Code No.
: 40102
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
[Link] II Year I Semester Advance Supplementary Examinations, JANUARY, 2016
Branch: CE
SUBJECT: Surveying
Name: [Link] Kumar
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 75
PART A
I. Answer All Questions
1.
5 x l Mark=5Marks
Define contour gradient?
Ans: Contour Gradient: Gradient represents the ascending or descending slope of the
terrain between two consecutive contour lines. The slope or gradient is usually stated
in the format 1 in S, where 1 represents the vertical component of the slope and S its
corresponding horizontal component measured in the same unit.
2.
3.
Define trigonometric leveling?
Ans: Trigonometric Leveling is the branch of Surveying in which we find out the
vertical distance between two points by taking the vertical angular observations and the
known distances. The known distances are either assumed to be horizontal or the
geodetic lengths at the mean sea level(MSL). The distances are measured directly(as in
the plane surveying) or they are computed as in the geodetic surveying.
Define Magnetic declination?
Ans: Magnetic declination or variation is the angle on the horizontal plane between
magnetic north and true north the direction along a meridian towards the geographic
North Pole.
4.
What are the types of levels?
Ans: Levelling is the branch of surveying which is used to determine the elevations of
given points with respect to a [Link] deals with veticle distences of the point.
The following methods are used to determine the difference in elevation of various
points:
(i) Barometric levelling (ii) Hypsometric levelling
(iii) Direct levelling and (iv) Indirect levelling.
5.
What is Azimuth?
Ans: The azimuth is the angle between the north vector and the perpendicular
projection of the star down onto the horizon. Azimuth is usually measured in
degrees (). The concept is used in navigation, astronomy, engineering, mapping,
mining and artillery.
II. Answer All Questions
1.
10 x 2 Marks=20Marks
Write about self-reduce tacheometer?
Ans:
2.
Write the uses of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)?
Ans: Uses of GIS range from indigenous people, communities, research institutions,
environmental scientists, health organizations, land use planners, businesses, and government
agencies at all levels.
Crime mapping
Historical geographic information systems
GIS and Hydrology
3.
Remote sensing applications
Traditional knowledge GIS
Public Participation GIS
Road networking
Wastewater and storm water systems
Waste management
What are the types of transition curves?
Ans: Type of transition curve Different types of transition curves are spiral or clothoid, cubic
parabola, and Lemniscate. IRC recommends spiral as the transition curve because:
1. It fulfills the requirement of an ideal transition curve, that is;
(a) Rate of change or centrifugal acceleration is consistent (smooth) and
(b) Radius of the transition curve is at the straight edge and changes to R at the curve
point (Ls 1 R) and calculation and field implementation is very easy.
4.
Write the checks for open and closed traverse?
Ans: A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are known. A closed
traverse is one enclosing a defined area and having a common point for its beginning to end (For
Example a close property boundary). An open traverse is one which does not close on the point
of the beginning (For example: the line center survey of a highway, railroad, etc). All
topgraphical surveys should have a skeleton or network of traverses to serve as horizontal
control. To plot a traverse you must have a bearing (Direction) and Length of line
5.
What is representation of scale?
Ans: Representation of scale: Map scales may be expressed in words (a lexical scale), as a ratio,
or as a fraction. Examples are:
'one centimetre to one hundred metres'
'one inch to one mile'
or
1:63,360
or
or
1:10,000 or
1/10,000
1/63,360
'one centimetre to one thousand kilometres' or 1:100,000,000 or
(The ratio would usually be abbreviated to 1:100M
1/100,000,000.
6.
Determine Tie or subsidiary survey line.
Ans: Subsidiary or tie lines: When numbers of features are to be located and they are far
away from the main chain lines, then subsidiary or tie lines are used to locate such
details. Tie line FG is used to locate number of features. Tie line is obtained by joining
two fixed points on the main survey line. Tie lines can also be used as check lines to
check the accuracy of measurements and plotting.
7.
What is the difference between Dumpy level and Auto level?
Ans: Since the Dumpy level was invented in early 1700's it has been considered the standard,
which was up until around the 1830s when the transit level was invented. Recently the level
has changed faster than you can keep up with it, but through all this the Dumpy level has
remained a reliable back up just in case the modern levels breakdown.
A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument or automatic level is an optical
instrument used in surveying and building to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels.
The level instrument is set up on a tripod and, depending on the type, either roughly or
accurately set to a leveled condition using foot screws (levelling screws). The operator looks
through the eyepiece of the telescope while an assistant holds a tape measure or graduated staff
vertical at the point under measurement. The instrument and staff are used to gather and/or
transfer elevations (levels) during site surveys or building construction. Measurement generally
starts from a benchmark with known height determined by a previous survey, or an arbitrary
point with an assumed height.
8.
Define characteristics of contours?
Ans: Contours show distinct characteristic features of the terrain as follows:
9.
All points on a contour line are of the same elevation.
No two contour lines can meet or cross each other except in the rare case of an
overhanging vertical cliff or wall
Closely spaced contour lines indicate steep slope
Widely spaced contour lines indicate gentle slope
Equally spaced contour lines indicate uniform slope
What is compass traversing?
Ans: Compass traversing, the frame work consists of connected lines.
The length are measured by a chain or a tape and the direction measured by angle
measuring instruments.
Hence in compass surveying direction of survey lines are determined with a compass
and the lengths of the lines are measured with a tape or a chain. This process is known
as compass traversing
10.
What is the principle of geodetic survey?
Ans: Geodetic surveying is the survey in which the curvature of the earth is taken into
account and higher degree of accuracy in linear and angular observations is achieved. The
geodetic surveys extend over large areas and lines connecting any two points on the
surface of the earth are treated as arcs. For calculating their projected distances on the
plans or maps, the correction for the earths curvature is applied to the measured distances.
The angles between the curved lines are treated as spherical angles. Knowledge of
spherical trigonometry is necessary for making measurements for the geodetic surveys.
PART-B
Answer any FIVE questions
5x10 Marks= 50Marks
1. Two observations are taken upon a vertical staff by means of a Theodolite. For the first
line of sight, telescope is directed to give a staff reading of 0.650 m and an angle of
elevation of 5. In the second case, the staff reading is 2.190 m and the angle of
elevation is 6. If the elevation of trunnion axis of the instruments is 245.50 m,
compute the R.L. of the staff station and its horizontal distance from the instrument?
2. Write down the derivation of base accessible when A is at higher position than B?
Ans:
3. Explain repetition and reiteration methods of determining horizontal angles with
procedures.
Ans: The horizontal angles between the given stations about the instrument station as the vertex
by the method of reiteration. Instruments and Accessories Required are Theodolite, Pegs,
Arrows,Ranging Rod,etc.
Step wise Procedure
1. The theodolite is mounted on the tripod stand.
2. The theodolite is centered over an arbitrarily selected station P from where the given
stations can be sighted without any obstruction and the instrument is levelled using the
foot screws and the plate bubble is brought to the centre of the run.
3. The theodolite is set on the face right mode on the vernier A and the horizontal circle is
initially set at 00000 and the station A is sighted .
4. The upper clamp screw is unclamped and the theodolite is swung to the right and the
station B is sighted and the central vertical cross hair is made to bisect this station and the
horizontal angles on both the vernier A and B are observed.
5. The measurement of horizontal angle between the stations A and B is repeated for the
desired number of repetitions and the cumulative horizontal angle observed in the last
repetition is recorded.
6. The theodolite is then set on the face left mode and the vernier A on the horizontal circle
is initially set at 1800000 and the station B is sighted.
7. The upper clamp screw is unclamped and the theodolite is swung to the left and the
station A is sighted and the central vertical cross hair is made to bisect this station and the
horizontal angles on both the vernier A and B are observed.
8. The measurement of horizontal angle between the station A and B is repeated for the
same number of repetitions as earlier and the cumulative horizontal angle observed in the
last repetition is recorded.
9. The observations are recorded in the field book.
10. The mean values of the horizontal angles on vernier A and B are computed for every
sighting.
11. The actual horizontal angle between the given stations is determined by dividing the
cumulative horizontal angle by number of repetitions.
12. The average of the two actual horizontal angles observed on each for the two initial
settings of vernier A is determined
The horizontal angles between the given stations about the instrument station as the vertex by the
method of reiteration. Instruments and Accessories Required are Theodolite, Pegs,
Arrows,Ranging rod, etc.
Step wise Procedure
1. The theodolite is mounted on the tripod stand.
2. The theodolite is centered over an arbitrarily selected station P from where the given
stations can be sighted without any obstruction and the instrument is levelled using the
foot screws and the plate bubble is brought to the centre of the run.
3. The theodolite is set on the face right mode on the vernier A and the horizontal circle is
initially set at 00000 and the station A is sighted .
4. The upper clamp screw is unclamped and the theodolite is swung to the right and the
station B,C,D and A are sighted in sequence and the central vertical cross hair is made to
bisect these stations and the horizontal angles on both the vernier A and B are observed
and recorded. The observations are closed on the first station A.
5. The theodolite is then set on the face left mode and the vernier A on the horizontal circle
is initially set at 1800000 and the station A is sighted.
6. The upper clamp screw is unclamped and the theodolite is swung to the left and the
stations D,C,B and A are sighted in sequence and the central vertical cross hair is made to
bisect these stations and the horizontal angles on both the vernier A and B are observed
and recorded. The observations are closed on the first station A.
7. The observations are recorded in the field book.
8. The mean values of the horizontal angles on vernier A and B are computed for every
sighting and the horizontal included angles are determined as the difference in successive
mean values.
9. The average of the two sets of horizontal included angles observed one set each for the
two initial settings of vernier A is determined.
4. Write in detail the temporary adjustments of Theodolite.
Ans: TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS
The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are called temporary adjustments.
The following three adjustments are required for the instrument whenever set over a new point
before taking a reading:
(a) Setting
(b) Levelling and
(c) Focussing.
Setting
Tripod stand is set on the ground firmly so that its top is at a convenient height. Then the level is
fixed on its top. By turning tripod legs radially or circumferentially, the instrument is
approximately levelled.
Some instruments are provided with a less sensitive circular bubble on tribrach for this purpose.
levelling The procedure of accurate levelling with three levelling screw is as given below:
(a) Loosen the clamp and turn the telescope until the bubble axis is parallel to the line joining
any two screws
(b) Turn the two screws inward or outward equally and simultaneously till bubble is centred.
(c) Turn the telescope by 90 so that it lies over the third screw [Fig. 15.4 (b)] and level the
instrument by operating the third screw.
(d) Turn back the telescope to its original position and check the bubble. Repeat steps (ii) to
(iv) till bubble is centred for both positions of the telescope.
(e) Rotate the instrument by 180. Check the levelling.
5. The following are the bearings of a closed traverse. Find out which of the stations
are affected by local attraction. Tabulate the corrected bearings of lines?
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
F.B.
N5030'W
N5500 ' E
S430 ' E
S4130'E
S7930' W
B.B
S4830'E
S5500' W
N400' W
N4130'W
N7900' E
6. The following staff reading were observed successively with a level, the instrument
having been moved after third, sixth and eighth readings, 1.350, 2.665, 0.850, 2.150,
2.760, 1.375, 0.675, 1.880, 1.045, 2.685 m. Enter the above readings in a page of a
level book and calculate the RL of points using rise and fall method, if the first
reading was taken with a staff held on benchmark of 130.650 m.
Ans:
7. Describe the Intersection method with the help of a neat sketch. Under what
circumstances this method is resorted to. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages
of plane table surveying over other methods of surveying.
Ans:
(a) Select two instrument stations O1 and O2, such that all the points or details to be located
are visible from both the stations.
(b) Now set the table on O1 and make it centered and level.
(c) Using the plumbing form locate the ground station on the sheet i.e. O1, such that the
point O1 on the sheet is exactly over the point O1 on the ground.
(d) Measure the distance between O1 and O2.
(e) Now using the alidade pivoted at O1 orient the table so that other instrument station O2 is
sighted and clamp the table and draw a line along the fidicual edge of the alidade
according to a suitable scale. This line AB is a base line and hence must be measured and
drawn accurately
(f) With the alidade pivoted on O1 sight other details and draw rays as a, b etc as shown
in Figure
(g) Now shift the table to station O2 and make it centered and leveled such that point O2 on
sheet is exactly above the O2 on the ground
(h) With the alidade placed along line pq orient the table and back sight the station O1 and
clamp the table.
(i) With the alidade pivoted on O2 sight other details and draw rays as a, b as shown
in Figure
(j) The intersection of a, b with a, b are named as a, b, respectively. Join a, b, c, d, e as
shown in Figure
8. At the end of a survey of a parcel of land, a tape of 30m length is found to be 10cm
short. The area of the plan drawn with the measurements taken with this tape is found
to be 135 cm2 If the scale of the plan is 1/1000, what is the true area of the field
assuming that the chain was exact 30m long at commencement of survey?
.
Ans:
9. Explain in detail about the introduction of GIS & GPS?
Ans: Geographic information system or geographical information system (GIS) is a
system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of
spatial or geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographic
information science to refer to the academic discipline that studies geographic information
systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geo informatics.
What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has no such
restrictive boundaries. In a general sense, the term describes any information system that
integrates stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information. GIS
applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches),
analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations.
Geographic information science is the science underlying geographic concepts, applications,
and systems.
GIS is a broad term that can refer to a number of different technologies, processes, and
methods. It is attached to many operations and has many applications related to engineering,
planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business.
For that reason, GIS and location intelligence applications can be the foundation for many
location-enabled services that rely on analysis and visualization.
GIS can relate unrelated information by using location as the key index variable. Locations
or extents in the Earth spacetime may be recorded as dates/times of occurrence, and x, y,
and z coordinates representing, longitude, latitude, and elevation, respectively. All Earthbased spatialtemporal location and extent references should, ideally, be relatable to one
another and ultimately to a "real" physical location or extent. This key characteristic of GIS
has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based navigation system that provides
location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth
where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS [Link] system
provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The
United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to
anyone with a GPS [Link] US began the GPS project in 1973 to overcome the
limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors,
including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. The U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD) developed the system, which originally used 24 satellites. It
became fully operational in 1995. Roger L. Easton, Ivan A. Getting and Bradford Parkinson
are credited with inventing it. Advances in technology and new demands on the existing
system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of
GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX).
Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these
changes. In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III.
In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian Global
Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but
suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. There are also the
planned European Union Galileo positioning system, India's Indian Regional Navigation
Satellite System, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and the Japanese QuasiZenith Satellite System.
[Link] the procedure for setting out simple circular curve with a tape and a theodolite?
Ans:
Laying out a curve by Two Theodolite Method
In two theodolite method, curves are staked out by angular measurements only. Accuracy
attained in this method is quite high. Thus, the method is used when higher accuracy is
required and when the topography is rough or field condition is difficult.
The underlying principle of this method is that the deflection angle between a tangent (at any
point on a circle) and a chord is equal to the angle which the chord subtends in the alternate
segment.
In this (Figure), two theodolites are used simultaneously placing one at the point of curvature
(T1) and the other at the point of tangent (T 2). Deflection angles for specified chord lengths are
computed as defined in the Rankine's method. The deflection angles are set at the theodolites.
Ranging from both the theodolites at the defined angles provide the location of the point along
curve. Thus, the curve is set out by driving pegs at suitable location identified through the
theodolites.
1. Two theodolites are placed, one at the point of curvature T 1 and the other at the point
of curvature T2. Get temporary adjustment in both. The vernier A of each theodolites
set to zero and clamp the upper plates.
2. Bisect the point of intersection, V from theodolites at T 1 and T1 from the theodolite at
T2 using the lower plate main screw and then its tangent screw. Now both the
theodolites are properly oriented.
3. Open the upper plate main screw of the theodolites at T 1, and set the vernier A to the
deflection angle D1. The line of sight is now directed along the chord T 1 a. Clamp the
upper plate.
4. Release the upper clamp of the theodolite at T 2 and set the vernier A to the angle D1.
The line of sight is now directed along the chord T 2 a.
1. Thus the lines of sight of both the theodolites are directed towards the point 'a'.
5. Now, move a ranging rod or an arrow near the expected point 'a' until it is bisected
simultaneously by the cross-hairs of both the theodolites. Locate the point 'a' on the
ground at the arrow point and fix a peg at that point.
6. To locate the second point 'b', set the verniers of both the theodolites at angle Db and
repeat steps (3) to (5) .
7. Locate all other points c,d,e..... in the same manner.
