THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
B. Sc. in Electrical & Computer Engineering
ELAB1
Oscillator and Power Amplifier Circuits
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Contents
1. General Information ................................................................................................................ 2
2. Lab Learning Outcomes .......................................................................................................... 3
3. Pre-Lab .................................................................................................................................... 3
3.1.
Required Reading Resources .......................................................................................... 3
3.2.
Pre-Lab Exercise ............................................................................................................. 4
4. In-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1.
In-Lab Procedure ............................................................................................................ 7
5. Post-Lab ................................................................................................................................. 12
5.1.
Assignment: .................................................................................................................. 12
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
ECNG 2004
Laboratory and Project Design II
[Link]
Semester I 2009/2010
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Lab #:
Name of the Lab:
ELAB1
Lab Weighting:
5%
Delivery mode:
Lecture
Online
9 Lab
Venue for the Lab:
Lab Dependencies
Recommended
prior knowledge
and skills
Electronics Laboratory
The theoretical background to this lab is provided in ECNG 2012
To undertake this lab, students should:
be able to build simple circuits on a bread board.
be able to use laboratory test equipment.
be able to read and understand circuit diagrams.
have an understanding of the principle of operation of oscillator and
power amplifier circuits.
Oscillator and Power Amplifier Circuits
Estimated total
study hours:
8 hours
Phone
X2514
X3155
Itanie Gordon
E-mail
Course Lecturer
[Link]@[Link]
Lecturer ECNG [Link]@[Link]
2012
Lab Demonstrator
[Link]@[Link]
Lesford Loney
Lab Demonstrator
X3164
Course Staff
Dr. Ronald De Four
Prof. Stephen Gift
Position/Role
[Link]@[Link]
X3164
Office
Rm 330
Rm 327
Office
Hours
12-1pm
12-1pm
Electronics
Lab
Electronics
Lab
Mon 12pm
Mon 12pm
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
2. LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon successful completion of the lab assignment, students will be able to:
1. Design and build a Wien Bridge oscillator.
2. Understand the physical phenomena that affect the performance of
oscillator circuits.
3. Identify transistor outline packages.
4. Appreciate the importance of thermal protection and mounting of power
transistors for the efficient design of electronics systems.
5. Describe applications for oscillator and power amplifier circuits.
Cognitive
Level
Knowledge
Knowledge
Knowledge
Knowledge
Knowledge
3. PRE-LAB
Due Date:
Submission
Procedure:
Estimated time to
completion:
Tuesday September 22, 2009
Please submit to Mr. Brain Small in the Electrical Stores by 4:00PM
3 hours
3.1. Required Reading Resources
Rashid, Muhammad. 1998. POWER ELECTRONICS-circuits, devices and applications.3rd
ed. Florida: Prentice Hall.
Horowitz, Paul and Winfield Hill. 1989. The Art of Electronics. 2nd. ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Elliott Sound Products, The Design of Heatsinks Rod Elliott, ESP
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
3.2. Pre-Lab Exercise
Section A Oscillator Circuits
3.2.1.
What are the conditions required for oscillation of an oscillator circuit?
3.2.2.
How does oscillation begin and how is it sustained?
3.2.3.
Analyze and derive the transfer function of the Wien Bridge oscillator feedback network
given in Figure 1.
3.2.4.
Design a Wien bridge oscillator circuit to operate at 3 KHz.
3.2.5.
Using Multisim:
a) Produce a plot of the output waveform.
b) Verify the frequency of oscillation of the output waveform.
Figure 1 - Wien Bridge Oscillator Circuit
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Section B Power Amplifier Circuits
3.2.6.
What is the purpose of a heat sink and why is it important?
3.2.7.
What does the term transistor outline package refer to?
3.2.8.
List three types of transistor outline packages and draw a sketch of each.
3.2.9.
What is the unit of thermal resistance?
3.2.10. Calculate the power that can be dissipated by the TIP31 when it is mounted to a heat
sink given the following conditions:
Ambient temperature Ta = 25C
Junction to case thermal resistance, jc = 3.125C/W
Case to sink thermal resistance, cs = 0.5C/W
Sink to ambient thermal resistance sa = 16.7C/W
Junction temperature, Tj = 150C
3.2.11. Draw a simple equivalent circuit to model the thermal resistances present in coupling a
transistor to a heat sink.
3.2.12. Describe the heat sink mounting procedure for a power transistor, identifying the
materials used and any considerations necessary for mounting multiple transistors on
the same surface.
3.2.13. What is the configuration of the power transistors in the output stage of the power
amplifier shown in Figure 2?
3.2.14. What components of the circuit provide quiescent current stability in the output stage
Q1 and Q2?
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Figure 2 - Power Amplifier Circuit
End of Prelab for ELAB1: Oscillator
and Power Amplifier Circuits
6
4. IN-LAB
Allotted Completion 2 hours
Time:
Power supply
Required lab
Oscilloscope and a pair of leads
Equipment:
Multimeter and a pair of leads
Flat blade screw driver
Long nose pliers
Resistors: 2x5.1k, 2x200, 1x1k, 1x20k, 2x1k, 2x7.5k,
2x13k, 2x20k, 2x27k, 2x33k, 2x39k, 2x47, 2x51k,
2x62k, 2x68k, 2x75k
Variable resistors: 1x10k
Capacitors: 2x10nF, 2x100nF
1 LF351N op amp
1 power amplifier circuit module
1 8 loud speaker
4.1. In-Lab Procedure
Section A: Oscillator Circuits
4.1.1.
Construct the Wien Bridge oscillator circuit shown in Figure 3. Please plan the layout of
your circuit on the bread board before attempting to build the circuit.
NOTE:
The 5.305k resistor can be created by using the combination of a standard 5.1k
in series with a 200 resistor.
The simple feedback network of R1 C1 and R2 C2 is arranged in the circuit to
simplify troubleshooting.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
Set the variable resistor R5 to its maximum value.
HAVE THE DEMONSTRATOR CHECK YOUR CIRCUIT BEFORE TURNING THE
POWER SUPPLY ON.
4.1.4.
Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the output of the circuit in Figure 3 (across
terminals a-b).
4.1.5.
Observe the output waveform and record all observations.
ELAB1: Oscillator and Power Amplifier Circuits
+Vcc
C2
R2
5.305k
10nF
C3
V1
12 V
100nF
LF351N
V2
R1
5.305k
C1
10nF
12 V
C4
R3
20k
100nF
-Vcc
R4
1k
R5
10k
b
GND
Figure 3: Wien Bridge Oscillator Circuit
4.1.6.
Vary R5 from its maximum to its minimum value and record all observations as seen on
the oscilloscope. Note that the variable resistor must be held firmly to prevent it from
being disconnected from the circuit.
4.1.7.
Reset R5 to it maximum value.
4.1.8.
Slowly decrease the effective resistance of R5 until maximum symmetrical swing at the
output terminals a-b can be seen on the oscilloscope.
4.1.9.
Measure and record the frequency of oscillation of the output waveform at terminals a-b
and compare it to its calculated value.
ELAB1: Oscillator and Power Amplifier Circuits
4.1.10. Power down the circuit and measure the values of R3, R4 and the effective resistance of
R5 that is seen by the circuit.
4.1.11. Calculate the gain of the amplifier using the measured values obtained in 4.1.10.
4.1.12. Replace R1 and R2 with identical resistors whose values are indicated in Table 1 and
repeat steps 4.1.7 to 4.1.11. That is, replace R1 and R2 with identical 1k resistors and
repeat steps 4.1.7 to 4.1.11. After this replace R1 and R2 with identical 7.5k resistors
followed by identical 13k resistors and so on.
4.1.13. Complete Figure 1 .
4.1.14. Using the measured values of the variables shown in Table 1, produce a plot of
frequency versus resistance.
4.1.15. Comment on your results.
Table 1: Results Obtained
Theoretical Results
R1 & R2
Frequency
(k)
(kHz)
Measured Results
Gain
R1
R2
Frequency
(k)
(k)
(kHz)
Gain
R5
(k)
1
7.5
13
20
27
33
39
47
51
62
68
75
ELAB1: Oscillator and Power Amplifier Circuits
Section B: Power Amplifier Circuits
4.1.16. The power amplifier circuit shown in Figure 4 has been provided as a separate module.
With the power supply disconnected from the circuit, set it to 12V then switch it off.
Connect the power supply leads to the circuit in Figure 4 but do not turn on the power
supply.
Figure 4 - Power Amplifier Circuit
4.1.17. HAVE THE DEMONSTRATOR CHECK YOUR CIRCUIT BEFORE TURNING THE
POWER SUPPLY ON.
4.1.18. Set R9 to its minimum value and adjust R10 so that the voltage at terminal X, VX, is 6V.
This is the voltage between diodes D1 and D2 in Figure 4.
4.1.19. Power down the power amplifier circuit and connect the output of the Wien Bridge
oscillator to the input of the power amplifier.
4.1.20. Replace R1 and R2 in the Wien Bridge oscillator with 5.305k resistors.
10
ELAB1: Oscillator and Power Amplifier Circuits
4.1.21. HAVE THE DEMONSTRATOR CHECK YOUR CIRCUIT BEFORE TURNING THE
POWER SUPPLY ON.
4.1.22. Power up the cascaded system of the Wien Bridge oscillator and the power amplifier.
4.1.23. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope across terminals a-b of the oscillator circuit and
channel 2 across terminals c-d of the power amplifier circuit.
4.1.24. Check the output waveform of the oscillator at terminals a-b to ensure that maximum
symmetrical swing has been achieved. Adjust the sensitivity of the amplifier via R9 of
the power amplifier so that there is also maximum symmetrical swing at the output at
terminals c-d of the cascaded system.
4.1.25. Record your observations as R9 is varied.
4.1.26. Measure and record the frequency of:
a) the output waveform of the power amplifier (across terminals c-d),
b) the voltage across the load R7 which is connected across terminals c-d and
c) the current flowing through R7
4.1.27. Allow the system to stabilize thermally.
4.1.28. Using the Fluke 80T-150UA Universal Temperature Probe,
a) measure the temperature of the tab of the TIP31
b) the heat sink temperature and
c) the ambient temperature
Note that point of measurement is located on the silver tab at the back of the TIP31,
which is connected to the heat sink.
4.1.29. Power down the cascaded system.
4.1.30. Replace the load of the cascaded circuit, R7, with an 8 loud speaker.
4.1.31. Adjust R9 to its maximum and minimum values. Record your observations.
4.1.32. Adjust the gain of the Wien bridge oscillator circuit. Record your observations.
Proceed to post-lab exercise.
11
ELAB1: Oscillator and Power Amplifier Circuits
5. POST-LAB
A signed plagiarism declaration form must be submitted with your assignment.
Due Date:
Submission
Procedure:
Deliverables:
Friday October 16, 2009
Please submit to Mr. Brian Small in the Electrical Stores by 4:00PM
Signed plagiarism declaration form
Completed assignment questions
Signed results from the in-lab exercise
5.1. Assignment:
5.1.1.
State two applications of the Wien Bridge oscillator that was used in this laboratory
exercise.
5.1.2.
What factors affect the stability of the Wien bridge oscillator?
5.1.3.
In executing the laboratory exercise, adjustments to the gain of the Wien Bridge
oscillator were necessary to allow for sustained oscillations. Calculate the percentage
change in the theoretical and measured gains of the Wien Bridge oscillator.
5.1.4.
Determine the junction temperature of the TIP31 given the following parameters:
a) Junction to case thermal resistance, jc = 3.125C/W
b) Case to sink thermal resistance, cs = 0.5C/W
c) Sink to ambient thermal resistance sa = 16.8C/W
5.1.5.
What improvements could be made to the cascaded circuit used in the laboratory
exercise to allow the temperature of the power transistors in the power amplifier circuit
to be maintained at a lower value?
5.1.6.
Write a brief discussion to summarise your findings from this laboratory exercise.
End of ELAB1: Oscillator and Power
Amplifier Circuits
12
