PROFIBUS
Process Field Bus
Group:
Nguyen Thanh Hoan
Do Van Thach
Mai Pham Khanh Cuong
OVERVIEW
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
III. CLASSIFICATION
A. PROFIBUS DP
B. PRFIBUS PA
C. PRFIBUS FMS
IV. CONCLUSION
I. INTRODUCTION
FIELDBUS AND PROFIBUS
Fieldbus is a digital communication network providing two way
communications for devices that are mounted in the field i.e. in
the factory or plant being controlled or automated.
PROFIBUS (PROcess Field BUS) is a well-proven, widely
accepted open fieldbus standard.
Initialized in 1987 by the German Ministry for Research and
Technological Development.
Now managed by an association of PROFIBUS
Manufacturers, Users and research institutions
More than 1100 members worldwide (Profibus International)
I. INTRODUCTION
A. PROFIBUS: FORMAL DEFINITION
The PROFIBUS family is composed of three types of
protocol, each of which is used for different tasks. All three
protocols can communicate with each other in a complex
system by means of a PROFIBUS network.
The three types of protocols are: PROFIBUS FMS, DP, PA. Only
the two protocol types DP and PA are important for process
automation.
DP
FMS
PA
I. INTRODUCTION
THE PROFIBUS FAMILY
PROFIBUS FMS - Fieldbus Message Specification
FMS provided sophisticated multi-function communications
which was aimed at cell or controller level. FMS provides
very sophisticated, flexible transmission of structured data.
Unfortunately, FMS was quite complex and expensive to
implement. Thus after a few years of experience a new
simplified but improved specification was developed
(PROFIBUS DP). FMS is no longer supported by PI.
However, some manufacturers (e.g. Siemens) continue to
provide FMS capability.
I. INTRODUCTION
THE PROFIBUS FAMILY
PROFIBUS DP - Decentralised Periphery
PROFIBUS DP was developed from the basic FMS
technology as a low cost, simple, high
communication.
speed field-level
The DP specification was very well thought out to meet the
requirements of the automation and control industries.
PROFIBUS DP has now become the dominant technology
used in factory automation and general control and
monitoring systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
THE PROFIBUS FAMILY
PROFIBUS PA - Process Automation
PROFIBUS PA was developed in the mid 1990s specifically
for the process industry to replace 4-20mA transmission.
4-20mA transmission provides device power and data over a
single cable (two cores).
PA similarly provides device power and data over a single
cable. However, we must remember that PROFIBUS is a
network, so PA provides power and data communications for
many devices in one two-core cable.
I. INTRODUCTION
Because of the two current versions (DP and PA), PROFIBUS
is applicable to a wide range of applications and industries
involving both manufacturing automation and process control:
High-speed, simple factory automation.
Drives and motor control.
Process control applications.
Operation in explosive environments (gas and oil etc.).
Functional safety systems (safeguarding and interlocking).
High-speed servos (machine tools and robotics).
I. INTRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTION
B. COMMUNICATION
The DP suffix refers to "Decentralized Periphery", which is
used to describe distributed I/O devices connected via a fast
serial data link with a central controller. To contrast, a
programmable logic controller (PLC) normally has its input/
output channels arranged centrally. By introducing a
network bus between the main controller (master) and its I/O
channels (slaves), we have decentralized the I/O.
ProfiBus is based on universal international standards and
oriented to the OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference
model per international standard ISO 7498.
I. INTRODUCTION
B. COMMUNICATION
In this model, every layer handles precisely defined tasks.
ProfiBus DP uses only layers 1 & 2 of this model, plus the
user interface. Layers 3 to 7 are not used.
I. INTRODUCTION
LAYER 1 THE PHYSICAL LAYER
The PROFIBUS physical layer has three different
specifications. DP and FMS use RS485 wiring which is very
widely used by other fieldbus and communication standards.
DP (and FMS) can also use fibre-optic communication. PA uses
a different standard, called Manchester Bus Powered (MBP)
defined in IEC61158-2 which allows device power to be
delivered over the bus cable.
I. INTRODUCTION
LAYER 1 THE PHYSICAL LAYER
RS485
RS485 (also sometimes called H2) was
developed in the 1960s by
Telecommunications Industry Association /
Electronic Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA).
RS485 is used by many different
communication and fieldbus systems to
provide simple, robust, high-speed
communication over two-core shielded
twisted pair cable. RS485 allows up to 32
stations or devices to be connected together on
a single cable.
I. INTRODUCTION
LAYER 1 THE PHYSICAL LAYER
Fibre optic (FO)
DP (and FMS) can also use fibre-optic communication where
optical (light) signals pass down plastic or glass fibre-optic cable. Fibre
optic transmission gives high speed, interference free communication
with electrical isolation between devices.
MBP (H1)
Manchester Bus Powered (MBP) transmission is used by PA
(also sometimes called H2). MBP transmission uses shielded twisted pair
wire allowing up to 32 stations per segment. However, MBP uses
different cable to RS485. Using the wrong cable is one of the common
problems in PROFIBUS systems causing communications to fail, or even
worse, intermittent or spurious faults. MBP wiring provides power
supply and data over the same cable.
I. INTRODUCTION
Layer 2 The data link layer
The layer 2 protocol is called the Fieldbus Data Link
(FDL) layer. This is common to all versions of PROFIBUS and
is the reason that they can all run together within a network.
Layer 7 The application layer
Layers 3 to 6 are not used in any fieldbus system. These
layers are provided for much more complex and flexible systems
like IT networks and the internet etc. Layer 7, the Application
Layer, defines the functions, services and message contents for
PROFIBUS communications.
I. INTRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTION
Functionality of the PROFIBUS DP version with key features
I. INTRODUCTION
Each RS485 segment is best laid out as a linear bus, where the
cable daisy-chains from device to device.
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
ADDRESSING
Within a network, every PROFIBUS device or station is
given an address through which communication is directed.
There are 128 different addresses provided (numbered 0 to
127). However, address 127 is reserved for broadcast
messages and so cannot be used for a device. Address 126 is
also reserved for devices whose address is set over the bus.
The remaining 126 addresses (0 to 125) are available for
PROFIBUS devices.
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
The Profibus network is built on a master/slave
communication principle. A central controller, the fieldbus
master, cyclically reads information from the field devices,
the fieldbus slaves, and writes the output values to them.
In addition to cyclic services, Profibus provides acyclic
services that permit modification of devices parameters
during operation. This enables configuration of modern field
devices, which contain many parameters and variables in
addition to the measured and manipulated values.
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
ProfiBus DP defines two classes of masters.
A class 1
master handles the normal communication or exchange of
data with the slaves assigned to it. A class 2 master is a
special device primarily used for commissioning slaves and
for diagnostic purposes. Some masters may support both
class 1 and class 2 functionality.
Master-to-master communication is normally not permitted
in Profibus, except in order to grant bus access rights to
another master via the exchange of a token. However,
master-to-master communication between two mono-master
systems can be facilitated using a DP-DP gateway. Note that
the exchange of bus access rights via this "token ring" only
applies between masters on the bus.
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
Because ProfiBus uses a cyclic (periodic) polling
mechanism between masters and slaves, it is also
deterministic. That is, the behavior of a ProfiBus system can
be reliably predicted over time. In fact, ProfiBus was
designed to guarantee a deterministic response. To contrast,
CAN and Ethernet are event-driven bus systems and
consequently form non-deterministic systems.
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
PROFIBUS NETWORK OPERATION
Single Class-1 master in cyclic communication
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
TOKEN PASSING
Two masters share the token so that each can enter cyclic data
exchange with its slaves
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
PLC PROGRAMMING
Instead a PROFIBUS master chip communicates the IO data from a shared
area of the PLC memory to the salve devices that are attached to the
network.
PLC with PROFIBUS Class-1 master functionality
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
In order to facilitate device
configuration all PROFIBUS
equipment suppliers provide
standard General Station
Description or GSD files. These
GSD files can be read by the
configuration tool to provide
detailed information on the
devices being used on the
network.
GSD files make
integration of devices from
different vendors in a bus system
simple.
GSD files
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
PICK-UP IN FIELDBUS CABLES
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
PICK-UP IN FIELDBUS CABLES
Pick-up reduction
Earthed shielding can reduce electrostatic pick-up
Twisted pair cable can reduce electromagnetic pick-up
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
Solid steel trunking with a lid.
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
PROFIBUS RS485 and MBP transmission are both balanced to
improve noise rejection.
PROFIBUS RS485 transmission
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
Active termination used in PROFIBUS RS485 wiring
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
Specification by 13 industrial firms and 5 university institutes
1988 German DIN Standard 19245
1996 European Fieldbus Standard EN 50170
2000 International Standard IEC 61158
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
II. PROFIBUS NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
PROFIBUS uses the bus topology. In this topology, a central
line, or bus, is wired throughout the system. Devices are
attached to this central bus. One bus eliminates the need for a
full-length line going from the central controller to each
individual device.
In the past, each PROFIBUS device had to connect directly to
the central bus. Technological advancements, however, have
made it possible for a new two-wire system. In this topology,
the PROFIBUS central bus can connect to a ProfiNet Ethernet
system. In this way, multiple PROFIBUS busses can connect to
each other.
III. CLASSIFICATION
A. PROFIBUS DP (DECENTRALIZED PERIPHERY)
Profibus DP is responsible for communication between the
Controller level of a process automation system (PLC) and the
decentralized periphery in the field, also intrinsic safety
(RS485-IS) via DP-Ex barriers into hazardous area.
One feature of PROFIBUS DP is its high speed of transmission
up to 12 Mbit/s.
III. CLASSIFICATION
A. PROFIBUS DP (DECENTRALIZED PERIPHERY)
The second type of PROFIBUS is more universal. Called
PROFIBUS DP, for Decentralized Periphery, this new protocol
is much simpler and faster. PROFIBUS DP is used in the
overwhelming majority of PROFIBUS application profiles in
use today. Application profiles allow users to combine their
requirements for a specific solution, and they will be discussed
in more detail shortly.
PROFIBUS DP has, itself, three separate versions. Each
version, from DP-V0 to DP-V1 and DP-V2, provides newer,
more complicated features.
III. CLASSIFICATION
B. PROFIBUS PA (PROCESS AUTOMATION)
PROFIBUS PA is a protocol designed for Process Automation.
In actuality, PROFIBUS PA is a type of PROFIBUS DP
Application profile. PROFIBUS PA standardizes the process of
transmitting measured data. It does hold a very important unique
characteristic, though. PROFIBUS PA was designed specifically
for use in hazardous environments.
Profibus PA comply with IEC 1158-2 standard (synchronous).
This media, along with the PA application profile supports
power over the bus. In explosive environments, though, that
power can lead to sparks that induce explosions. To handle this,
PROFIBUS PA can be used with Manchester Bus Powered
technology (MBP).
III. CLASSIFICATION
B. PROFIBUS PA (PROCESS AUTOMATION)
A key feature of the technology IEC 61158 -2
Network structure
Bus, Start and Tree
Cable
Shielded, twisted pair
cable
Communication Distance 1900m
Speed
31.25 Kbps
Number of connected
nodes
Max127 nodes/network
III. CLASSIFICATION
B. PROFIBUS PA (PROCESS AUTOMATION)
SIGNAL CONVERTERS
Signal is converted from RS-485 transmission systems
Profibus DP (NRZ code) to IEC 1158-2 (Manchester
synchronous code) for Profibus PA by the "DP / PA couple"
or "DP / PA link "
DP/PA Coupler
DP/PA Link
III. CLASSIFICATION
DP/PA COUPLER
Coupler convert data from asynchronous (11 bits/character) to
synchronization (8 bits/character), transfer rate from 45.45 kbit/s to
31.35 kbit/s.
DP / PA does not need to configure and can not be detected by the
station, power devices, current limit (fire protection function).
DP / PA couple has two modes:
Not fire resistant mode can be
powered to 31 devices.
Fire resistant mode power
supply for 10 devices
III. CLASSIFICATION
DP/PA LINK
It includes 5 DP / PA coupler
(type Fire resistant) or 5 DP / PA
category (not Fire resistant) is
connected via a Profibus-DP
module to the station.
Module slave station is at a
higher level Profibus-DP (12
Mbits / s maximum) and a PA
master for the subordinate lines.
III. CLASSIFICATION
B. PROFIBUS PA (PROCESS AUTOMATION)
PROFIBUS PA uses Manchester Bus Powered (MBP)
transmission at the physical layer.
The different transmission technology means that a DP/PA
coupler is required to connect PA to a DP network
MBP transmission was specifically designed for the process
industries, to replace 4-20mA technology, where power is
supplied to the device over the communication cable. A separate
power supply is not necessary. However, there is a fundamental
difference between PROFIBUS PA and 4-20mA devices: PA uses
MBP transmission, which is digital (operating at 31.25 kbit/s),
whereas 4-20mA devices transmit an analogue signal which
represents the scaled process value as the current varies from 4mA
to 20mA.
III. CLASSIFICATION
B. PROFIBUS PA (PROCESS AUTOMATION)
MBP transmission uses changing current to transmit the data
transmission over two wires. A fixed transmission speed of
31.25 kbit/s is used and a special Manchester encoded
synchronous protocol is used. Manchester encoding simply
means that the individual bits are transmitted as transitions
rather than simply logic levels. MBP transmission allows
device power and data to be combined on one pair of wires.
The average current does not change from the basic current
since the 9mA modulation always comes in pairs which on
average cancel out.
III. CLASSIFICATION
B. PROFIBUS PA (PROCESS AUTOMATION)
MBP transmission
Up to 32 PA devices can be connected to a MBP segment (the coupler and
up to 31 PA slaves). The coupler supplies the basic current to all the
connected PA devices and also translates between the RS484 signals and
the MBP signals.
III. CLASSIFICATION
PA and DP integrated into one network
III. CLASSIFICATION
C. PROFIBUS FMS (FIELDBUS MESSAGE
SPECIFICATION)
The initial version of PROFIBUS was PROFIBUS FMS,
Fieldbus Message Specification. PROFIBUS FMS was
designed to communicate between Programmable Controllers
and PCs, sending complex information between them.
Unfortunately, being the initial effort of PROFIBUS
designers, the FMS technology was not as flexible as needed.
This protocol was not appropriate for less complex messages
or communication on a wider, more complicated network.
New types of PROFIBUS would satisfy those needs.
PROFIBUS FMS is still in use today, though the vast majority
of users find newer solutions to be more appropriate.
III. CLASSIFICATION
C. PROFIBUS FMS (FIELDBUS MESSAGE
SPECIFICATION)
PROFIBUS FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification), which was
tailored to demanding communication tasks. A further step in
1993 saw completion of the specification for the more simply
configured and faster PROFIBUS DP protocol (Decentralized
Periphery). This protocol is now available in three functionally
scaleable versions DP-V0, DP-V1 and DP-V2.
III. CLASSIFICATION
C. PROFIBUS FMS
Profibus-FMS Application layer
III. CLASSIFICATION
C. PROFIBUS FMS
The FMS Communication Profile is designed for
communication at cell level. At this level, programmable
controllers (PLCs and PCs) communicate primarily with each
other. In this application area a high degree of functionality is
more important than fast system reaction times.
The communication model of Profibus-FMS is based on the
definition of a Virtual Field Device. This is the part of a device
that is reachable by the communication system.
The PROFIBUS-FMS communication model permits
distributed application processes to be unified into a common
process by using communication relationships.
III. CLASSIFICATION
C. PROFIBUS FMS
All accessible values, variables are listed in a so called object
dictionary, which itself can be read out over the bus.
The object dictionary holds index, name, type of each variable.
That portion of an application process in a field device which
can be reached via communication is called a virtual field
device (VFD).
All communication objects of an FMS device are entered in the
object dictionary (OD).
The object dictionary contains
description, structure and data type, as well as the relationship
between the internal device addresses of the communication
objects and their designation on the bus (index/name).
III. CLASSIFICATION
Virtual Field Device (VFD) with object dictionary (OD)
III. CLASSIFICATION
C. PROFIBUS FMS
The FMS application layer consists of the following parts:
The Fieldbus Message Specification (FMS) .
The Lower Layer Interface (LLI)
IV. CONLUSION
THE BENEFITS OF PROFIBUS
Large installed base and well known technology outside of US
All digital communication for process data and auxiliary data
Communications speeds PA=31.24 Kbits/sec, DP up to 12
Mbits/sec and ethernet speeds with Profinet.
Auxiliary data is broadcast.
More flexible wiring and faster commissioning
Multivariable Access
IV. CONLUSION
THE BENEFITS OF PROFIBUS
Fast and Easy access to contained parameters
Status Value coming with every Process Value in the same
scan
In addition to Status Value more Diagnostics information is
pushed instead of polled
Alarm Values from the Device
PROFIBUS Diagnostics
No analog conversion in device
IV. CONLUSION
Quality Assurance
The PROFIBUS User Organization has created a conformance
testing program to ensure devices meet high standards. In this
program, a device is sent to an independent laboratory for
testing. The device then undergoes a comprehensive series of
tests, including Hardware, Conformity, and Function tests,
among others. The test results are documented
When a device passes all tests, its manufacturer can apply for
a conformance certificate. The certificate is valid for three
years and can be renewed with further testing.
