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source:en.wikipedia.org
Activatedcarbon,alsocalledactivatedcharcoal,activatedcoal,isaformofcarbonprocessedtoberiddledwith
small,lowvolumeporesthatincreasethesurfaceareaavailableforadsorptionorchemicalreactions.
Classification
Granularactivatedcarbon(GAC)
Granularactivatedcarbonhasarelativelylargerparticlesizecomparedtopowdered
activatedcarbonandconsequently,presentsasmallerexternalsurface.Diffusionof
theadsorbateisthusanimportantfactor.Thesecarbonsarethereforepreferredfor
allabsorptionofgasesandvaporsastheirrateofdiffusionarefaster.Granulated
carbonsareusedforwatertreatment,deodorizationandseparationofcomponentsof
flowsystemandisalsousedinrapidmixbasins.GACcanbeeitheringranularor
extrudedform.GACisdesignatedbysizessuchas820,2040,or830forliquid
phaseapplicationsand46,48or410forvaporphaseapplications.A2040
carbonismadeofparticlesthatwillpassthroughaU.S.StandardMeshSizeNo.20
sieve(0.84mm)(generallyspecifiedas85%passing)butberetainedonaU.S.
StandardMeshSizeNo.40sieve(0.42mm)(generallyspecifiedas95%retained).
AWWA(1992)B604usesthe50meshsieve(0.297mm)astheminimumGACsize.Themostpopularaqueousphase
carbonsarethe1240and830sizesbecausetheyhaveagoodbalanceofsize,surfacearea,andheadloss
characteristics.
Powderedactivatedcarbon(PAC)
Traditionally,activecarbonsaremadeinparticulateformaspowdersorfinegranuleslessthan1.0mminsizewithan
averagediameterbetween0.15and0.25mm.[3]Thustheypresentalargesurfacetovolumeratiowithasmalldiffusion
distance.PACismadeupofcrushedorgroundcarbonparticles,95100%ofwhichwillpassthroughadesignatedmesh
sieve.Granularactivatedcarbonisdefinedastheactivatedcarbonretainedona50meshsieve(0.297mm)andPAC
materialasfinermaterial,whileASTMclassifiesparticlesizescorrespondingtoan80meshsieve(0.177mm)and
smallerasPAC.PACisnotcommonlyusedinadedicatedvessel,duetothehighheadlossthatwouldoccur.PACis
generallyaddeddirectlytootherprocessunits,suchasrawwaterintakes,rapidmixbasins,clarifiers,andgravityfilters.
Properties
Agramofactivatedcarboncanhaveasurfaceareainexcessof500m2,with1500m2beingreadilyachievable.[4]
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Carbonaerogels,whilemoreexpensive,haveevenhighersurfaceareas,andareusedinspecialapplications.
Activatedcarbondoesadsorbiodineverywellandinfacttheiodinenumber,mg/g,(ASTMStandardMethodtest/JIS
StandardMethodtest)isusedasanindicationoftotalsurfacearea.
Activatedcarboncanbeusedasasubstratefortheapplicationofvariouschemicalstoimprovetheadsorptivecapacity
forsomeinorganic(andproblematicorganic)compoundssuchashydrogensulfide(H2S),ammonia(NH3),formaldehyde
(HCOH),radioisotopesiodine131(131I)andmercury(Hg).Thispropertyisknownaschemisorption.
Iodinenumber
Manycarbonspreferentiallyabsorbsmallmolecules.Iodinenumberisthemostfundamentalparameterusedto
characterizeactivatedcarbonperformance.Itisameasureofactivitylevel(highernumberindicateshigherdegreeof
activation),oftenreportedinmg/g(typicalrange5001200mg/g).Itisameasureofthemicroporecontentofthe
activatedcarbon(0to20,orupto2nm)byadsorptionofiodinefromsolution.Itisequivalenttosurfaceareaofcarbon
between900m/gand1100m/g.Itisthestandardmeasureforliquidphaseapplications.
Iodinenumberisdefinedasthemilligramsofiodineadsorbedbyonegramofcarbonwhentheiodineconcentrationinthe
residualfiltrateis0.02normal.Basically,iodinenumberisameasureoftheiodineadsorbedintheporesand,assuch,is
anindicationoftheporevolumeavailableintheactivatedcarbonofinterest.Typically,watertreatmentcarbonshave
iodinenumbersrangingfrom600to1100.Frequently,thisparameterisusedtodeterminethedegreeofexhaustionofa
carboninuse.However,thispracticeshouldbeviewedwithcautionaschemicalinteractionswiththeadsorbatemay
affecttheiodineuptakegivingfalseresults.Thus,theuseofiodinenumberasameasureofthedegreeofexhaustionof
acarbonbedcanonlyberecommendedifithasbeenshowntobefreeofchemicalinteractionswithadsorbatesandifan
experimentalcorrelationbetweeniodinenumberandthedegreeofexhaustionhasbeendeterminedfortheparticular
application.
Methyleneblue
Somecarbonshaveamesopore(20to50,or2to5nm)structurewhichadsorbsmediumsizemolecules,suchas
thedyemethyleneblue.Methyleneblueadsorptionisreporteding/100g(range1128g/100g).
Apparentdensity
Thesolidorskeletaldensityofactivatedcarbonswilltypicallyrangebetween2.0and2.1g/cm3(125130lbs./cubic
foot).However,alargepartofanactivatedcarbonsamplewillconsistofairspacebetweenparticles,andtheactualor
apparentdensitywillthereforebelower,typically0.4to0.5g/cm3(2531lbs./cubicfoot).[7]
Higherdensityprovidesgreatervolumeactivityandnormallyindicatesbetterqualityactivatedcarbon.
Hardnessnumber
Itisameasureoftheactivatedcarbonsresistancetoattrition.Itisanimportantindicatorofactivatedcarbontomaintain
itsphysicalintegrityandwithstandfrictionalforcesimposedbybackwashing,etc.Therearelargedifferencesinthe
hardnessofactivatedcarbons,dependingontherawmaterialandactivitylevel.
Ashcontent
Ashreducestheoverallactivityofactivatedcarbonanditreducestheefficiencyofreactivation.Themetaloxides
(Fe2O3)canleachoutofactivatedcarbonresultingindiscoloration.Acid/watersolubleashcontentismoresignificant
thantotalashcontent.Solubleashcontentcanbeveryimportantforaquarists,asferricoxidecanpromotealgal
growths.Acarbonwithalowsolubleashcontentshouldbeusedformarine,freshwaterfishandreeftankstoavoid
heavymetalpoisoningandexcessplant/algalgrowth.
Applications
Water
POU/POE
Groundwaterremediation
Wastewatertreatment
Processwatertreatment
Municipalwatertreatment
Aquariumwatertreatment
Dialysis
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Air
Vaporextraction/remediation
VOCabatement
GasMask
IndoorAirQuality(IAQ)
Airstripperoffgas
Odorcontrol
Catalystsupport/protection
Tankventing
Food
Glycerinpurification
Wine/fruitjuicedecolorization/deodorization
Edibleoilpurification
Cornandcanesugardecolorization
Chemical
Preciousmetalrecovery
Glycolpurificationandrecycling
Chemicalorproductpurification
Sludge/soilstabilization
Catalystsupport/protection
Aminepurification
Drycleaningsolventpurification
Industrialoilpurification
Solventrecovery
Miscellaneous
Ultracapacitor
Cigarettefilters
Pharmaceutical
etc.
source:en.wikipedia.org
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