AREVA T & D INDIA LTD.
(TRANSFORMER PLANT)
AT
KOTAMBI, VADODRA
EARTHING SYSTEM DESIGN
CALCULATIONS
ELECTRICAL CONSULTANT:
SN CONSULTANTS
B-246A, GREATER KAILASH PART ONE
NEW DELHI 110 048
PH. : 011-2923 7746,2923 3249
FAX : 011- 29235497
JANUARY 2008
EARTHING SYSTEM DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Reference: IEEE 80
1.
System Fault Current (If)
25
KA
2.
Duration of Fault (tc)
Sec
3.
Length of Switchyard (LI)
46.25
Mtrs.
4.
Breadth of Switchyard (BI)
28
Mtrs.
5.
No. of Ground Rods (nR)
37
Nos.
6.
Length of each ground Rod (Lr)
2.75
Mtr.
7.
Soil Resistivity (p)
34.87 OHM Mtr
8.
Ground Conductor (I)
25
mm dia MS Rod
9.
Depth of Burial of Conductor (hs)
0.6
Mtr
10.
Ambient Temperature (Ta)
50
Deg. C
11
Diameter of the Electrode
0.075 Mtr.
12.
Tm = Max. Allowable Temp. Rise
(for Welded joints)
(Zinc coated steel rods)
419
13.
Tca = Thermal Capacity Factor
3.931
14.
r = Thermal Coefficient of resistivity at Tr
0.0032
15.
Tr = Reference Temp. for Material Constant
20
16.
Ko = (1/r)-Tr
293
17.
pr = Resistivity of Ground Conductor at Tr
20.1
18.
A = Minimum Area of Ground Conductor in
Sq.mm.
1
A mm2 = I
TCAP . 10 -4 In
Tcr Pr
Ko + Tm
Ko + Ta
Grid Earthing Conductor Size :
374.00 Sq.mm
The Actual size of earthing conductor
Selected is (D) 25 mm TT D2/4
Hence Adequate
491 Sq.mm.
Calculation for Length of Earth strip
Distance Between Parallel conductor (D)
3.5
Mtr.
No. of Grid Conductor in X-Axis (nx)
10
Nos.
No. of Grid Conductor in Y-Axis (ny)
15
Nos.
Length of Switchyard in Y-Axis(L2)
Mtr.
Length of Switchyard in X-Axis(B2)
Mtr.
No. of Grid Conductor in X-Axis (nx1)
No.
No. of Grid Conductor in Y-Axis (ny1)
No.
Length of Additional Conductor, if any L3
Less Uncovered Area (if any)
Lc = (((nx*(L1+2))+(ny*(B1+2))+L3)-((nx1*L2)+(ny1*B2)))
Total Length of Grid Conductor in Mtr (Lc)
932.5 Mtr.
Lm= (LC+LR)
Where
Lm= Effective Buried Length
Lc= Total Length of Grid Conductor
LR= Total Length of Grounding Rods
Lx = Maximum Length of Grid in X Direction
48.25 Mtrs.
Ly = Maximum Length of Grid In Y Direction
30
Mtrs.
LR= (Lr*nR)
101.75 Mtr.
Lm= (Lc+((1.55+1.22(Lr/((Lx2+Ly2))) * LR)
1096
Mtr.
3000
Ohm- Meter
Lr = Length of Each Ground rod in M
Calculation for Mesh and step potential
Tolerable Mesh Potential
Em50 = ((1000+(1.5*Cs*ps))*(0.116)/sqrt(ts)
Cs = (1-a1*(((1-(p/ps))/(2*hs+a1))))
Where
Ps = Resistivity of Crushed Rock
Cs = Surface layer resistivity de-rating factor
0.772
= -1 for crushed stone resistivity equal to soil resistivity
= 1-a1 (1-(p/ps)/(2*hs+a1))
a1 =
0.09
Mtr
hs = Thickness of crushed rock surface layer in Mtr
0.15Mtr
ts = Duration of shock current
Tolerable Mesh Potential in Volts (Em50)
1 sec.
518.94 Volts
Tolerable Step Potential
Es50 = (1000+(6*Cs*ps))*(0.116)/sqrt (ts)
Es50 = 1727.75 Volts
Tolerable step potential in Volts (Es50)
Grid current lg = Sf x If
Where
lg = rms value of symmetrical grid current
If = Design fault current (25KA)
Sf = Current Division Factor
= 0.6
1727.75 Volts
Ig = 15 kA
IG = Dfx Ig
Df = Decrement Factor for the entire duration of fault trin seconds = 1
IG = 15 kA
Mesh voltage (Em) = (p*IG*1000Km*Ki)/ (Lm)
Where
Em = Mesh voltage in Volts
Lm = (Lc + Lr) =
1096
Mtr
Lc = Length of Grid Conductor
932.5 Mtr
LR = (No. of Ground Rods) *
(Length of Each Ground Rod)
1101.75 Mtr
Km = Spacing factor for mesh voltage
0.388
(In(((D*D)/(16*h*d))+((D+2*h))/(8*D*d)
- (h/4*d))))+(Kii/Kh)*In(8/ (2n1-1))))*(2*)
Ki = Corrected Factor for Grid Geometry
= ( (0.644+0.148*n) =
= na x nb x nc x nd
2.480
12.41
n = Effective no. of parallel conductor in the grid
na = 2xLc/Lp
12.56
Lp = Peripherial Length of the grid in
Mtrs=2xL1+1xB1 =
148.5 Mtrs.
nb= Lp/(4*A)) =
0.99
A = Area of the grid in Sq.mtrs = L1 x B1
1447.5 Sq.mtrs.
nc = 1
nd =1
Kii = Corrected Weighting factor
= 1 for grids with ground rods
Kh = Corrective weighting factor that emphasizes
the effects of grid depth
= sqrt (1+(h/ho))
1.0
1.26
ho = (Reference depth of grid)
1.0
Mtr.
h = Depth of ground grid conductor
0.6
Mtr.
d = Diameter of the conductor
Mesh Voltage in volts (Em):
0.025 Mtr.
459.72 Volts
Step Voltage (Es):
Step Voltage (Es) = (p*IG*1000*Ks*Ki)/Ls)
Where
IG =15 kA
Es = Step Voltage
LS = .75Lc + 8.5 LR =
786
Ks = Spacing factor for step voltage
((1/2*h))+(I/D+h))+ (I+D)*(1-0.5Power n-2)/(1/3.14)
0.434
Step Voltage in volts (Es) :
716.38
Volts
Tolerable Step Potential :
1727.75
Volts
Tolerable Mesh Potential :
518.94
Volts
Actual Step Potential :
716.38
Volts
Design is safe
Actual Mesh Potential :
459.72
Volts
Design is safe
Calculation of Sub Station grid resistance
Total System resistance (Rg) =
R1R2-R2m
R1+R2-2Rm
Where
R1
=
Resistance of Grid Conductors in ohms
R2
Resistance of all ground rods in ohms
Rm
Mutual resistance between the group of grid conductors R1 and group of
ground rods R2 in ohms.
R1
(p/Lc) (In (2Lc/a)+K1 (Lc/A)-K2)
R2
(p/2nRLR) (In (4LR/b)-1+2K1 (Lr/A)(nR-1)2
Rm
(p/Lc) (In (2Lc/Lr)+K1 (Lc/A)-K2+1
Where
K1 K2 =
Constants related to the geometry of the system
K1
1.15
K2
4.75
a*2h =
0.12
Radius of the conductor
0.0125
Radius of rod
0.0375
R1
0.39 Ohm
R2
0.02 Ohm
Rm =
0.36 Ohm
Rg
0.40 Ohm
The substation grounding resistance is less than 1 ohm.
Hence, Design is safe.
