HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 1

Part 2
Energy Sector
Siemens AG 2008
Distance Protection
Special Cases
Gustav Steynberg
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 2
For the application of distance protection
Special Conditions:
1. Short lines/cables
2. Parallel lines
3. Fault resistance
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 2 November 09
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 3
G VF
Z
L
E
If
SIR (Source Impedance Ratio) describes the ratio
between the source impedance and the line impedance!
L
S
Z
Z
SIR =
Short Lines: SIR - Definition
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 3 November 09
distance relay
High SIR = Small loop voltage V
F
in case of a fault at the end of the line
SIR
E
V
f
+
=
1
Note: SIR trip time curves are mostly related to zone 1, i.e. ZL = Z1
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 4
The SIR gives some information about the power of infeed and the
line length!
SIR > 4 short line*
SIR < 4 and >0.5 medium line*
SIR < 0.5 long line*
SIR - Considerations about line length and infeed
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 4 November 09
SIR < 0.5 long line*
For a distance relay the short line (large SIR) is more critical
than on a long line (small SIR)!
*Classification according IEEE-Guide
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 5
The smallest reach setting of the underreaching Zone 1 will be determined
with the minimum voltage measured for a fault at this zone boundary!
L
S
Z
Z
SIR =
SIR
E
V
f
+
=
1
Short Lines: Definition of the shortest zone 1 setting
Z source
G
Z line
V
f
I
f
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 5 November 09
To ensure sufficient measuring accuracy a minimum voltage must be available for a fault at the boundary
of the zone 1 setting. By definition of the loop impedances a 3ph fault will result in the smallest voltage:
V
min
=minimum voltage for measured accuracy in stated tolerance (e.g. 5%)
The shortest line length (zone 1 setting) is therefore defined by V
min
and the SIR.
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 6
With minimum short circuit level on the busbar = 4 GVA, what is the
smallest possible zone 1 setting is V
min
= 0.5V secondary?
L
S
Z
Z
SIR =
SIR
E
V
f
+
=
1
Short Lines: Example - shortest zone 1 setting
Z source
400kV
Z line
V
f
I
f
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 6 November 09
= = = 40
4000
400
2
3
2
source
ph
N
S
U
Z kV kV V 2 400
100
5 . 0
min_prim
= =
114 1
2 3
400
1
min
max
=

= =
V
E
SIR
The shortest line length (zone 1 setting) is 0.35 Ohm primary. For a typical line
reactance of 0.3 Ohm/km this corresponds to a line length of just over 1km.
= = = 35 . 0
114
40
1
max
min
SIR
Z
Z
source
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 7
Parallel lines: Influence on distance measurement
G
Z line
I
A
I
Z0 mutual 3.5
3.0
2.5
3.5
3.0
2.5
1
8
.
0
7
d
Resultant positive
and negative
sequence current
enclosed = ZERO
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 7 November 09
Z line
I
B
Coupling of the parallel feeders for zero sequence current
influences the measured fault impedance with ground loops.
1
5
.
0
7
1
0
.
6
7
1
2
.
8
7
1
8
.
0
7
Resultant coupling
between two lines is only
with zero sequence
Resultant zero
sequence current
enclosed = 3I0
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 8
Parallel lines: Influence on distance measurement
Z line
G
Z line
I
A
I
B
Z0 mutual
Z1
Z

l
i
n
e
100%
100%
Influence of parallel line
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 8 November 09
The loop voltage measured by Z1 for a
single phase to ground fault as shown:
3
0
_ _
M
B E E A E Line L G L
Z
I Z I Z I U =

The measured loop impedance:

A E L
M
B E
Line G L
I K I
Z
I
Z Z
_
_
0
3
0

distance
100%
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 9
Parallel lines: Compensation with modified XE/XL
Z line
G
Z line
I
A
I
B
Z0 mutual
Z1
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 9 November 09
3
0
_ _
M
B E E A E L L G L
X
I X I X I U =

XL
XE
K
X
=
0
XL
X
K
M
M X
3
0
0
=
For compensation, influence of the
parallel by X0
M
is considered:
The measured loop reactance with
modified XE/XL=K
X0
:
Line
A E L
M
B E E A E L L
G L
X
I K I
X
I X I X I
X =


=

_
'
_ _
0
3
0
0 0 0 0
'
I M X X X
r K K K + =
A E
B E
I
I
I
r
_
_
0
=
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 10
Parallel lines: Compensation with measured IE of
parallel line
Z line
G
Z line
I
A
I
B
Z0 mutual
Z1
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 10 November 09
The loop voltage measured by Z1 for a
single phase to ground fault as shown:
The measure loop impedance with
modified parallel line compensation:
Line
B E A E L
M
B E E A E Line L
G L
Z
I M K I K I
Z
I Z I Z I
Z =


=

_ _
_ _
0 0
3
0
3
0
_ _
M
B E E A E Line L G L
Z
I Z I Z I U =

HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 11

Phase-to-Earth loop:
Distance measurement
Fault loop formulas
R
L
+ j X
L
I
L1
R
E
+ j X
E
V
L1
V
L2
V
L3
I
L2
I
L3
I
E
Relay
location
( ) ( ) + + =
E E E L L L L
jX R I jX R I V
1 1
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 11 November 09
Phase-to-Phase loop:
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 L L L L L L
I I jX R V + =

Line and earth impedance are measured

Only the Line impedance is measured
( ) ( )
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
+ =
+ + =
E
L
E
L L E
L
E
L L L
E E L L E E L L L
E E E L L L L
I
X
X
I jX I
R
R
I R V
X I X I j R I R I V
jX R I jX R I V
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
) ( ) (
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 12
(Ph-E-loop) - influence of fault resistance with setting
RE/RL and XE/XL - Siemens method
U
Ph-E
X
L

L
R
L
R
F
X
E

E
R
E

K
X
Z
L
Z
R
F
1+k
E,R
( ) ( ) L F E E E L L L E - Ph I I I R + X j + R - X j + R = U
U (
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 12 November 09
R
Z
Ph-E
with I
E
= - I
L
R E
F
L
L
E
L
E Ph
Ph-E
+ k
R
R
R
R
+

I
U
R
, 1
1
Re
+

=
(

=
L
L
E
L
E Ph
Ph-E X
X
X
+
I
U
X =
(

1
Im
No measuring error
in the X-direction
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 13
(Ph-E-loop) - influence of fault resistance with separation
of fault and line resistance - Not Siemens method
U
Ph-E
X
L

L
R
L
R
F
X
E

E
R
E

K
( ) ( ) L F E E E L L L E - Ph I I I R + X j + R - X j + R = U
X
Z
L
Z
R
F
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 13 November 09
with I
E
= - I
L
L
x
TypeC
X
K
I U
X =
+
=
1
} Im{
F L TypeC
r L TypeC TypeC
R R R
K X I U R
+ =
= ) tan( / } / Re{
Note difference in fault resitance
coverage with same zone setting!
R
Z
Ph-E
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 14
U
Ph-E
X
L

L
R
L
R
F
X
E

E
R
E

K
( ) E - L assume L F E L L E - Ph I I I I = R + Z + Z = U
This method is not used by SIEMENS
(Ph-E-loop) - influence of fault resistance with complex
KO setting - Not Siemens method
X

X
Z
L
Z
Ph-E
R
F
1+k0
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 14 November 09
k0
R
k0
Z
Z
Z
k0
U
Z
+ 1
+
+ 1
+ 1
=
F
L
E
L
E L
E - Ph
E - Ph =
I I
) - E j(
L
E
F
L
L
E
F
L E - Ph
L
E
L
e 1
R
1
R
then , to adapted setting If

+
+ =
+
+ =
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z Z
Z
Z
k0
Also an additional measuring error in the X-direction
R