INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING AND DIFFERENT

COORDINATE SYSTEM

AIM
To learn the concept of computer aided drafting and introduce to different coordinate system in
AutoCAD software package.
INTRODUCTION
Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well conversant with drawings.
Drawings represent reduced shape of structure and the owner will be able to see what is going to
happen. Drawings are prepared as per the requirements of owner. In case of public buildings, the
functional aspects are studied and accordingly the drawings are prepared as per recommendations
laid down in National Building Code (N.B.C) or as per Indian Standard specifications. Any
modifications like additions or omissions can be suggested from a study of the drawings before
actual construction of the structure is started. Drawings provide a language with specific data to
Architects, Engineers and workmen at the site to construct the structure accordingly.
In case of public buildings or any other civil engineering works, it is essential to work out
different items of construction with their quantities for estimating the total cost of construction
project. For this purpose, drawings of different parts and different views are essential so that the
approval of work from the sanctioning authority can be obtained. Further the detailed drawings
form an essential contract documents when the work is handed over to a contractor. Hence it is
necessary to prepare detailed drawings, which will inform the contractor, the exact information,
which he needs during the construction of different items of work. Drawings, thus prepared
should be carefully even after the completion of work. Thus, it becomes asses the possibility of
further vertical expansion by referring to the foundation details initially provided.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DRAWING:
1. Drawing should be clear, simple and clean
2. Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn scaled measurements.
3. Exact information should be provided in order to carry out the work at site without scaling
for missing measurements
4. Only minimum notes to support the drawings should be indicated in the drawings.
5. Sufficient space should be provided between the views so as to mark the dimensions without
crowding.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING
Computer Aided Drafting is a process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen of a
computer. There are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and sciences. In
the fields of mechanical or aeronautical engineering, the drawings of machine components and

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the layouts of them are prepared. In the field of civil engineering, plans and layouts of the
buildings are prepared. In the field of electrical engineering, the layouts of power distribution
system are prepared. In all fields of engineering use of computer is made for drawing and drafting.
The use of CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities which allows any designer to
1. Conceptualize his ideas
2. Modify the design very easily
3. Perform animation
4. Make design calculations
5. Use colours, fonts and other aesthetic features.
REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING A CAD SYSTEM
1. Improved productivity in drafting
2. Shorter preparation time for drawing
3. Reduced man power requirement
4. Custom modifications in drawing are easier
5. More efficient operation in drafting
6. Minimized transcription errors in drawing
7. Better designs can be evolved
8. Revisions are possible
9. Colors can be used to customize the product
10. Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns
LAUNCHING AUTOCAD FROM OPERATING SYSTEM
• Click on Start.
• Go to Programs
• Go to Auto Desk
• Go to Auto CAD 2012- English
• Click on Auto CAD 2012- English.
Using your pointing device
One of the key means of controlling commands & inputting information into your drawing file
will be by using your mouse.
Using three button mouse
1. Left button: data / accept – used to select command & enter points.
2. Middle button: It is used as Pan and scroll zooming
3. Right button: Reset / reject / repeat last command – used to end a command or to display a
small pull-down menu or to repeat last command. Using the Key boards
1. Typing Command name is “command line”. Can run all the commands in auto CAD.

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2. Enter button and Space bar can be used to accept a command or repeat last command.
3. The Function Keys can be used as toggle buttons to switch ON/ OFF for some of functions.
The Important ones are

[Link] FUNCTION KEY FUNCTION

1 F1 Help
2 F2 Command line history
3 F3 Object snap
4 F4 3D Osnap
5 F5 Isoplane Top/Left/Right
6 F6 Dynamic UCS on/off
7 F7 Toggle grid on/off
8 F8 Ortho on/off
9 F9 Snap on/off
10 F10 Polar on/off
11 F11 Object snap tracking
12 F12 Dynamic on/off

USER COORDINATE SYSTEM

You can enter pts directly on the command line using 3 different systems. The one you use is
depend on which is more applicable for the situation. The first assignment will get you used to
this the 3 systems are as follows.
a. Absolute Coordinate system (x, y)
Absolute coordinates refers to a Cartesian System that uses x-axis, y-axis, and sometimes a z-
axis to establish a point some distance from a common origin. b. Relative rectangular
Coordinate system @ (x, y)
c. Relative Polar Coordinate system: You would use this system if you know that you want
to draw a line a certain distance at a perpendicular angle. We would enter this as at D < A. where,
D is the distance and A is the angle.
COMMANDS IN AUTOCAD BEFORE STARTING THE DRAWING
Before we start to draw any drawing, we must set Units, Limits & Grid.
Units
Command: units (enter) Type Decimal Millimetres Click on ok.

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Limits
Command: limits (enter) Specify lower left corner – (0, 0) Specify upper right corner (10000,
10000)
Grid on
Click on F7
Zoom Command
Command: Z enter Options: (All / centre/ dynamic/ Extents/ Previous/ scale/ window/ object/
real Time)
Line command
Command: L (enter)
USING ABSOLUTE COORDINATE SYSTEM
Absolute Coordinates uses the Cartesian System to specify a position in the X, Y, and (if
needed) Z axes to locate a point from the 0-X, 0-Y, and 0-Z (0,0,0) point. To locate a point using
the Absolute Coordinate system, type the X-value, Y-value, and, if needed, the Z-value
separated by commas (with no spaces).

1. Enter LINE command: L [Enter]

2. Start line at point A: 0,0 [Enter]
3. End first line at point B: 2,2 [Enter]
[Link] of second line at point C: 2,3 [Enter]
Example on Absolute Coordinate System

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Steps to be followed to draw the diagram

1. L enter 2. 0, 0
3. 20, 0 4. 20, 20
5. 50, 20 6. 50, 30
7. 40, 30 8. 40, 40
9. 50, 40 10. 50, 50
11. 0, 50 12. 0, 30
13. -20, 30 14. -20, -30
15. 0, -30 16. 0, 0
USING RELATIVE RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
After first points entered, your next points can be entered by specifying the next coordinate
compare/relative from the first points. The relative coordinate started with symbol “@” tell
AutoCAD it was a relative coordinate. Using relative coordinate, points entered by typing @x,y
[Enter].

1. Enter LINE command: L [Enter]

2. Start line at point A: 0,0 [Enter]

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 3. End first line at point B: @2,2 [Enter]
4. End of second line at point C: @0,1 [Enter]
Example on Relative Rectangular Coordinate System

Steps to be followed to draw the diagram

1. L enter for line & specify and point 2. @ 40, 0

3. @ 0, 40 4. @ 60, 0
5. @0, 80 6. @ 100, 0
7. @ 50, 50 8. @ 0, 30
9. @ 0, -30 10. @ -50, -50
11. @ -30, 0 12. @ 0, -50
13. @ -50, 50 14. @ 0, -50
15. @ 30, -30 16. @ 0, -30
17. @ 0, -70 or c
USING RELATIVE POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Polar coordinates used when you need to draw the next points at specify angle. Polar coordinates
system in AutoCAD specifies distance length at which angle. Using polar coordinate, points
entered by typing @distance<angle [Enter].

1. Enter LINE command: L [Enter]

2. Start line at point A: 0,0 [Enter]
3. End first line at point B: @2.828<45 [Enter]

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 4. End of second line at point C: @1<90 [Enter] Example on Relative Polar
Coordinate System

Steps to be followed to draw the diagram

1. Type L and press enter 2. @100 < 0

3. @ 70 < 45 4. @ 30 < 90
5. @ 70 < 135 6. @ 50 < 180
7. @ 50 < 270 8. @ 40 < 315
9. @ 80 < 180 10. @ 50 < 270
Construction Line
Command: XL enter XLINE Specify a point or [ Hor/ ver/ Ang/ Bisect/ offset]: h
Polyline
Command: PL (enter) Specify
Start point:
Specify next point (or) [ Arc/ Half width/ length/ undo/ width]: click on screen
For arc in the polyline enter option ‘A’
Arc
Command: Arc (enter)
Specify 1st point: click on screen
Specify 2nd point: click on screen
Specify end point: click on screen
Revision cloud
Command: Revcloud (enter)
Specify start pt or [arc/length/object/ style] s
(enter)
Spline
Command: Spl (enter)
Click on screen

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Hatch
Command: h (enter)
Scale – 50 (properties)
Click on pick pts.
Click on rectangle
Command: H (enter)
Scale – 0.5
Pick pts
Click on rectangle
Point & Point style
Points are very simple objects and the process of creating them is very simple.
Points are rarely used as drawing components although there is no reason why they could not be.
For Example: Points are automatically created when you measure and divide commands and to
set act distance along lines Point:
Command: po (enter)
Click on Screen
Object snap
Command: OS (enter)
Select the required node otherwise (select all)
Text command
Command: t (enter)
Specify two corners
Enter the text
Click on ok
Copy
Command: co (or) cp (enter)
Select the Object (enter)
Select the base point and place the point
Mirror
Command: mi (enter)
Select the object (enter)
Specify the first pt of mirror line
Specify the second pt of mirror line
Erase the source object (Yes/No) <N>

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Offset
Command: O (enter) Enter the offset
distance: example: 10 (enter) Select
the object and direct the offset
Rectangular Array
Command: ar (enter)
Select Tick The rectangular array
Enter the no of rows
Enter the no of columns
Click on the selected objects button
Polar array
Command: ar (enter)
Tick polar array
Select the objects
Enter the total no of items
Specify the angle
Specify the centre point
Move
Command: m (enter)
Select the object
Specify the base point
Click wherever required
Rotate
Command: ro (enter)
Select the object (enter)
Specify the base point
Enter the angle
Example: 450 enter
Scale
Command: sc (enter)
Select the object (enter)
Specify the base points
Enter the scale factor Example: 2 (enter)
Stretch s (enter)
Select the object (enter)

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Specify Base point and drag the mouse towards
the required direction V 25
Trim
Command: tr (enter)
Select cutting edges (enter)
Select the objects to trim
Extend
Command: Ex (enter)
Select boundary edges (enter)
Then select the object to extend
Break
Command: br (enter)
Select 1st point and 2nd point
Chamfer
Draw a rectangle of 100 x 50) Command: Cha (enter) d (enter)
Enter the distance 15 (enter)
Enter the distance 10 (enter)
Select two adjacent line on screen
Fillet
Command: f (enter)
r (enter) example:
10 (enter) Explode
x (enter)
Select the object (enter)
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS FOR HATCH
Conventional signs are used to represent the particular item like stone masonry, brick masonry,
concrete etc in the section of drawing. (i.e.,) when the materials are cut by any imaginary plane.
Conventional symbols are provided to indicate doors, windows, their fixing, movement of
shutters. When they are cloud or opened, various water supply and sanitary fixtures like tap, wash
basin, W.C., urinals, Kitchen sink, shower etc, symbols are used to indicate the position of
electrical fittings like lamp, switch, power socket, fan etc. To indicate positions of furniture on
drawing room, bedroom, suitable symbols are used.
The Bureau of Indian standards (B.I.S) has recommended the conventional signs and symbols
for the following purposes.
1. Avoid confusion and to understand the drawings

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2. Save the time in making out various details in the drawing
3. Identify the various details of materials, Electrical fixtures, water supply and sanitary fittings,
Position of furniture’s etc.
4. To prevent any dispute between contractor and owner in the actual construction of the
structure. The conventional signs for civil engg materials is shown in fig

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

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 1. Describing position

2. Location of Air transport

3. Map Projections

4. Latitude and Longitude

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the full form of AUTOCAD?

2. List the benefits of AUTOCAD?

3. What are the limitations of AUTOCAD?

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4. What are the applications of CAD?

5. Who created the AUTOCAD?

6. Who is the father of AUTOCAD?

7. Who is the owner of AUTOCAD?

8. Who was discovered AUTOCAD?

9. What is the difference between AUTOCAD and AUTODESK?

10. Define polar coordinates.

[Link]: 2

Date:
EXERCISE ON DRAW & MODIFY TOOL BARS
AIM

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To learn the commands in Draw tool bars.
PROCEDURE DRAW COMMANDS
1. Line 10. Solid
2. Pline 11. Drawing of polygon
3. Line type 12. Point
4. Curves 13. Erasing of object
5. Circle 14. Colouring of Object
6. Donut 15. Filling of object
7. Ellipse 16. Hatch
8. Arc 17. Scaling of drawing
9. Rectangles
1. LINE: A line is specified by giving its two end points or first point and the distance of line
along with its angle of inclination. A line can be drawn by using two commands.
Command: line
Specify first point: Specify a point (1)
Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify a point (2)
The second point can be indicated by @d<a
Where d is the distance of line and a is the angle of inclination in degrees

2. PLINE: This is a poly line which allows continuous segment of the line and it is drawn
similar to the line command. The polyline allows changing the thickness of the line according
to the requirement.
From the Draw tool bar choose the Polyline flyout.
Draw pull down menu: Polyline
At the command prompt, enter pline
Syntax
Specify start point: Specify a point (1)
Current line-width is <current>
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify a point (2) or enter
an option.
3. LINE TYPE: Creates, loads, and sets line types. The LINETYPE command defines line
characteristics consisting of dashes, dots, and spaces. Format menu: Line type or Command line:
line type

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4. CURVES: Following are the various types of
i. Circle
ii. Ellipse
iii. Arc iv. Regular or any other type.

5. CIRCLE: This command draws the circle by using four methods:

• Centre point and radius
• Two-point circle
• Three-point circle
• Tangent circle
At the command prompt, enter circle
Specify centre point for circle or [3P (Three Points)/2P (Two Points)/Ttr]: Specify a point
or enter an option

6. DONUT: This draws filled circles and rings.

Donuts are constructed of a closed polyline composed of wide arc segments. At the command
prompt, enter donut
a. Specify inside diameter of donut <current>
b. Specify a distance or press ENTER

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 c. If you specify an inside diameter of 0, the donut is a filled circle.
d. Specify outside diameter of donut <current>: Specify a distance or press ENTER
e. Specify centre of donut or <exit>: Specify a point (1) or press ENTER to end the
command

7. ELLIPSE: It is a curve having major and minor axis with a centre. Creates an ellipse or an
elliptic arc.
Axis end point: Defines the first axis by two specified endpoints. The angle of the first axis
determines the angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the
ellipse.
8. ARC: Creates an elliptical arc. The angle of the first axis determines the angle of the
elliptical arc. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the elliptical arc.
Center: Creates the ellipse by a specified centre point.
Isocircle: Creates an isometric circle in the current isometric drawing plane.
At the command prompt, enter ellipse
Arc: The arc is a curve specified by centre and radius as well as the start angle and end angle.
There are seven methods used for drawing an arc.
1. Three-point method
2. Start point-centre point –end point
3. Start point-centre point-length of chord
4. Start point-end point –angle of inclusion
5. Start point-end point-direction
6. Start point-centre point-angle of inclusion
7. Start point-end point-radius
These methods can be used by executing the arc command ARC:
creates an arc.
At the command prompt, enter arc
Centre/<start point>: specify a point, enter c, or press enter
Polyarc: the second method of the drawing the arc is poly arc by use of pline command. This
command allows drawing of filled arc of any width .it also allows for drawing of a regular or
irregular curve.

9. RECTANGLES: Draws a rectangular polyline

At the command prompt, enter rectangle
a. First corner: specify point (1)

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b. Other corner: specify point (2)
Drawing of Rectangle: A rectangle can be drawn by LINE command or by Rectangle command.
The PLINE command also allows for drawing of hollow or filled rectangle. A SOLID command
is also used for drawing of filled rectangles.

10. SOLID: Creates solid –filled polygons solids are filled only when fill system variable is set
to on view is set to plan.
a. At the command prompt, enter solid
b. First corner: specify point (1)
c. Other corner: specify point (2)
d. The first two points define one edge of the polygon.
e. Third point: specify a point (3) diagonally opposite the second
f. Fourth point: specify a point (4) or press enter

11. DRAWING OF POLYGON: Creates an equilateral closed polyline, A polygon is a polyline

object. AUTOCAD draws polyline with zero width and no tangent information.
a. At the command prompt enter polygon
b. Number of sides <current>: enter a value between 3 and 1024 or press enter Edge/<centre
of polygon>: specify a point (1) or enter.

12. POINT: Creates a point object points can act as nodes to which you can snap objects you
can specify a full 3D location for a point.
At the command prompt, enter point
Point: specify a point

13. ERASING OF OBJECT: The object can be removed or erased by use of erase command
ERASE
This removes object from drawing
At the command prompt, enter erase Select objects: use an object selection method.

14. COLOURING OF OBJECT: The object can be drawn with any variety of colour which
ranges from 0 to 256. The setting of colour can be done by colour command
COLOUR
Sets the colour for new objects. At the command prompt, enter colour <current>: enter a value
(1-255), colour name, by block, or by layer

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 15. FILLING OF OBJECT: The object can be filled with different colours and patterns by use
of hatch command
This command allows selection of various patterns, scale of pattern and angle of pattern.

16. HATCH: This fills an area with a pattern. HATCH fills the specified hatch boundary with
non-associative hatch A non –associative hatch is not updated when its boundaries are modified
a hatch boundary consists of an object or objects that completely enclose an area
At the command prompt, enter hatch
Pattern (? Or name/ U, style) <current>: enter a predefined pattern name, enter u, enter? Or press
enter.
17. SCALING OF DRAWING: zoom command displays the object at a specified scale factor.
the value entered is relative to the limits of the drawing for example entering 2 doubles the
apparent display size of any objects from what it would be if it were zoomed to the limits of the
drawing.
If you enter a value followed by XP, auto CAD specifies the scale relative to paper scale unit’s.
for example, entering 0.5xp displays model space at half the scale of paper space unit’s. the
following illustration shows a number of viewports arranged in paper space. the view in each
view port is scaled relative to paper space. the first view is scaled 1=1 relative to paper space
(1xp), the second is scaled 0.5=1 relative to paper space (0.5xp), and so on.
AIM
To learn the commands in Modify tool bar
PROCEDURE
TRANSFORMATIONS: These are the modifications in the drawn objects. There are different
types of transformations used
1. MOVE: This allows to move or displace objects a specified distance in a specified direction
a. At the command prompt, enter move
b. Select objects: use an object selection method
c. Base point or displacement: specify a base point (1)
d. Second point of displacement: specify a point (2) or press enter

2. COPY: This is used for producing a duplicate copy of the drawing. At the command prompt,
enter copy
a. Select objects: use an object selection method
b. <Base point or displacement >/multiple: specify a base

3. ROTATE: It moves objects about a base point at the command prompt, enter rotate Select
a. objects: use an object selection method

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b. <Rotate angle >/reference: specify an angle or enter r

4. STRETCH: This moves or stretches objects. AutoCAD stretches lines, arcs, elliptical arcs,
splines, rays and polyline segments that cross the selection window.
a. At the command prompt, enter stretch
b. Select objects: use the CPOLYGON or cross object selection method
c. (1,2) Base point or displacement: specify a point (3) or press
d. Second point of displacement: specify a point ($) or press

5. EXTEND: This extends an object to meet another object. Objects that can be extended include
arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D, and 3Dpolylines and rays.
a. At command prompt, enter extend
b. Select boundary edges
c. (projmode=UCS, edge mode=no extend)
d. Select objects: use an object selection method

6. SCALE: This enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in X and Y Directions At the
command prompt, enter scale
a. Select objects: use an object selection method
b. Base point: specify a point (1)
c. <Scale factor>/reference: specify a scale or enter r

7. TRACE: This creates solid lines. From the miscellaneous tool bar choose At the command
prompt, enter trace
a. Trace width<current>: specify a distance, enter a value, or press enter
b. From point: specify point (1)
c. To point: specify a point (2)
d. To point: specify a point (3) or press to end the command

8. EXTRUDE: This creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional

objects extrudes also creates solids by extruding two-dimensional objects along a specified
path. we can extrude multiple objects with extrude
a. At the command prompt enter, extrude
b. Select objects: use an object selection method

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c. Path/<height of extrusion>: specify a distance or enter p

9. MIRROR: This is used to producing mirror image of the object

a. At the command prompt enter, mirror
b. Select objects: use an object selection method
c. First point of the mirror line: specify a point (1)
d. Second point: specify a point (2)

10. OFFSET: This creates concentric circles, parallel lines and parallel curves, offset creates a
creates a new object at a specified distance from an existing object or through a specified
point
a. At the command prompt enter, offset
b. Offset distance: specify a distance, enter t or press enter

11. ARRAY: This creates multiple copies of objects in pattern. Each object in an array can be
manipulated independently
a. At the command prompt enter, array
b. Rectangular or polar array<current>: enter an option or press enter specify a point

12. CUTTING OF OBJECTS: The drawn objects can be cut or trimmed by using following
commands
i) TRIM: Trims objects at a cutting object defined by other objects. Objects that can be trimmed
include arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3D polylines rays and splines
a. At the command prompt, enter trim
b. Select cutting edges:
c. Select objects: use object selection method
d. <Select object to trim>/project/edge/undo: select an object, enter an option, or press enter
ii) BREAK: This erases an object or splits the object in to two parts from the modify toolbar
select break flyout
a. At the command prompt, enter break
b. Select objects: use an object selection method
c. First point of the mirror line: specify a point (1) on an object
d. Enter second point: specify the second break point (2) or enter F

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PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION
1. Architectural drawing of all kinds
2. Interior design and facility planning
3. Easy to modify with the modify tool bar for accurate drawings.
4. Easy to draw the basic geometrical shapes with the draw tool bar.

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VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the command for line?

2. What are the options available in the draw tool bar?

3. What are the options available in the modify tool bar?

4. List out any five 2D commands.

5. Explain the types of lines

6. What is the use of hatching?

7. What are the commands for cutting of objects?

8. What is the use of F8 function key?

9. What is the command for arc?

10. How the command linear dimension is operated?

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 [Link]: 3

Date:
EXERCISE ON LAYER, DIMENSION, TEXTING & BLOCK ETC

AIM
To learn the commands in layer, dimension and texting tool bar

PROCEDURE
Dimensioning in Drawings: The dimensions are inserted in the drawing by use of DIM
command. There are various types of dimensions used in AutoCAD.
1. Linear dimensions
a. Horizontal- this allows horizontal dimensions
b. Vertical- this allows vertical dimensions
c. Aligned- this allows inclined dimensions
d. Rotated- this allows inclined dimensions
2. Angular dimensions
a. This allows angular dimensioning of objects
3. Radial dimensions
a. This allows radial dimensioning of arc or circle
4. Diametric dimensions
a. This allows diametrical dimensions of the circle
For dimensioning of objects, the first point and second point have to be specified. The dimension
text must be written and then the position of dimension must be specified at the command prompt,
enter dim
Dim: Enter a dimensioning mode command
AREA: This allows calculation of the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas from the
object properties toolbar, choose the inquiry flyout, then
a. At the command prompt, enter area
b. <First point>/object/add/subtract: specify a point or enter option

FILLET: Rounds and fillets the edges of the object

a. At the command prompt enter fillet Polyline / Radius / Trim / <Select first object>:
b. Use an object selection method or enter an option Select first object

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 c. Select second object: use an object selection method Enter radius <current>: specify a
distance or press
d. Chain / Radius <Select edge>: Select edges or enter c or r their intersection.
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM: The co- ordinate system can be modified in the AutoCAD. There
are two types of co- ordinate systems used. The WCS (World co- ordinate system) is a universal
system in which its origin is at the fixed position. The UCS (User co- ordinate system) is a system
in which user can fix his origin at any point.
UCS: This manages user co- ordinate systems at the command prompt enter UCS

UNION: This measures the distance and angle between two points.
a. At the command prompt,
b. Enter union
c. Select object: Use an object selection method

DISTANCE: This measures the distance and the angle between two points.
a. At the command prompt area enter dist.
b. First point: Specify a point (1)
c. Second point: Specify a point
d. (2) Distance = calculated distance
e. Angle in XY plane = angle from XY plane = angle
f. Delta X = change in X
g. Delta Y = change in
h. Y Delta Z = change in Z.

REGENERATION OF DRAWING: ACAD provides a facility of regenerating a drawing to

clear the cross points or marks on the screen.
• REDRAW
• REGEN
• REGENALL REGENAUTO

TOLERANCE: This creates geometric tolerances. Geometric tolerances define the maximum
allowable variations of form or profile, orientation, location and runout from the exact geometry in
a drawing. They specify the required accuracy for proper function and fit the objects drawn in
AutoCAD
SKETCH: This creates a series of free hand line segments. From the miscellaneous toolbar,
choose
a. At the command prompt enter sketch
b. Follow the prompting

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 TEXT: The text in software is indicated by font’s. the fonts define the shapes of the text
characters that make up each character set. In AUTOCAD, you can use true type fonts in addition
to AUTOCAD’s own compiled shape (SHX) fonts.
A font is indicated by various parameters like
i. Style: these are four types: normal, bold, italic, underline
ii. Size: this is the size of characters
iii. Colour: there are facilities to colour the characters selecting layer.
iv. Type: different types of fonts may be used:
• Mono text: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
• Romans: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN Romand:
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

DTEXT: This displays text on the screen as it is entered. AutoCAD can create text with a variety
of character patterns, or fonts. These fonts can be stretched, compressed, oblique, mirrored, or
aligned in a vertical column by applying a style to the font .text can be rotated, justified, and
made any size.
a. At the command prompt, enter text
b. Justify/style/<start point>: specify a point or enter an option

TEXT: This creates a single line of text AutoCAD can create text with a variety of character
patterns, or fonts. These fonts can be stretched, compressed, oblique, mirrored, or aligned in a
vertical column by applying a style to the font.
a. At the command prompt, enter text
b. Justify/style/<start point>: specify a point or enter an option

QTEXT: This controls the display and plotting of text and attribute of objects.
a. At the command prompt, enter text
b. ON/OFF <current>: enter on or off, or press enter

LAYER: In this practice exercise, you create layers in the Properties Manager dialog box and
select the layer from the Layer Control list to draw objects on the appropriate layer.
To create the layers:
a. On the ribbon, click Home tab > Layers panel > Layer Properties.
b. In the dialog box, click New. Create the following layers:
• Layer Name: Circle, Color: Red
• Layer Name: Line, Color: Blue
• Layer Name: Rectangle, Color: Green

25
Note: If you enter the layer name and then a comma, a new layer name field appears. The layers
are automatically listed in alphabetical order.

1. Close the Layer Properties Manager dialog box.

2. Note: If you enter the layer name and then a comma, a new layer name field appears. The
layers are automatically listed in alphabetical order.

MATCH PROPERTIES
1. Choose Modify, Match Properties. or
2. Click the Match Properties Icon from the Standard toolbar. or
3. Type Command: MATCHPROP or MA
4. Select the object whose properties you want to copy (1).
5. Select the objects to which you want to apply the properties (2).

LAYER STATES
1. Choose the layer icon.
2. Select various layers to be ON, OFF, FROZEN, LOCKED, etc.
3. Choose the Save State button.
4. Choose Restore State to restore the layer settings.

26
COLOR COMMAND
1. Choose Format, Color. or
2. Type DDCOLOR at the command prompt. Command: DDCOLOR or COL or
3. Choose Color on the Object Properties toolbar and then select a color from the list or select
Other to display the Select Color dialog box.

TIP:
These settings ignore the current layer settings for color.
By Layer
If you enter by layer, new objects assume the color of the layer upon which they are drawn.

27
By Block
If you enter by block, AutoCAD draws new objects in the default color (white or black, depending
on your configuration) until they are grouped into a block. When the block is inserted in the
drawing, the objects in the block inherit the current setting of the COLOR command.

LINEWEIGHTS
Loading and Changing Line weights
1. Choose Format, Line weight... or
2. Type LINEWEIGHT at the command prompt. Command: LINEWEIGHT or LWEIGHT or
3. Pick a line weight to make current from the Object Properties menu.

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION
11. Layer toolbar helps us to maintain drawing organized.
12. Maintain drawing standard as well.
13. Dimensioning tools can automatically measure distances and place dimensions on your
drawing.
14. The layer command is used to control and manage the drawings in AutoCAD for different
purposes.
15. It increases the display performance of the AutoCAD by hiding the portion of our drawing
when needed.
16. It also improves the visual complexity of the drawing.
17. With the help of dimensions tool bar we can change the position style and height of character
18. The layer command is used to control and manage the drawings in AutoCAD
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. List out the types of lines.

2. List the types of coordinate systems?

28
3. Give 5 drawing file (DWG file) history.

4. What is automated drafting?

5. What is dynamic UCS?

6. List out the function keys and their functions.

7. List out the steps to save the drawing file.

8. How to use the line and polyline options?

29
19. Define aligned dimension?

20. What is .dwg?

[Link]: 4

Date:

DRAWING A PLAN OF BUILDING AND DIMENSIONING USING

LAYERS
A) SINGLE STORIED BUILDINGS B) MULTI STORIED BUILDINGS AIM
Draw plan of Single-storey and Multi-storey building.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Foundation: All the walls are taken to depth of 900mm below ground level and C.C bed
700mm wide and 300mm thick. Footing with brick masonry 400mm wide and 600mm depth.
2. Basement: The height of basement is 450mm and width of wall is 300mm. Steps are provided
both on front side and rear side over a C.C bed of 150mm thick with an offset of 150mm on
all three sides. Tread and rise of steps are 300mm and 150mm.
3. Flooring: Flooring consists of 20mm thick C.M. 1:4 over a bed of cement concrete ([Link])
100mm thick. The remaining part of the basement is filled and compacted with sand.
4. Superstructure & Roofing: All the walls are taken to a height of 3200mm and 200mm thick.
5. Roofing consists of R.C.C. slab roofing 120mm thick and projected by 200mm beyond the
outer face of walls. The roof slab is provided with weatherproof course 15mm thick.
6. Sunshades: Continuous sunshade is provided on front side of the building. The thickness of
sunshade at the wall end is 75mm and at the free end thickness is 50mm. Isolated sunshades
are provided over windows and external doors extending the R.C.C Lintels kept over such
openings on other three sides. The projection of sunshades is extended 600mm from the face
of wall.
7. Lintels: R.C.C lintels on all openings like doors, windows, and cupboards are 150mm thick
having a bearing of 150mm on either side.
8. Doors, Windows & Cupboards:
D1 - 2No. 1000 x 2000mm Fully Paneled Door
D2 - 1No. 900 x 1800mm Fully Paneled Door

30
 W - 6No. 1000 x 1200mm Fully Paneled Window
CB - 1No. 1200 x 1500mm Cupboard
INFERENCE
The plan, section and elevation is drawn.

31
Single Storey Building

32
33
 Multi storey building
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What are the commands for line, polyline and construction line?

2. Give the steps how the option mirror is used?

3. What is the purpose of Extrude option?

4. What is the command for move and copy?

5. What is the use of object snap tracking?

6. What is the purpose of giving limits to the drawing file?

7. What are the transformation commands?

34
8. What are the types of dimensions in drawing?

9. What is the command for rotate?

10. What is known by drawing environment?

[Link]: 5

Date:

DRAWING A SECTIONS AND ELEVATIONS FOR GIVEN

A) SINGLE STORIED BUILDINGS B) MULTI STORIED BUILDINGS AIM

Draw section ans elevation of Single-storey and Multi-storey buildings.

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Foundation: All the walls are taken to depth of 2000mm below ground level and C.C bed
1000mm wide and 300mm thick with a PCC of 100 thick.
2. Basement: The height of basement is 450mm and width of wall is 300mm. Steps are provided
both on front side and rear side over a C.C bed of 150mm thick with an offset of 150mm on
all three sides. Tread and rise of steps are 300mm and 150mm.
3. Flooring: Flooring consists of 20mm thick C.M. 1:4 over a bed of cement concrete ([Link])
100mm thick. The remaining part of the basement is filled and compacted with sand.
4. Superstructure & Roofing: All the walls are taken to a height of 3200mm and 200mm thick.
Roofing consists of R.C.C. slab roofing 120mm thick and projected by 200mm beyond the
outer face of walls. The roof slab is provided with weatherproof course 15mm thick.
5. Sunshades: Continuous sunshade is provided on front side of the building. The thickness of
sunshade at the wall end is 75mm and at the free end thickness is 50mm. Isolated sunshades

35
 are provided over windows and external doors extending the R.C.C Lintels kept over such
openings on other three sides. The projection of sunshades is extended 600mm from the face
of wall.
6. Lintels: R.C.C lintels on all openings like doors, windows, and cupboards are 150mm thick
having a bearing of 150mm on either side.
7. Doors, Windows & Cupboards:
D1 - 2No. 1000 x 2000mm Fully Paneled Door
D2 - 1No. 900 x 1800mm Fully Paneled Door
W - 6No. 1000 x 1200mm Fully Paneled Window
CB - 1No. 1200 x 1500mm Cupboard
INFERENCE
The plan, section and elevation is drawn.

36
Single storey building

37
Multi Storey Building

38
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

1. This knowledge will be helpful to draw building planning for single storey and multy stories
building accurately and effectively with all the required details.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define plan?

2. What is meant by multi storied building?

3. How to use hatch?

4. What are the standard dimensions of main door and bathroom door?

39
5. What are the standard dimensions of single and double window?

6. What is meant by soft storey?

door swings both ways.

7.

8. What is dimension of inner wall?

9. what are the standard dimensions of ventilator?

10. What is the thickness of outer wall?

40
[Link]: 6

Date:

DRAWING OF BUILDING COMPONENTS LIKE WALLS, LINTELS,

DOORS, AND WINDOWS
AIM
To draw the doors, windows and lintel as per the given dimensions.

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Foundation: The foundation for all walls will be in CC [Link] Mix 800mm wide and 300mm
thick laid at 1100mm below GL. The masonry footing will be in brick work in CM 1:5. The
first footing being 500X400 and second footing being 400X400 for all walls.
2. Basement: The basement will be in brick masonry in CM 1:5 Mix 300 wide and 600 thick
above GL for all walls. In between the walls filled with clear sand of 500mm thick. A damp
proof course in CM 1:3, 50 thick will be provided for all walls at basement level.
3. Flooring: The flooring will be in CC [Link], 100mm thick. Plastered smooth with CM 1:3 in
15mm thick.
4. Super structure: All walls will be in Brick work in CM 1:5 Mix using first class brick
300mm thick. The height of wall will be 3300 above Floor level.
5. Plastering: All the walls including basement will be plastered smooth with 1:4 externally
and 1:6 internally. Parapet walls 100 thick and 650mm height will be provided all around.
6. Lintel: All opening will be provided with RCC lintel sunshade [Link] mix, 150 mm thick.
7. Sunshade: Width of sunshade is 600 mm and 150 thick, free ends 75 tk.
8. Roofing: The roofing will be of RCC [Link] mix 120 thick flat slabs over the room. A
weathering course in brick jelly lime concrete [Link] mix plastered with combination mortar
20 thick over slab.
9. Steps: Steps will be in brick work in cement mortar 1:5 laid on 150 thick cement concrete
[Link] footing. Rise = 150, Tread = 300.
10. Doors and windows:
D- Door paneled - 1200 x 2100
W- Window paneled - 1200 x 1500
Refer the figure for the detailed specification of door and window.
INFERENCE
The plan of a residential building is drawn from the given line plan.

41
Drawing of Door

42
 Drawing of window

Drawing of Load bearing wall

43
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

1. Knowledge will be helpful to draw components of the building such as walls lintels doors and
windows object and once we create we can use multiple times

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is door?

2. What are the components of door?

3. What is the difference between plan and section?

4. What is section?

5. what is single storey building?

6. What is the difference between single storey building and multi storey building?

44
7. Define lintel?

8. Define trim?

9. What is an arch?

10. List the commands used to draw the door and window.

45