal BD. Find the effective resistance of this
combination between corners A and C. If a 2V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected
across A and C calculate the total power dissipated. [JEE 1971]
(A) 1 , 3 W (B) 1 , 4 W (C) 2 , 3 W (D) 2 , 4 W

D-13.
In the circuit shown in figure the heat produced in the 5 resistor due to the current flowing through it is
10 calories per second. [JEE 1981; 2M]
4 6

5
The heat generated in the 4 resistor is :
(A) 1 cal/s (B) 2 cal/s (C) 3 cal/s (D) 4 cal/s
D-14. A 50 W bulb is in series with a room heater and the combination is connected across the mains. To get
max. heater output, the 50 W bulb should be replaced by :
(A) 25 W (B) 10 W (C) 100 W (D) 200 W
D-15. The equivalent resistance between the points A and B is :

36 85
(A)  (B) 10  (C)   (D) none of these
7 7
Current Electricity
D-16. A battery of internal resistance 4 ohm is connected to the network of resistance as shown. In the order
that the maximum power can be delivered to the network, the value of R in ohm should be :

(A) 4/9 (B) 2 (C) 8/3 (D) 18

D-17. In these three circuits all the batteries are identical
and have negligible internal resistance, and all the
light bulbs are identical. Rank all 5 light bulbs (A, B,
C, D, E) in order of brightness from brightness to Battery
dimmest.
(A) A = B = C > D = E (B) A > B = C > D = E
(C) A = D = E > B = C (D) A = D = E > B > C

Section (E) : Combination of Cells

E-1. Two nonideal batteries are connected in parallel. Consider the following statements
(I) The equivalent emf is smaller than either of the two emfs.
(II) The equivalent internal resistance is smaller than either of the two internal resistance.
(A) Both I and II are correct (B) I is correct but II is wrong
(C) II is correct but I is wrong (D) Each of I and II is wrong.
E-2. 12 cells each having the same emf are connected in series and are kept in a closed box. Some of the
cells are wrongly connected. This battery is connected in series with an ammeter and two cells identical
with each other and also identical with the previous cells. The current is 3 A when the external cells
support this battery and is 2 A when the cells oppose the battery. How many cells in the battery are
wrongly connected?
(A) one (B) two (C) three (D) none of these
E-3. Two cells of e.m.f. 10 V & 15 V are connected in parallel to each other
between points A & B. The cell of e.m.f. 10 V is ideal but the cell of
e.m.f. 15 V has internal resistance 1. The equivalent e.m.f. between
A and B is:
25
(A) V (B) not defined
2
(C) 15 V (D) 10 V

E-4. N sources of current with different emf’s are connected as shown in figure. The
emf’s of the sources are proportional to their internal resistances, i.e. E = R,
where  is an assigned constant. The connecting wire resistance is negligible. The
potential difference between points A and B dividing the circuit in n and N – n links
(A) 0 (B) nE/2
(C) NE (D) (N – n)E

Section (F) : Instrument

F-1. The reading of voltmeter is

(A) 50V (B) 60 V (C) 40V (D) 80 V

Current Electricity
F-2. The length of a wire of a potentiometer is 100 cm, and the emf of its standard cell is E volt. It is
employed to measure the emf of a battery whose internal resistance is 0.5 ohm. If the balance point is
obtained at 30 cm from the positive end, the emf of the battery is [AIEEE 2003, 4/300]
30E 30E 30E
(A) (B) (C)
100 100.5 (100  0.5)
30(E  0.5i) 30(E  0.5i)
(D) , , where i is the current in the potentiometer
100 100

F-3.The current through the ammeter shown in figure is 1 A. If each of the 4

resistor is replaced by 2 resistor, the current in circuit will become
nearly :
10 5
(A) A (B)
9 4
9 5
(C) A (D) A
8 8

F-4. The ammeter shown in figure consists of a 480  coil connected in parallel to a 20  shunt. Find the
reading of the ammeter.

50 40 50 73
(A) A (B) A (C) A (D) A
73 53 93 50
F-5. A galvanometer together with an unknown resistance in series is connected to two identical batteries
each of 1.5 V. When the batteries are connected in series, the galvanometer records a current of 1A,
and when the batteries are in parallel the current is 0.6 A. What is the internal resistance of the battery?
[JEE 1973]
2 2 1 3
(A) r =  (B) r =  (C) r =  (D) r = 
3 5 3 2
F-6. A potentiometer wire of length 100 cm has a resistance of 10 ohm. It is connected in series with a
resistance and an accumulator of emf 2V and of negligible internal resistance. A source of emf of
10 mV is balanced against a length of 40 cm of the potentiometer wire. What is the value of external
resistance ? [JEE 1976]
(A) 890  (B) 600  (C) 650  (D) 790 
F-7. The meter-bridge wire AB shown in figure is 50 cm long. When AD = 30 cm, no
deflection occurs in the galvanometer. Find R.
(A) 1  (B) 2 
(C) 3  (D) 4 

F-8. The current in a conductor and the potential difference across its ends are measured by an ammeter
and a voltmeter. The meters draw negligible currents. The ammeter is accurate but the voltmeter has a
zero error (that is, it does not read zero when no potential difference is applied). Then the zero error is
(if the readings for two different conditions are 1.75 A, 14.4 V and 2.75 A, 22.4 V.)
(A) 0.4 volt (B) 0.8 volt (C) –0.4 volt (D) –0.8 volt
Current Electricity
F-9.In the given circuit, no current is passing through the galvanometer. If the
cross-sectional diameter of the wire AB is doubled, then for null point of
galvanometer, the value of AC would be: [IIT-JEE(Scr.) 2003, 3/84]
(A) 2 X (B) X
X
(C) (D) None of these
2
F-10. In the circuit shown, P  R, the reading of the galvanometer is same with switch S open or closed. Then
[IIT-JEE 1999, 2/200]

(A) R = G (B) P = G (C) Q = G (D) Q = R

F-11. Salt water contains n sodium ions (Na+) per cubic meter and n chloride ions (Cl –) per cubic meter.
A battery is connected to metal rods that dip into a narrow pipe full of salt water. The cross sectional
area of the pipe is A. The magnitude of the drift velocity of the sodium ions is VNa and the magnitude of
the drift velocity of the chloride ions is VCl. Assume that VNa > VCl (+e is the charge of a proton).

What is the magnitude of the ammeter reading ?

(A) enAVNa – enAVCl (B) enAVNa + enAVCl (C) enAVNa (D) enAVCl

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Match the following :
The following table gives the lengths of four copper rods at the same temperature, their diameters, and
the potential differences between their ends.
Potential
Rod Length Diameter
Difference
1 L 3d V
2 2L d 3V
3 3L 2d 2V
4 3L d V
Correctly match the physical quantities mentioned in the left column with the rods as marked.
Column -  Column - 
(A) Greatest Drift speed of the electrons. (p) Rod 1
(B) Greatest Current (q) Rod 2
(C) Greatest rate of thermal energy produced (r) Rod 3
(D) Greatest Electric field (s) Rod 4
Current Electricity
2. Match the statements in Column  with the current element in Column 
Column -  Column - 
(A) Current always flows from higher (p) A Resistor
potential to lower potential
(B) Energy dissipated in an element is (q) Ideal cell/Battery
always zero
(C) Current flow through the element is (r) Non-Ideal cell/Battery
always zero
(D) Potential difference may/will be zero (s) Short-circuited resistor

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
1. If a copper wire is stretched to make its radius decrease by 0.1%, the percentage change in its
resistance is approximately.
(A) – 0.4% (B) + 0.8% (C) + 0.4% (D) + 0.2%

2. The potential difference between the terminals of a battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance
1 drops to 9.8 V when connected across an external resistance. The resistance of the external
resistor is
(A) 49  (B) 25  (C) 31  (D) 43 

3. The two ends of a uniform conductor are joined to a cell of emf and some internal resistance. Starting
from the midpoint P of the conductor, we move in the direction of the current and return to P. The
potential V at every point on the path is plotted against the distance covered (x). Which of the following
best represents the resulting curve?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

4. A cell of emf E having an internal resistance r is connected to an external

resistance R. The potential difference V across the resistance R varies
with R as shown in figure by the curve :
(A) A (B) B
(C) C (D) D

5. In a circuit shown in figure resistances R1 and R2 are known, as well as emf’s

E1 and E2. The internal resistances of the sources are negligible. At what value
of the resistance R will the thermal power generated in it be the highest ?
(A) R1 + R2 (B) R1 – R2
R1R 2
(C) R1R2 (D)
R1  R 2
Current Electricity
6. A resistor R is connected to a parallel combination of two identical batteries each with emf E and an
internal resistance r. The potential drop across the resistance R is. [Olympiad 2016, Stage-1]

2ER ER ER 2ER
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2R  r R  2r 2R  r R  2r

7. The equivalent resistance between A and B will be (in )

(A) 2/7 (B) 8 (C) 4/3 (D) 7/3

8. A wire is in the form of a tetrahedron. The resistance of each edge is r.

The equivalent resistances between corners 1–2 and 1–3 are respectively
r r
(A) , (B) r, r
2 2
r r
(C) , r (D) r,
2 2

9. The equivalent resistance between points A and B is :

65 45 5 91
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
2 2 2 2
10. In the question find the resistance between points 1 – 3.
3 5
(A) R (B) R
4 6
3 6
(C) R (D) R
5 5

11. The effective resistance between points P and Q of the electrical

circuit shown in the figure is: [IIT-JEE(Scr.) 2002, 3/105]
2Rr 2R(R  r)
(A) (B)
Rr 3R  r
5R
(C) 2 r + 4 R (D) + 2r
2
Current Electricity
12. A 100 W bulb B1 and two 60 W bulbs B2 and B3 are connected to a 250 V source as shown in the
figure. Now W 1, W 2 and W 3 are the output powers of the bulbs B1, B2 and B3 respectively. Then:
[IIT-JEE (Scr.) 2002, 3/105]

(A) W 1 > W 2 = W 3 (B) W 1 > W 2 > W 3 (C) W 1 < W 2 = W 3 (D) W 1 < W 2 < W 3

13. When a galvanometer is shunted with a 4 resistance, the deflection is reduced to one-fifth. If the
galvanometer is further shunted with a 2 wire, determine current in galvanometer now if initially
current in galvanometer is 0 (given main current remain same).
(A) 0/13 (B) 0/5 (C) 0/8 (D) 50/13
14. In the circuit shown the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are 4A and 20V respectively. The meters
are non-ideal, then R is

(A) 5    (B) less than 5 (C) greater than 5 (D) between 4 and 5.
15. In the circuit shown in figure reading of voltmeter is V 1 when only S1 is closed, reading of voltmeter is
V2 when only S2 is closed and reading of voltmeter is V3 when both S1 and S2 are closed. Then

(A) V3 > V2 > V1 (B) V2 > V1 > V3 (C) V3 > V1 > V2 (D) V1 > V2 > V3
16. If the reading of ammeter A3 in figure is 0.75 A. Neglecting the resistances of the ammeters, the reading
of ammeter A2 will be :

(A) 1.5 A (B) 3 A (C) 4.5 A (D) 6 A

17. In the previous question the reading of ammeter A1 will be :
(A) 6.75 A (B) 5.25 A (C) 3.75 A (D) 2.25 A
Current Electricity
18. The resistance of the rheostat shown in figure is 30 . Neglecting the
ammeter resistance, the ratio of minimum and maximum currents
through the ammeter, as the rheostat is varied, will be :
2 83
(A) (B)
5 15
9 19
(C) (D)
43 43

19. An ammeter and a voltmeter are joined in series to a cell. Their readings are A and V respectively.
If a resistance is now joined in parallel with the voltmeter,
(A) both A and V will increase (B) both A and V will decrease
(C) A will decrease, V will increase (D) A will increase, V will decrease

20. An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in series to a battery with an emf  = 6.0 V. When a certain
resistance is connected in parallel with the voltmeter, the reading of the voltmeter decrease
 = 2.0 times, whereas the reading of the ammeter increase the same number of times. Find the
voltmeter reading after the connection of the resistance.
(A) 2 V (B) 4V (C) 8V (D) 18V

21. A galvanometer has resistance 100and it requires current 100µA for full scale deflection. A resistor
0.1 is connected in parallel to make it an ammeter. The smallest current required in the circuit to
produce the full scale deflection is [IIT -JEE (Scr.) - 2005, 3/84]
(A) 1000.1 mA (B) 1.1 mA (C) 10.1 mA (D) 100.1 mA

22. Between which points should the terminals of unknown resistance be connected in a post office box
arrangement to get its value [IIT-JEE(Scr.) - 2004, 3/84]

(A) A and B (B) B and C (C) C and D (D) A andD

23. Let V and I be the readings of the voltmeter and the ammeter respectively as shown in the figure. Let
RV and RA be their corresponding resistance Therefore, [Olympiad (Stage-1) 2017]
RA
R

I
A
RV

V
V V V R  R A 
(A) R = (B) R = (C) R = RV – RA (D) R =
I  V  IR A
I 
 RV 
Current Electricity
24. A 10 ohm resistor is connected to a supply voltage alternating between +4V and –2V as shown in the
following graph. The average power dissipated in the resistor per cycle is [Olympiad (Stage-1) 2017]

4
Voltage (V)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 Time (s)

–2

(A) 1.0 W (B) 1.2 W (C) 1.4W (D) 1.6W

25. Two cells each of emf E and internal resistance r1 and r2 respectively are connected in series with an
external resistance R. The potential difference between the terminals of the first cell will be zero when R
is equal to [Olympiad (Stage-1) 2017; AIEEE-2005, 4/300]
r r rr
(A) 1 2 (B) r12 – r22 (C) r1 – r2 (D) 1 2
2 r1  r2
26. In the post office box circuit, 10  plug is taken out in arm AB and 100  plug is taken out in arm BC.
If the unknown resistor is kept in melting ice chamber, 600  resistance is required in arm AD for zero
deflection in galvanometer. Now if the unknown resistor is kept at 100° C (steam chamber), 630 
resistance is required in arm AD for zero deflection. Temprature coefficient of resistance of the
unknown wire is :

(A) 2.5  10–4 / C° (B) 5  10–4/ C° (C) 7.5  10–4 / C° (D) 8  10–4 / C°
Current Electricity
PART – II : NUMERICAL VALUE
1. (a) The current density in a cylindrical conductor of radius R varies according to the equation
 r 
J = J0  1   , where r = distance from the axis. Thus the current density is a maximum J 0 at the axis
 R
2 J 
r = 0 and decreases linearly to zero at the surface r = . Current in terms of J0 is given by n  0 
  6
then value of n will be.
2. 1 m long metallic wire is broken into two unequal parts P and Q. P of the wire is uniformly extended into
another wire R. Length of R is twice the length of P and the resistance of R is equal to that of Q. Find
the ratio of the length of Q and P [REE 1996]

3. For a given resistance X in the figure shown the thermal power generated in ' Y ' is maximum when
Y = 4 . Then resistance X (in ) is:

10V,2

4. A series parallel combination of batteries consisting of a large number N = 300 of identical cells, each
with an internal resistances r = 0.3 , is loaded with an external resistance R = 10 . Find number ‘n’ of
parallel groups consisting of an equal number of cells connected in series, at which the external
resistance generates the highest thermal power.

5. The internal resistance of an accumulator battery of emf 6V is 10 when it is fully discharged. As the
battery gets charged up, its internal resistance decreases to 1. The battery in its completely
discharged state is connected to a charger which maintains a constant potential difference of 9V. The
current through the battery just after the connections are made is 1 and after a long time when it is
completely charged is 2. Find 101 + 2 in amperes.
6. A hemispherical network of radius a is made by using a conducting wire
of resistance per unit length 'r'. The equivalent resistance across OP is
   n
given by   ar the value of n will be :
 8 

7. Find the resistance in ohm of a wire frame shaped as a cube (figure) when measured between points
1-7 if each resistance is 6

8. The figure is made of a uniform wire and represents a regular five pointed star. The resistance of a
section EL is 2 ohm. Find the resistance in ohm of the star across F and C. (sin 18º ~ 1/3)
Current Electricity
9. In the circuit shown in fig. E1 = 3 volt, E2 = 2 volt, E3 = 1 volt and R = r1 = r2 = r3 = 1 ohm. [JEE 1981]
(i) Find potential difference in Volt between the points A and B with A & B unconnected.
(ii) If r2 is short circuited and the point A is connected to point B through a zero resistance wire, find the
current through R in ampere.

10. The resistance of each resistor in the circuit diagram shown in figure is the same and equal to R = 1.
The voltage across the terminals is U = 7V. Determine the current i (Ampere) the leads if their
resistance can be neglected.

11. In the circuit shown in fig. E, F, G and H are cells of emf 2, 1, 3 and
1 volts and their internal resistances are 2, 1, 3 and 1 ohm respectively.
Calculate. [JEE 1981]

 13  n 
(i) The potential difference between B and D is given by   Volt
 13 
then valu of n will be.
n2
(ii) The ratio of potential difference across the terminals of the cell G to cell H is given by   the
 19 
value of n will be.

12. If the galvanometer in the circuit of figure reads zero, calculate the value of the resistor R (in k)
assuming that the 12 V source has negligible internal resistance.

13. Figure shows an arrangement to measure the emf  and internal

resistance r of a battery. The voltmeter has a very high resistance and
the ammeter has a very small resistance. The voltmeter reads 1.52 V
when the switch S is open. When the switch is closed the voltmeter
reading drops to 1.45 V and the ammeter reads 1.0 A. The internal
resistance of the battery in m will be ?
Current Electricity
14. In the circuit shown, reading of the voltmeter connected across 400 resistance is 60V. If it is
connected across 300  resistance then reading in volt will be

15. In the given circuit the ammeter A1 and A2 are ideal and the ammeter A3 has a resistance of
 2n 
1.9 × 10–3 . If sum of readings of all three meters is given by   Ampere the value of n will be.
 27 

16. Two resistors, 400 , and 800  are connected in series with a 6 V battery. It is desired to measure the
current in the circuit. An ammeter of 10  resistance is used for this purpose. The reading of ammeter
N
will be A. Similarly, if a voltmeter of 1000  resistance is used to measure the potential
1210
P
difference across the 400  resistor, the reading of voltmeter is V. Then the value of N and P are :
19

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. A continuous beam of electrons emitted by a heating filament are accelerated in free space by an
electric field as shown in figure. The two stops at the left ensure that the electron beam has a uniform
cross-section. Which of the following is/are correct :
(A) Linear momentum of electron increases from A to B.
(B) The electric current is from right to left
(C) The magnitude of the current is same at A and B.
(D) The current density is same at A and B.

2. A current passes through a wire of non-uniform cross-section. Which of the following quantities are
independent of the cross-section?
(A) the charge crossing in a given time interval (B) drift speed
(C) current density (D) free-electron density.
3. When no current is passed through a conductor
(A) the free electrons do not move
(B) the average speed of a free electron over a large period of time is zero
(C) the average velocity of a free electron over a large period of time is zero
(D) the average of the velocities of all the free electrons at an instant is zero

4. The current density in a wire is 10 A/cm 2 and the electric field in the wire is 5 V/cm. If  = resistivity of
material,  = conductivity of the material then (in S.. units) :
(A)  = 5 × 103 (B)  = 200 (C)  = 5 × 103 (D)  = 200
Current Electricity
5. A bulb is connected to an ideal battery of emf 10 V so that the resulting current is 10 mA. When the
bulb is connected to 220 V mains (ideal), the current is 50 mA. Choose the correct alternative (s)
(A) In the first case, the resistance of the bulb is 1k and in second case, it is 4.4 k.
(B) It is not possible since ohm’s law is not followed
(C) The increase in resistance is due to heating of the filament of the bulb when it is connected to
220 V mains
(D) None of these
6. The cross section area and length of a cylindrical conductor are A and  respectively is connected with

a voltage source V0. The conductivity varies as,  = 0 where x (0 < x < ) is the distance along the
x
axis of the cylinder from one of its end as shown in the figure. Choose the correct option :

(A) The electric resistance of cylinder along its axis is

20 A
V0 0 A
(B) The electric current in the wire will be
2
2V0 0
(C) The current density in the wire will be

2V0 V0
(D) The electric field in the wire at x in cylinder will be x
2
7. N cells each of e.m.f. E & identical resistance r are grouped into sets of K cells connected in series. The
(N/K) sets are connected in parallel to a load of resistance R, then;
NR
(A) Maximum power is delivered to the load if K = .
r
r
(B) Maximum power is delivered to the load if K =
NR
E2
(C) Maximum power delivered to the load is
4Nr
NE2
(D) Maximum power delivered to the load is
4r

8. In the circuit shown, the cell has emf = 10 V and internal resistance = 1 
(A) The current through the 3 resistor is 1 A.
(B) The current though the 3  resistor is 0.5 A
(C) The current through the 4resistor is 0.5 A.
(D) The current through the 4 resistor is 0.25 A

9. In the network shown, points A, B and C are potentials of 70 V,

zero and 10 V respectively.
(A) Point D is at a potential of 40 V
(B) The currents in the sections AD, DB, DC are in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1
(C) The currents in the sections AD, DB, DC are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3
(D) The network draws a total power of 200 W.
10. In the circuit shown in figure
(A) power supplied by the battery is 200 watt
(B) current flowing in the circuit is 5 A
(C) potential difference across 4  resistance is equal to the potential
difference across 6 resistance
(D) current in wire AB is zero 
Current Electricity

11. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a

resistance R. Resistance R can be adjusted to any value greater
than or equal to zero. A graph is plotted between the current (i)
passing through the resistance and potential difference (V) across it.
Select the correct alternative (s)
(A) internal resistance of the battery is 5
(B) emf of the battery is 10 V
(C) maximum current which can be taken from the battery is 2 A
(D) V-i graph can never be a straight line as shown in figure.
12. Potential difference across the terminals of a non ideal battery is
(A) zero when it is short circuited
(B) less than its emf when current flows from negative terminal to positive terminal inside the battery
(C) zero when no current is drawn from the battery
(D) greater than its emf when current flows from positive terminal to negative inside the battery.

13. A cell of emf  and internal resistance r drives a current i through an external resistance R.
(A) The cell is generating i power
(B) Heat is produced in R at the rate i
(C) Heat is produced in R at the rate i  R 

R  r 

(D) Heat is produced in the cell at the rate i  r 


R  r 
14. In the given figure, E = 12V, R1 = 3, R2 = 2and r =1  . Then
choose the correct option/s
(A) potential of point M is 6V
(B) potential of point N is – 4V
(C) potential of point M is 12V
(D) current in wire AG is zero

15. In a potentiometer wire experiment the emf of a battery in the primary circuit is 20volt and its internal
resistance is 5. There is a resistance box (in series with the battery and the potentiometer wire)
whose resistance can be varied from 120 to 170. Resistance of the potentiometer wire is 75. The
following potential differences can be measured using this potentiometer
(A) 5V (B) 6V (C) 7V (D) 8V

16. By mistake, a voltmeter is placed in series and an ammeter in parallel with a

resistance in an electric circuit, with a cell in series.
(A) The main current in the circuit will be very low and almost all current will
flow through the ammeter, if resistance of ammeter is much smaller than
the resistance in parallel.
(B) If the devices are ideal, a large current will flow through the ammeter and it will be damaged
(C) If the devices (including battery) are ideal, ammeter will read zero current and voltmeter will read
the emf of cell
(D) The devices may get damaged if emf of the cell is very high and the meters are nonideal.

17. A micro-ammeter has a resistance of 100  and full scale range of 50 A. It can be used as a voltmeter
and an ammeter of a higher range provided a resistance is added to it. Pick the correct range and
resistance combination (s) :
(A) 50 V range with 10 k resistance is series (B) 10 V range with 200 k resistance in series
(C) 5 mA range with 1  resistance in parallel (D) 10 mA range with 1  resistance in parallel
Current Electricity
18. Two cells of unequal emfs 1 and 2, and internal resistances r1 and r2 are joined as shown. VA and VB
are the potentials at A and B respectively.
(A) One cell will supply energy to the other
(B) The potential difference across both the cells will be equal
(C) The potential difference across one cell will be greater than its emf.
 r   r 
(D) VA  VB = 1 2 2 1
r1  r2

19. Three voltmeters, all having different resistances, are joined as shown.
When some potential difference is applied across A and B, their readings
are V1, V2, V3 :
(A) V1 = V2 (B) V1  V2
(C) V1 + V2 = V3 (D) V1 + V2 > V3
20. In the potentiometer arrangement shown, the driving cell D has
emf  and internal resistance r. The cell C, whose emf is to be
measured, has emf /2 and internal resistance 2r. The
potentiometer wire is 100-cm long. If balance is obtained at the
length AJ = . 

(A)  = 50 cm
(B) > 50 cm
(C) Balance will be obtained only if resistance of AB is  r.
(D) Balance cannot be obtained.
21. Choose the correct alternatives
(A) It is easier to start a car engine on a warm day than on a chilly cold day because the internal
resistance of battery decreases with rise in temperature
(B) It is more economical to transmit electric power at high voltage and low current rather than at low
voltage and high current because heat loss is proportional to square of current.
(C) The heating coil of an electric iron is enclosed in mica sheets because mica is a bad conductor of
heat and good conductor of electricity
(D) The heating coil of an electric iron is enclosed in mica sheets because mica is a good conductor of
heat and bad conductor of electricity.

22. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct of a source of emf (such as a primary cell) ?
[Olympiad 2015 (stage-1)]
(A) Inside the cell there always exist an electrostatic field and a non-electrostatic field of equal
magnitude directed opposite to it.
(B) Potential difference is the work of an electrostatic field whereas electromotive force is the work of a
non-electrostatic field.
(C) Under certain condition current can flow from positive terminal to negative terminal within the cell.
(D) When an external resistance is connected to the cell, the electrostatic field inside the cell decreases
in magnitude compared to the non-electrostatic field.
Current Electricity

PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
COMPREHENSION-1
In the circuit given below, both batteries are ideal. Emf E1 of battery 1 has a fixed value, but emf E2 of
battery 2 can be varied between 1.0 V and 10.0 V. The graph gives the currents through the two
batteries as a function of E2, but are not marked as which plot corresponds to which battery. But for
both plots, current is assumed to be negative when the direction of the current through the battery is
opposite the direction of that battery's emf. (Direction of emf is from negative to positive)

1. The value of emf E1 is

(A) 8 V (B) 6 V (C) 4 V (D) 2V

2. The resistance R1 has value

(A) 10   (B) 20  (C) 30  (D) 40 
3. The resistance R2 is equal to :
(A) 10   (B) 20  (C) 30  (D) 40 
COMPREHENSION-2
A network of resistance is constructed with R1 and R2 as shown in the figure. The potential at the points
1, 2, 3,........, N are V1, V2, V3,........., Vn respectively each having a potential K time smaller than
previous one. Find:

 R1   R2 
4.   ×  in terms of K.
 R 2   R3 
1 K –1
(A) K–1 (B) K2 – 1 (C) (D)
K 1 K 1

5. Current that passes through the resistance R2 nearest to the V0 in terms V0, K and R3.
 (K  1)  V0  (K  1)  V0  (K  1)  V0  (K  1)  V0
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 K 2  R3  K  R3  K 2  R3  K 2  R3
Current Electricity
COMPREHENSION-3
A nichrome wire AB, 100 cm long and of uniform cross section is mounted on a meter scale the points
A and B coinciding with 0 cm and 100 cm marks respectively. The wire has a resistance S = 50 ohm.
Any point C along this wire, between A and B is called a variable point to which on end of and electrical
element is connected. In the following questions this arrangement will be referred to as 'wire AB'.
[Olympiad 2016 Stage-1]
6. The emf of a battery is determined using the following circuit with 'wire AB'. The galvanometer shows
zero deflection when one of its terminals is connected to point C. If the internal resistance of the battery
is 4 ohm, its emf is [Olympiad 2016 Stage-1]
battery

40 cm
A C B
1.5 V
G
(A) 3.75 volt (B) 4.05 volt (C) 2.50 volt (D) 9.0 volt
7. In the circuit adjacent arrangement it is found that deflection in the galvanometer is 10 divisions. Also
the voltage across the 'wire AB' is equal to the across the galvanometer. Therefore, the current
sensitivity of the galvanometer is about. [Olympiad 2016 Stage-1]
A B

1.5 V
G
10 k
(A) 0.050 div/A. (B) 0.066 div/A (C) 0.0140 div/A (D) data insufficient
8. In the adjacent circuit a resistance R is used. Initially with 'wire AB' not in the circuit, the galvanometer
shows a deflection of d divisions. Now, the 'wire AB' is connected parallel to the galvanometer and the
galvanometer shows a deflection nearly d/2 divisions. Therefore % [Olympiad 2016 Stage-1]
A B

1.5 V

R
SG
(A) R = G (B) R << G (C) R >> G (D) R 
SG
COMPREHENSION-4
Group of question Nos 9 to 12 are based on the following paragraph and its subsequent continuation
of after some question.
The following question are concerned with experiments of the characterization and use of a moving coil
galvanometer.
The series combination of variable resistance R, one 100  resistor and moving coil galvanometer is
connected to a mobile phone charger having negligible internal resistance. The zero of the
galvanometer lies at the centre and the pointer can move 30 division full scale on either side depending
on the direction of current. The reading of the galvanometer is 10 divisions and the voltages across the
galvanometer and 100 resistor are respectively 12 mV and 16 mV.
9. The figure of merit of the galvanometer is microampere per division is :
(A) 16 (B) 20 (C) 32 (D) 10
Current Electricity
10. The resistance of the galvanometer is ohm is :
(A) 50  (B) 75  (C) 100 (D) 80
The series combination of the galvanometer with a resistance of R is connected across an ideal voltage
supply of 12 V and this time the galvanometer shows full scale deflection of 30 divisions.

11. The value of R is nearly

(A) 12.5 k  (B) 25 k (C) 75 k (D) 100 k

12. A 24  resistance is connected to a 5 V battery with internal resistance of 1. A 25 k resistance is

connected in series with the galvanometer and this combination is used to measure the voltage across
the 24  resistance. The number of divisions shown in the galvanometer is
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. Consider a thin square sheet of side L and thickness t, made of a material of resitivity . The resistance
between two opposite faces, shown by the shaded areas in the figure is : [IIT-JEE 2010; 3/163, –1]

t.
L

(A) directly proportional to L (B) directly proportional to t

(C) independent of L (D) independent of t
2. Incandescent bulbs are designed by keeping in mind that the resistance of their filament increases with
increase in temperature. If at room temperature, 100 W, 60 W and 40 W bulbs have filament
resistances R100, R60 and R40, respectively, the relation between these resistance is :
[IIT-JEE 2010; 3/163, –1]
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)   (B) R100 = R40 + R60 (C) R100 > R60 > R40 (D)  
R100 R 40 R 60 R100 R60 R 40

3. To verify Ohm's law, a student is provided with a test resistor RT, a high resistance R1, a small
resistance R2, two identical galvanometers G1 and G 2, and a variable voltage source V. The correct
circuit to carry out the experiment is : [IIT-JEE 2010; 3/163, –1 ]

(A) (B)

R1 R2
G1 G1

G2 G2
RT RT

(C) R2 (D) R1

V V
Current Electricity
4. When two identical batteries of internal resistance 1each are connected in series across a resistor R,
the rate of heat produced in R is J1. When the same batteries are connected in parallel across R, the
rate is J2. If J1 = 2.25 J2 the value of R in  is : [IIT-JEE 2010; 3/163]

5. Two batteries of different emfs and different internal resistances are connected as shown. The voltage
across AB in volts is [IIT-JEE 2011; 4/160]

6*. For the resistance network shown in the figure, choose the correct option(s).
[JEE 2012; Paper-1, 4/66]

(A) The current through PQ is zero. (B) I1 = 3 A.

(C) The potential at S is less than that at Q. (D) I2 = 2 A.

7*. Heater of electric kettle is made of a wire of length L and diameter d. It takes 4 minutes to raise the
temperature of 0.5 kg water by 40K. This heater is replaced by a new heater having two wires of the
same material, each of length L and diameter 2d. The way these wires are connected is given in the
options. How much time in minutes will it take to raise the temperature of the same amount of water by
40K ? [JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3/60, –1]
(A) 4 if wires are in parallel (B) 2 if wires are in series
(C) 1 if wires are in series (D) 0.5 if wires are in parallel.

8*. Two ideal batteries of emf V1 and V2 and three resistances R1, R2
and R3 are connected as shown in the figure. The current in
resistance R2 would be zero if [JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3/60, –1]
(A) V1 = V2 and R1 = R2 = R3
(B) V1 = V2 and R1 = 2R2 = R3
(C) V1 = 2V2 and 2R1 = 2R2 = R3
(D) 2V1 = V2 and 2R1 = R2 = R3

9. A galvanometer gives full scale deflection with 0.006 A current. By connecting it to a 4990 resistance,
2n
it can be converted into a voltmeter of range 0-30 V. If connected to a  resistance, it becomes an
249
ammeter of range 0-1.5 A. The value of n is. [JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3/60]
Current Electricity
10. During an experiment with a metre bridge, the galvanometer shows a null point when the joceky is
pressed at 40.0 cm using a standard resistance of 90 , as shown in the figure. The least count of the
scale used in the meter bridge is 1 mm. The unknown resistance is [JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3/60, –1]

(A) 60  0.15 (B) 135  0.56 (C) 60  0.25 (D) 135  0.23

11. In an aluminum (Al) bar of square cross section, a square hole is drilled and is filled with iron (Fe) as
shown in the figure, The electrical resistivities of Al and Fe are 2.7× 10–8  m and 1.0 × 10–7  m,
respectively. The electrical resistance between the two faces P and Q of the composite bar is
[JEE (Advanced) 2015 ; 4/88, –2]

2475 1875 1875 2475

(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
64 64 49 132

12. In the following circuit, the current through the resistor R (= 2) is  Amperes. The valeu of  is :
[JEE (Advanced) 2015 ; P-2,4/88]

6.5V

13. Consider two identical galvanometers and two identical resistors with resistance R. If the internal
resistance of the galvanometers RC < R/2, which of the following statement(s) about any one of the
galvanometers is(are) true ? [JEE (Advanced) 2016 ; P-2, 4/62, –2]
(A) The maximum voltage range is obtained when all the components are connected in series
(B) The maximum voltage range is obtained when the two resistors and one galvanometer are
connected in series, and the second galvanometer is connected in parallel to the first galvanometer
(C) The maximum current range is obtained when all the components are connected in parallel
(D) The maximum current range is obtained when the two galvanometers are connected in series, and
the combination is connected in parallel with both the resistors.
Current Electricity
Paragraph for Question Nos. 14 to 15
Consider an evacuated cylindrical chamber of height h having rigid conducting plates at the ends and
an insulating curved surface as shown in the figure. A number of spherical balls made of a light weight
and soft material and coated with a conducting material are placed on the bottom plate. The balls have
a radius r << h.
Now a high voltage source (HV) is connected across the A
conducting plates such that the bottom plate is at +V0 and the
top plate at –V0. Due to their conducting surface the balls will
get charged, will become equipotential with the plate and are –
repelled by it. The balls will eventually collide with the top plate, HV
where the coefficient of restitution can be taken to be zero due
to the soft nature of the material of the balls. The electric field +
in the chamber can be considered to be that of a parallel plate
capacitor. Assume that there are no collisions between the
balls and the interaction between them is negligible. (Ignore
gravity) [JEE (Advanced) 2016 ; P-2, 3/62]
14. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(A) The balls will execute simple harmonic motion between the two plates
(B) The balls will bounce back to the bottom plate carrying the opposite charge they went up with
(C) The balls will bounce back to the bottom plate carrying the same charge they went up with
(D) The balls will stick to the top plate and remain there

15. The average current in the steady state registered by the ammeter in the circuit will be
(A) proportional to V02 (B) proportional to V01/2
(C) proportional to the potential V0 (D) zero
16. A moving coil galvanometer has 50 turns and each turn has an area 2 × 10–4 m2. The magnetic field
produced by the magnet inside the galvanometer is 0.02T. The torsional constant of the suspension
wire is 10–4 Nm rad–1. When a current flows through the galvanometer, a full scale deflection occurs if
the coil rotates by 0.2 rad. The resistance of the coil of the galvanometer is 50. This galvanometer is
to be converted into an ammeter capable of measuring current in the range 0 – 1.0A. For this purpose,
a shunt resistance is to be added in parallel to the galvanometer. The value of this shunt resistance, in
ohms, is __________. [JEE (Advanced) 2018 ; P-2, 3/60]

17. Two identical moving coil galvanometers have 10  resistance and full scale deflection at 2A current.
One of them is converted into a voltmeter of 100 mV full scale reading and the other into an Ammeter of
1mA full scale current using appropriate resistors. These are then used to measure the voltage and
current in the Ohm's law experiment with R = 1000 resistor by using an ideal cell. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are correct ? [JEE (Advanced) 2019 ; P-1, 4/62, –1]
(A) The resistance of the Voltmeter will be 100 k
(B) The resistance of the Ammeter will be 0.02  (round off to 2nd decimal place)
(C) If the ideal cell is replaced by a cell having internal resistance of 5 then the measured value of R
will be more than 1000 
(D) The measured value of R will be 978 < R < 982 

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. Two conductors have the same resistance at 0ºC but their temperature coefficients of resistance are
1 and 2. The respective temperature coefficients of their series and parallel combinations are nearly
[AIEEE 2010, 8/144]
  2   2 12   2 1  2
(1) 1 , 1 + 2 (2) 1 + 2, 1 (3) 1 + 2, (4) 1 ,
2 2 1  2 2 2
Current Electricity
2. If a wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, its resistance will : [AIEEE 2011, 4/120, –1]
(1) increase by 0.05% (2) increase by 0.2% (3) decrease by 0.2% (4) decrease by 0.05%

3. The current in the primary circuit of a potentiometer is 0.2 A. The specific resistance and cross-section
of the potentiometer wire are 4 × 10–7 ohm metre and 8 × 10–7 m2 respectively. The potential gradient
will be equal to : [AIEEE 2011, 11 May; 4/120, –1]
(1) 1 V/ m (2) 0.5 V/m (3) 0.1 V/m (4) 0.2 V/m

4. Two electric bulbs marked 25W – 220V and 100W – 220 V are connected in series to a 440 V supply.
Which of the bulbs will fuse ? [AIEEE 2012 ; 4/120, –1]
(1) both (2) 100W (3) 25W (4) neither

5. The supply voltage to room is 120 V. The resistance of the lead wires is 6 . A 60 W bulb is already
switched on. What is the decrease of voltage across the bulb, when a 240 W heater is switched on in
parallel to the bulb ? [JEE (Main) 2013, 4/120]
(1) zero Volt (2) 2.9 Volt (3) 13.3 Volt (4) 10.04 Volt

6. This questions has Statement  and Statement . Of the four choices given after the Statements,
choose the one that best describes the two Statements. [JEE (Main) 2013, 4/120]
Statement-: Higher the range, greater is the resistance of ammeter.
 Statement-: To increase the range of ammeter, additional shunt needs to be used across it.
(1) Statement- is true, Statment - is true, Statement - is the correct explanation of Statement-.
(2) Statement- is true, Statment -  is true, Statement - is not the correct explanation of Statement-.
(3) Statement- is true, Statment -  is false.
(4) Statement- is false, Statment -  is true.
7. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40W, 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W and 1 heater of 1 kW.
The voltage of the electric mains is 220 V. The minimum capacity of the main fuse of the building will
be: [JEE (Main) 2014 ; 4/120, –1]
(1) 8 A (2) 10 A (3) 12 A (4) 14 A

8. When 5V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m, the drift speed of electrons is
2.5 × 10–4 ms–1. If the electron density in the wire is 8 × 1028 m–3, the resistivity of the material is close
to : [JEE (Main) 2015; 4/120, –1]
(1) 1.6 × 10 m
–8
(2) 1.6 × 10 m
–7
(3) 1.6 × 10 m
–6
(4) 1.6 × 10–5 m

9. A galvanometer having a coil resistance of 100  gives a full scale deflection, when a current of 1 mA is
passed through it. The value of the resistance, which can convert this galvanometer into ammeter
giving a full scale deflection for a current of 10 A, is : [JEE (Main) 2016; 4/120, –1]
(1) 2  (2) 0.1  (3) 3  (4) 0.01 

10. 2V 2V 2V

1  1  1 

2V 2V 2V
In the above circuit the current in each resistance is : [JEE (Main) 2017, 4/120, –1]
(1) 0 A (2) 1 A (3) 0.25 A (4) 0.5 A
Current Electricity
11. Which of the following statements is false ? [JEE (Main) 2017, 4/120, –1]
(1) Krichhoff's second law represents energy conservation.
(2) Wheatstone bridge is the most sensitive when all the four resistance are of the same order of
magnitude
(3) In a balanced wheatstone bridge if the cell and the galvanometer are exchanged, the null point is
disturbed
(4) A rheostat can be used as a potential divider.

12. When a current of 5mA is passed through a galvanometer having a coil of resistance 15, it shows full
scale defection. The value of the resistance to be put in series with the galvanometer to convert it into a
voltmeter of range 0 – 10 V is : [JEE (Main) 2017, 4/120, –1]
(1) 4.005 × 10 
3
(2) 1.985 × 10 3
(3) 2.045 × 10 3
(4) 2.535 × 103 

13. Two batteries with e.m.f 12V and 13V are connected in parallel across a load resistor of 10. The
internal resistance of the two batteries are 1 and 2 respectively. The voltage across the load lies
between [JEE (Main) 2018, 4/120, –1]
(1) 11.4V and 11.5 V (2) 11.7V and 11.8V (3) 11.6V and 11.7V (4) 11.5V and 11.6V
14. In a potentiometer experiment, it is found that no current passes through the galvanometer when the
terminals of the cell are connected across 52cm of the potentiometer wire. If the cell is shunted by
resistance of 5 , a balance is found when the cell is connected across 40 cm of the wire. Find the
internal resistance of the cell. [JEE (Main) 2018; 4/120, –1]
(1) 2    (2) 2.5  (3) 1  (4) 1.5 
15. On interchanging the resistances, the balance point of a meter bridge shifts to the left by 10 cm. The
resistance of their series combination is 1K. How much was the resistance on the left slot before
interchanging the resistances ? [JEE (Main) 2018; 4/120, –1]
(1) 550   (2) 910   (3) 990   (4) 505
16. A resistance is shown in the figure. Its value and tolerance are given respectively by :
[JEE (Main) 2019; 4/120, –1]

(1) 270, 5% (2) 27 k, 20% (3) 270 , 10% (4) 27 k, 10%

17. The resistance of the meter bridge AB in given figure is 4. With a cell of emf  = 0.5 V and rheostat
resistance Rh = 2 the null point is obtained at some point J. When the cell is replaced by another one
of emf =2 the same null point J is found for Rh = 6 . The emf2 is, : [JEE (Main) 2019; 4/120, –1]



A B
J

6V

Rh
(1) 0.5 V (2) 0.3 V (3) 0.4 V (4) 0.6 V
Current Electricity
dR
18. In a meter bridge, the wire of length 1m has a non–uniform cross–section such that, the variation
d
dR 1
of its resistance R with length  is  . Two equal resistances are connected as shown in the
d
figure. The galvanometer has zero deflection when the jockey is at point P. What is the length AP ?

[JEE (Main) 2019; 4/120, –1]

R' R'

G
P

A B
 1–

(1) 0.2 m (2) 0.3 m (3) 0.25 m (4) 0.35 m

19. The galvanometer deflection when key K1 is closed but K2 is open, equals 0 (see figure). On closing K2

also and adjusting R2 to 5, the deflection in galvanometer becomes 0 . The resistance of the
5
galvanometer is, then, given by [Neglect the internal resistance of battery] :
[JEE (Main) 2019; 4/120, –1]

k2 R2

220
G

k1
(1) 5  (2) 12  (3) 25 (4) 22 
20. In a building there are 15 bulbs of 45 W, 15 bulbs of 100 W, 15 small fans of 10 W and 2 heaters of
1 kW. The voltage of electric main is 220 V. The minimum fuse capacity (rated value) of building will be:
[JEE (Main) 2020, 07 January; 4/100, –1]
(1) 20 A (2) 15 A (3) 10 A (4) 25 A
21. The length of a potentiometer wire is 120 cm and it carries a current of 60 mA. For a cell of emf 5V and
internal resistance of 20, the null point on it is found to be at 1000 cm. The resistance of whole wire is:
[JEE (Main) 2020, 08 January; 4/100, –1]
(1) 60  (2) 120 (3) 100 (4) 80

22. A galvanometer having a coil resistance 100 gives a full scale deflection when a current of 1mA is
passed through it. What is the value of the resistance which can convert this galvanometer into a
voltmeter giving full scale deflection for a potential difference of 10 V ?
[JEE (Main) 2020, 08 January; 4/100, –1]
(1) 8.9 k (2) 10 k  (3)9.9 k  (4)7.9 k
Current Electricity

EXERCISE-1 Section (D)

125
D-1. = 31.25 watt
PART - I 4
Section (A) D-2. PA = 8 W & PB = 32 W, A is more likely to fail
his examinations
31 D-3. Rf = 2.
A-1. 31 C, A
3 D-4. (a) R = 10  (b) 1A in each (c) V3 = 3V,
A-2. 1.1 × 10–3 ms–1 or 1.1 mm s–1 V2 = 2V, V4 = 4V (d) 10 W (e) 1 W (f) 9W
A-3. (i) Q = 1200 C (ii) n = 75 x 1020 (g) 9V (h) 4  resistance (i) 3 W.
D-5. (a) R = 3 
Section (B)
1 1
2 1 (b) i = 2A, i1 = A, i2 = 1A, i3 = A
B-1. (a) n=  1017 =1.25× 1017 (b)  106 A/m2 2 2
1.6 2 (c) V = 4V in each (d) 12 W
n2 (e) 4W (f) 8 W (g) 4 (h) 4W
B-2. 10 A. B-3. (i) 41ºC (ii) ºC–1.
273 D-6. (a) 3.7 V (b) 3.7 V
B-4. T2 B-5. 0.2 % D-7. (i) RAB = 5/6  (ii) RCD = 1.5 
0.35 (iii) REF = 1.5  (iv) RAF = 5/6 
B-6 (i) R = = 0.175  (ii) R = 7 x 10-5  (v) RAC = 4/3 
2
150
D-8. (ii) 1.5 A D-9. (i) = 21.43 V (ii) 1600 
Section (C) 7
C-1. (a) E = 10 V each D-10. CE: ED = 2 : 1 D-11. 12.5 , 170 
(b) (A) act as a source and (B) act as load D-12. (a) 1 A (b) 2/3 A (c) 1/3 A
(c) VA = 9V, VB = 11 V D-13. (a) 0.1 A (b) 0.3 A
(d) PA = 9 W, PB = 11 W Section (E)
(e) Heat rate = 1 W each 12 12  8.5
(f) 10 W each E-1. (i) = 1.4 A, (ii) = 11.9 V
8.59 8.59
(g) 9V, 11V
1 1
(h) –9W, 11 W E-2. (i) = 0.5 A (ii) = 0.0833 A
2 12
125
C-2. V 1
9 (iii) 1.5   0.4 = 1.7 V
2
C-3. (a) all equal (b) b, then a and c equal E-3. VB – VA =21/5 = 4.2 V,
(c) a, c equal, b  = 35/2 mA = 17.5 mA (B to A)
C-4. (a) 7.5 V, (b) 24 mA (c) greater than 12 V. E-4. zero in the upper 4 resistor and 0.2 A in the
50 22  11 rest two.
C-5. (a) = 4.55 A (b) = 48.4 
11 5 1.2 10.5
E-5. (a) = 0.57 (b) 1 (c) =1.75
(c) 1000 W (d) 240 cal s-1 2.1 6
(e) 80/3 gm
C-6. (a) VA = VB = VC = VD = 0 V,
Section (F)
VE = VF = VG = VH = 10 V, V = VJ = VK = 15 V
(b) V1 = 15 V, V2 = 5V, V3 = 15 V F-1.
(c) each act as a source
(d) 17.5 A (), 15A() 2.5 A (), 5A () from
left to right in given circuit. 30  2  103
(a) S = = 0.2013 
(e) 1  resistance 0.3  2  103
(f) left most battery.
(b) R = 70  
25 5
C-7. V = 2.78 V, A = 0.278 A C-8. 19 V
9 18
C-9. (a) 10 . (b) 3200 J
C-10. 5 A, 74 V, 49 V (+ve terminal is connected at 20
F-2. (a) 24 V, (b) 28 V F-3. V
point B) 3
Current Electricity

EXERCISE-2
PART - I
F-4. (i)
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B)
4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (A)
7. (D) 8. (A) 9. (B)
4 10. (A) 11. (A) 12. (D)
(ii) 200  (iii) 1.1– = –0.23 V 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (B)
3
16. (B) 17. (C) 18. (A)
 70  9.5
F-5. 5L/9 F-6.   1  9.5 = ohm 19. (D) 20. (A) 21. (D)
 60  6 22. (D) 23. (B) 24. (A)
F-7. (a) 1.25 V, (b) saving of galvanometer from 25. (C) 26. (B)
damage and to prevent the cell discharging
fast (c) No, (d) Yes, (e) No, (f) No PART - II
20 20 1. 08.00 2. 04.00 3. 03.00
F-8. x= , Y= 
7 3 4. 03.00 5. 06.00 6. 02.00
7. 05.00 8. 02.00
9. (i) 02.00 (ii) 02.00 10. 15.00
F-9. 11. (i) 11.00 (ii) 19.0012. 02.00 
13. 70.00 14. 45.00 15. 58.00
16. 6.00 & 30.00


PART - II PART - III

Section (A) 1. (A)(B)(C)(D) 2. (A)(D) 3. (C)(D)
A-1. (C) A-2. (D) A-3. (A) 4. (A)(D) 5. (A)(C) 6. (A)(C)(D)
A-4 (A) 7. (A)(D) 8. (A)(D) 9. (A)(B)(D)
10. (A)(C) 11. (A)(B)(C) 12. (A) (B) (D)
Section (B) 13. (A)(C)(D) 14. (A)(B)(D)
B-1. (D) B-2. (B) 15. (A)(B)(C) 16. (A)(C)(D)
17. (B)(C) 18. (A)(B)(C)(D) 19. (B)(C)
Section (C) 20. (B) (C) 21. (A)(B)(D) 22. (B) (C) (D)
C-1. (B) C-2. (D) C-3. (B)
C-4. (A) C-5. (B) C-6. (i) (B) PART - IV
(ii) (D) C-7. (B) C-8. (A)
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D)
C-9. (B)
4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (B)
Section (D) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A)
D-1. (a) (B) (b) (C) D-2. (B) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (D)
D-3. (A) D-4. (C) D-5. (A)
D-6. (A) D-7. (A) D-8. (C) EXERCISE-3
D-9. (B) D-10. (A) D-11. (C) PART - I
D-12. (B) D-13. (B) D-14. (D) 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C)
D-15. (C) D-16. (B) D-17. (C) 4. 4 5. 5 6. (A)(B)(C)(D)
Section (E) 7. (B)(D) 8. (A)(B)(D)9. 5
E-1. (C) E-2. (A) E-3. (D) 10. (C) 11. (B) 12. 1
E-4. (A) 13. (B)(C) 14. (B) 15. (A)
16. 5.56 or 5.55 17. (2) (4) 
Section (F) 
F-1. (C) F-2. (A) F-3. (A) PART - II
F-4. (A) F-5. (C) F-6. (D)
F-7. (D) F-8. (A) F-9. (B) 1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (3)
F-10. (A) F-11. (B) 4. (3) 5. (4) 6. (4)
7. (3) 8. (4) 9. (4)
PART - III 10. (1) 11. (3) 12. (2)
13. (4) 14. (4) 15. (1)
1. (A) q, (B) p, (C) p, (D) q
16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (3)
2. (A) p ; (B) q, s ; (C) s ; (D) p, r, s
19. (4) 20. (1) 21. (3)
22. (3)