FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS

SITUATION I
A pressure in a given tank reads 277 mm of
mercury.
Determine the equivalent height of column of water.
a.
2.55 m
c. 3.77 m
b.
4.21 m
d. 5.11 m

14.

2.

Determine the equivalent height of column of

kerosene with specific gravity of 0.82.
a.
4.59 m
c. 6.21 m
b.
4.21 m
d. 5.82 m

15.

3.

Determine the equivalent height of column of

nectar with specific gravity of 2.94.
a.
1.87 m
c. 2.31 m
b.
1.96 m
d. 1.28 m

1.

4.

A block of wood floats in water with 20 cm

projecting above the water surface. The same
block when placed in oil (s = 0.80) floats with 15 cm
projecting above the oil surface. Find the specific
gravity of the block.
a. 0.45
c. 0.50
b. 0.64
d. 0.72
SITUATION II
An open cylindrical tank 1.2 m in diameter and 1.8
m deep is filled with water and rotated about its
vertical axis at 60 revolutions per minute.

5.

How much water is spilled?

a.
0.906 m3
c. 0.518 m3
b.
0.409 m3
d. 0.265 m3

6.

What is the minimum pressure at the bottom of the

tank?
a.
10.56 kPa
c. 11.87 kPa
b.
13.98 kPa
d. 18.21 kPa

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

A cubical tank is filled with 2 m of oil having specific

gravity of 0.80. Find the force acting on the side of
the tank when the acceleration is 5 m/s2 vertically
downward.
a.
14.89 kN
c. 15.39 kN
b.
20.54 kN
d. 22.78 kN
An open cylinder vessel 1 m in diameter contains
water to a depth of 3.56 m. If it is rotated at a speed
of 80 rpm about its vertical axis, determine the least
depth of the vessel so that no water will be spilled
out.
a.
4.05 m
c. 4.00 m
b.
5.30 m
d. 4.45 m
A 4 m diameter open cylindrical tank, 6 m high is
filled with water. The tank is tilted to a position such
that its water will occupy half of the area of the
base. Determine the volume of water left in the
tank.
a.
13 m3
c. 14 m3
b.
16 m3
d. 15 m3
A dam rectangular in cross section with upstream
face vertical. Water is 20.4 m deep on the
upstream side. The dam is 23.2 m high and 14.8 m
wide at the base and weighs 2310 kg/m3.
Coefficient of friction between the base and the
foundation is 0.85. Compute the factor of safety
against sliding.
a.
3.85
c. 3.24
b.
2.67
d. 1.45
A dam 4 m on top, 18 m at the bottom and 24 m
high has a water 20 m deep acting on its vertical
side. What is the factor of safety against
overturning? Assume weight of masonry to be 2400
kg/m3.
a.
3.12
c. 1.87
b.
5.59
d. 3.29

17.

18.

19.

1.22 m
1.56 m

A block of wood 0.20 m thick is floating in seawater

(s = 1.03). The specific gravity of the wood is 0.65.
Find the minimum area of the wooden block to
support a man weighing 80 kg.
2
2
a.
0.215 m
c. 1.053 m
b.
2.150 m2
d. 2.310 m2
An iceberg having a specific gravity of 0.92 is
floating on salt water of specific gravity of 1.03. If
the volume of ice above the water surface is 1000
3
m , what is the total volume of ice?
3
3
a.
9364 m
c. 10422 m
b.
8402 m3
d. 11789 m3
A tank with vertical sides, 3 m deep, 1.2 m square
is filled to a depth of 2.7 m with water. A cube of
wood (s = 0.50) measuring 60 cm on an edge is
placed inside the container and floats. Find the
weight of the volume of water displaced.
a.
2.64 kN
c. 5.48 kN
b.
3.14 kN
d. 1.06 kN
SITUATION III
The actual velocity in the contracted section of a jet
of liquid flowing from a 2 inches diameter orifice is
28 ft/s under a head of 15 ft.
Determine the value of the coefficient of velocity.
a.
0.805
c. 0.409
b.
0.901
d. 0.706
If the measured discharge is 0.403 ft3/sec,
determine the coefficient of contraction.
a.
0.66
c. 0.56
b.
0.60
d. 0.54

21.

Determine the coefficient of discharge.

a.
O.485
c. 0.231
b.
0.387
d. 0.594

22.

A liquid having a specific gravity of 0.788 flows at

3.2 m/s through a 100 mm diameter pipe line.
Assume f = 0.0158. Find the head loss per
kilometer of the pipe.
a.
82.46 m
c. 65.87 m
b.
78.98 m
d. 99.99 m

23.

24.

25.

A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water

through it is 0.61 m3/s. Assuming efficiency of 87%,
what is the head acting on the turbine?
a.
98.76 m
c. 76.95 m
b.
85.97 m
d. 100.23 m
Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height
a vertical jet of water could rise if projected with a
velocity of 20 m/sec?
a.
10.34 m
c. 20.39 m
b.
15.76 m
d. 18.79 m
SITUATION IV
An orifice 80 mm in diameter was placed 0.96 m
above the ground at the vertical side of an upright
cylindrical tank 3 m in diameter. When opened, it
hits the ground initially 2 m away from the orifice.
The initial flow rate was 0.0161 m3/sec when water
surface was 1.4 m above the orifice.
How long will the jet reach the ground?
a.
0.442 sec.
c. 0.446 sec.
b.
0.431 sec.
d. 0.416 sec.

26.

Find the coefficient of velocity.

a.
0.927
c. 0.735
b.
0.912
d. 0.863

27.

Determine the coefficient of discharge.

a.
0.736
c. 0.612
b.
0.546
d. 0.805

28.

A rectangular channel 6.2 m by 1.2 m deep is lined

with a smooth stone, well laid and has a hydraulic
slope of 0.001. Use n = 0.013. What is the capacity
of the channel?
a.
14.32 m3/s
c. 15.46 m3/s
b.
16.43 m3/s
d. 11.29 m3/s

c. 2.01 m
d. 2.15 m

A wooden block having a specific gravity of 0.60,

40 mm x 60 mm x 3.5 m long is made to float in
water. How many kilograms of stone having
specific gravity of 3.25 should be attached at the
bottom to make the wooden block float 300 mm
exposed to atmosphere?
a.
4.7 kg
c. 3.8 kg
b.
2.9 kg
d. 3.2 kg

A stone weighs 460 N in air. When submerged in

water, it weighs 300 N. Find the specific gravity of
the stone.
a.
3.214
c. 1.645
b.
2.141
d. 2.875

20.

From the figure as shown, find the value of h

a.
b.
13.

16.

A body having a specific gravity of 0.70 floats on a

liquid with specific gravity of 0.80. The volume of
the body above the liquid surface is what percent of
its total volume?
a.
87.5%
c. 12.5%
b.
90%
d. 10%

29.

What size of new cast iron pipe shall be used to

carry 0.284 cubic meters per second with a head
loss of 10.56 m per kilometer? n =0.019.
a.
649 mm
c. 498 mm
b.
304 mm
d. 513 mm

30.

31.

32.

1.8 m wide rectangular canal carries a flow of 2.4

3
m /s. What is the critical depth?
a.
0.433 m
c. 0.566 m
b.
0.667
d. 0.812 m
SITUATION V
The hydraulic jump may be used as a crude flow
meter. Suppose that in a horizontal rectangular
channel 5 ft wide, the observed depths before and
after a hydraulic jump are 0.66 ft and 3 ft
respectively.
3
Find the flow rate in ft /sec.
a.
43
c. 64
b.
54
d. 75
Find the head loss.
a.
1.89 ft
b.
1.23 ft

c. 1.62 ft
d. 1.47 ft

33.

Determine the velocity after the jump.

a.
2.9 ft/s
c. 3.0 ft/s
b.
4.3 ft/s
d. 3.6 ft/s

34.

Water flows through a 2.5 cm diameter nozzle at

the rate of 10 liters per second. Compute the
dynamic force at the nozzle tip.
a.
173 N
c. 342 N
b.
276 N
d. 204 N

35.

A sharp crested 90O triangular weir carries water

under a head of 1.2 m. Determine the discharge of
the weir.
a.
2.208 m3/sec
c. 1.403 m3/sec
b.
3.012 m3/sec
d. 2.113 m3/sec

36.

Determine the force exerted by a 50 mm diameter

jet moving 16 m/s against a perpendicular plate
moving 8 m/s in the same direction as the jet.
a.
289.9 N
c. 251.3 N
b.
567.8 N
d. 754 N

37.

If water flows in uniformly at the rate of 45 ft3/s in a

rectangular flume with width of 4 feet and a depth
of 1.2 feet, what type of flow is it?
a.
Supercritical
c. Subcritical
b.
Laminar
d. Turbulent

38.

Water flows in a trapezoidal channel and running

full. If the channel has a discharge of 8 m3/s, find
the base width for a most efficient section. n
=0.012, S = 0.0008.
a.
2.02 m
c. 1.64 m
b.
2.59 m
d. 1.77 m
SITUATION VI
Water is moving in a rectangular channel to have a
Froude Number of 3.16. The channel is 5 m in
width. The depth of flow is 1 m. If the water
undergoes a hydraulic jump:

39.

Determine the depth of flow after the jump.

a.
4m
c. 3 m
b.
5m
d. 2 m

40.

Find the Froude number after the jump.

a.
0.347
c. 0.395
b.
0.475
d. 0.565

41.

Compute the velocity after the jump

a.
3.12 m/s
c. 3.41 m/s
b.
2.47 m/s
d. 6.45 m/s

42.

A vertical jet of water thru a nozzle supports a load

of 150 N. The velocity and diameter of the jet at the
nozzle tip are 17.46 m/s and 3 cm respectively.
Compute the distance of load from the nozzle tip.
a.
6m
c. 4 m
b.
8m
d. 10 m
SITUATION VII
Water is to flow in a rectangular flume at a rate of
1.42 m3/s at a slope of 0.0028. The width is equal
to twice the depth. Use n = 0.017.

43.

Compute the normal depth of flow.

a.
0.543 m
c. 0.683 m
b.
0.722 m
d. 0.812 m

44.

Compute the Froude number.

a.
0.224
c. 1.443
b.
1.322
d. 0.588

45.

Determine the type of flow.

a.
Laminar
b.
Critical
c.
Subcritical
d.
Supercritical

FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS

SITUATION VIII
3
Water flows at the rate of 25 m /s in a trapezoidal
channel having a base width of 3 m and side slope
of 4H:3V. The canal is lined with concrete (n =
0.013).
46.

Determine the critical depth.

a.
1.523 m
c. 1.768 m
b.
1.155 m
d. 1.667 m

47.

Compute the critical velocity.

a.
2.432 m/s
c. 4.655 m/s
b.
5.212 m/s
d. 3.263 m/s

48.

Critical slope is nearest to:

a.
0.00445
b.
0.00193

c. 0.00172
d. 0.00512

SITUATION IX
A hydraulic jump occurs in an efficient triangular
3
channel carrying 8 m /s on a slope of 0.006. The
depth of water after the jump is 2.96 m.
49.

50.

Which of the following most nearly gives the depth

before the jump?
a.
0.952 m
c. 0.723 m
b.
0.843 m
d. 0.732 m
Determine the loss in energy in the jump
a.
3.17 m
c. 4.31 m
b.
5.43 m
d. 2.56 m

51.

Compute the loss of power in the jump.

a.
339 kW
c. 249 kW
b.
427 kW
d. 201 kW

52.

An old pipe is to be replaced by a new one with the

same diameter and length. If the friction factor of
the new is 2/3 of the old, compute the ratio of flow
of the new to the old pipe.
a. 0.85
c. 1.41
b. 1.22
d. 0.91
SITUATION X
An open cylindrical tank 30 cm in diameter and 80
cm high partially filled with water is rotated about its
vertical axis at a speed of 240 rpm.

53.

What would be the depth of water if the tank is

brought to rest so that no water will be spilled out?
a.
0.36 m
c. 0.44 m
b.
0.32 m
d. 0.72 m

54.

At what speed would it be rotated so that 1.40 liters

of water will be spilled out?
a.
242.75 rpm
c. 256.30 rpm
b.
245.80 rpm
d. 249.65 rpm

55.

At what speed should it be rotated so that the

pressure at the center of the bottom of the tank is
zero?
a.
256.73 rpm
c. 248.97 rpm
b.
258.32 rpm
d. 252.22 rpm

56.

A container 10 m wide and 10 m long contains

water 2 m high and is accelerating to the right at a
rate of 2.45 m/s2. Find the minimum pressure at the
base.
a. 5.65 kPa
c. 8.45 kPa
b. 7.37 kPa
d. 9.14 kPa

57.

A 1.25 cm diameter orifice in a vertical wall of a

tank under a constant head of 5.50 m discharges
0.45 m3 in 9.50 minutes. Find the coefficient of
discharge.
a. 0.48
c. 0.56
b. 0.62
d. 0.68
SITUATION XI
A 3 m square plate is immersed vertically in water
such that the two edges of the square are
horizontal. The center of pressure is located
8
cm from the centroid of the square plate.

58.

Which of the following most nearly gives the

distance of the top edge of the plate from the water
surface?
a. 6.38 m
c. 7.88 m
b. 9.38 m
d. 10.88 m

59.

Which of the following most nearly gives the

distance of the center of pressure from the water
surface?
a. 12.46 m
c. 10.96 m
b. 9.46 m
d. 7.96 m

60.

Which of the following most nearly gives the total

hydrostatic pressure on one side of the plate?
a. 1092.59 kN
c. 960.15 kN
b. 827.72 kN
d. 695.28 kN

SITUATION XII
The following data shows the different sizes of pipes
which a company wishes to use as a replacement for the
old pipe system that they are using.

Cost of Pipe
Annual
Maintenance
Cost
Operating
Cost/hour

100 mm
1,800,000

Diameter of Pipes
150 mm
1,120,000

250 mm
1,000,000

88,000

136,000

60,000

480

500

620

Total number of operating hours per year is 500.

Replacement is done every 10 years at an interest of
10% per year.
61.

Which of the following gives the present worth of

the 150 mm pipe?
a. 3,491,803
c. 3,815,418
b. 3,273,490
d. 3,345,346

62.

Which of the following gives the equivalent annual

cost of the 100 mm pipe.
a. 650,578.4
c. 630,345.9
b. 620,941.7
d. 610,467.2

63.

Which of the following gives the most preferable

pipe to be used as replacement?
a. 250 mm
c. 150 mm
b. 100 mm
d. 200 mm

64.

What are the most economical dimensions for a

rectangular brick channel designed to carry 10 m3/s
of water with a uniform flow? Use n = 0.015 and S
= 0.001.
a. b = 4.32 m, d = 2.15 m
b. b = 3.28 m, d = 1.64 m
c. b = 2.92 m, d = 1.47 m
d. b = 3.86 m, d = 1.91 m

65.

Determine the bottom width of an earth canal

having a sides slope of 2H:1V. If it is designed to
have the most efficient trapezoidal section and to
carry 6.0 m3/s with a grade of 40 cm/km. Assume
n = 0.025
a. 0.58 m
c. 0.67 m
b. 0.85 m
d. 1.35 m

If you fail to prepare, you are

preparing to fail