MAE 20 Winter 2011 Assignment 5
6.7 For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 275 MPa (40,000 psi), and the modulus of elasticity is 115 GPa (16.7 106 psi). (a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 325 mm2 (0.5 in.2) without plastic deformation? (b) If the original specimen length is 115 mm (4.5 in.), what is the maximum length to which it may be stretched without causing plastic deformation? Solution (a) This portion of the problem calls for a determination of the maximum load that can be applied without plastic deformation ( Fy). Taking the yield strength to be 275 MPa, and employment of Equation 6.1 leads to
Fy = ! y A0 = (275 " 10 6 N/m2 )(325 " 10 -6 m2 )
= 89,375 N (20,000 lbf)
(b) The maximum length to which the sample may be deformed without plastic deformation is determined from Equations 6.2 and 6.5 as
" !% li = l0 $1 + ' # E&
" 275 MPa % = (115 mm) $1 + ' = 115.28 mm (4.51 in.) 115 ! 10 3 MPa & #
6.22 Consider the brass alloy for which the stress-strain behavior is shown in Figure 6.12. A cylindrical specimen of this material 6 mm (0.24 in.) in diameter and 50 mm (2 in.) long is pulled in tension with a force of 5000 N (1125 lbf). If it is known that this alloy has a Poisson's ratio of 0.30, compute: (a) the specimen elongation, and (b) the reduction in specimen diameter. Solution
(a) This portion of the problem asks that we compute the elongation of the brass specimen. The first calculation necessary is that of the applied stress using Equation 6.1, as
! =
F = A0
F #d & "% 0 ( $2'
2
5000 N #6 ) "% 2 $
2 10*3 m &
= 177!) !10 6 N/m2 = 177!MPa (25,000 psi)
( '
From the stress-strain plot in Figure 6.12, this stress corresponds to a strain of about 2.0 10-3. From the definition of strain, Equation 6.2
!l = " l0 = (2.0 # 10 -3 ) (50 mm) = 0.10 mm (4 # 10 -3 in.)
(b) In order to determine the reduction in diameter d, it is necessary to use Equation 6.8 and the definition of lateral strain (i.e., = d/d ) as follows x 0
!d = d0"x = # d0 $ " z = # (6 mm)(0.30) (2.0 % 10 -3 )
= 3.6 10-3 mm (1.4 10-4 in.)
6.29 A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diameter of 0.505 in. (12.8 mm) and a gauge length of 2.000 in. (50.800 mm) is pulled in tension. Use the loadelongation characteristics tabulated below to complete parts (a) through (f).
Load N 0 7,330 15,100 23,100 30,400 34,400 38,400 41,300 44,800 lbf 0 1,650 3,400 5,200 6,850 7,750 8,650 9,300 10,100 mm 50.800 50.851 50.902 50.952 51.003 51.054 51.308 51.816 52.832
Length in. 2.000 2.002 2.004 2.006 2.008 2.010 2.020 2.040 2.080
46,200 47,300 47,500 46,100 44,800 42,600 36,400
10,400 10,650 10,700 10,400 10,100 9,600 8,200 Fracture
53.848 54.864 55.880 56.896 57.658 58.420 59.182
2.120 2.160 2.200 2.240 2.270 2.300 2.330
(a) Plot the data as engineering stress versus engineering strain. (b) Compute the modulus of elasticity. (c) Determine the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002. (d) Determine the tensile strength of this alloy. (e) What is the approximate ductility, in percent elongation? (f) Compute the modulus of resilience. Solution This problem calls for us to make a stress-strain plot for aluminum, given its tensile load-length data, and then to determine some of its mechanical characteristics. (a) The data are plotted below on two plots: the first corresponds to the entire stress-strain curve, while for the second, the curve extends to just beyond the elastic region of deformation.
(b) The elastic modulus is the slope in the linear elastic region (Equation 6.10) as
E =
! " 200 MPa $ 0 MPa = = 62.5 % 10 3 MPa = 62.5 GPa (9.1 % 10 6 psi) !# 0.0032 $ 0
(c) For the yield strength, the 0.002 strain offset line is drawn dashed. It intersects the stress-strain curve at approximately 285 MPa (41,000 psi ). (d) The tensile strength is approximately 370 MPa (54,000 psi), corresponding to the maximum stress on the complete stress-strain plot. (e) The ductility, in percent elongation, is just the plastic strain at fracture, multiplied by one-hundred. The total fracture strain at fracture is 0.165; subtracting out the elastic strain (which is about 0.005) leaves a plastic strain of 0.160. Thus, the ductility is about 16%EL. (f) From Equation 6.14, the modulus of resilience is just
Ur =
!2 y 2E
which, using data computed above gives a value of
Ur =
(285 MPa) 2 = 0.65 MN/m2 = 0.65 ! 10 6 N/m2 = 6.5 ! 10 5 J/m3 (2) (62.5 ! 10 3 MPa)
(93.8
in.- lb f /in.3)
6.41 Using the data in Problem 6.28 and Equations 6.15, 6.16, and 6.18a, generate a true stresstrue strain plot for aluminum. Equation 6.18a becomes invalid past the point at which necking begins; therefore, measured diameters are given below for the last four data points, which should be used in true stress computations.
Load N 46,100 42,400 42,600 36,400 lbf 10,400 10,100 9,600 8,200 Solution mm
Length in. 2.240 2.270 2.300 2.330 mm
Diameter in. 0.461 0.431 0.418 0.370
56.896 57.658 58.420 59.182
11.71 10.95 10.62 9.40
These true stress-strain data are plotted below.
6.44 The following true stresses produce the corresponding true plastic strains for a brass alloy:
True Stress (psi)
True Strain
50,000 60,000
0.10 0.20
What true stress is necessary to produce a true plastic strain of 0.25? Solution For this problem, we are given two values of T and T, from which we are asked to calculate the true stress which produces a true plastic strain of 0.25. Employing Equation 6.19, we may set up two simultaneous equations with two unknowns (the unknowns being K and n), as
log (50,000 psi) = log K + n log (0.10) log (60,000 psi) = log K + n log (0.20)
Solving for n from these two expressions yields
n=
log (50,000) ! log (60,000) = 0.263 log (0.10) ! log (0.20)
and for K log K = 4.96 or K = 104.96 = 91,623 psi Thus, for T = 0.25
! T = K ("T ) n = (91, 623 psi)(0.25) 0.263 = 63,700 psi
(440 MPa)
