Equipment, Systems and Processes

Schlumberger Public

Mark E. Teel
Client-Relations Manager
SRC Schlumberger Rosharon Center

Initials

The Life of Oil and Gas Wells and Reservoirs

Seismic
Exploration

Complete

3 Initials
5/15/2012

Exploration
Drilling

Development
Drilling

Monitor and
Manage

Formation
Evaluation

Workover
Interventions

Well
Testing

Stimulate

Casing and
Cementing

Plug and
Abandon

Oil and Gas Drilling Rigs

4 Initials
5/15/2012

How deep is deep?

500 m
(1640 ft)
301 m
(988 ft)

CAP

6 Initials
5/15/2012

7 Initials
5/15/2012

8 Initials
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9 Initials
5/15/2012

Identifying Needs and Challenges

So, How deep
are we going?

Deeper than
ever!

Empire
State
Building

10 CAP

11 Initials
5/15/2012

How deep are we going below the seafloor?

12 CAP

13 Initials
5/15/2012

How deep are we going below the seafloor?

14 CAP

15 Initials
5/15/2012

Subsea Intervention and Safety Systems

Offshore fields are increasingly
developed subsea with
wellheads on the seafloor.
Anchored rigs or dynamically
positioned drillships are used
for drilling, testing and well
completion activities.
Safe well access, emergency
shut-in and disconnects are a
huge challenge.
SRC develops technology to safely
shut-in, disconnect from and
reconnect to a subsea wellhead.

Well
Completions

Wellbore Architecture

17 Initials
5/15/2012

Packers

ANCHOR production tubing inside cemented casing

SEAL to isolate the tubing-casing annulus and act as a
pressure barrier between formation, or reservoir pressure,
and upper wellbore annulus or between multiple zones
PROTECT upper steel casing from erosion, corrosion:
H2O, H2S, CO2

18, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Multilateral Wells and Wellbore Junctions

Strength
Solids Exclusion
Hydraulic Pressure Isolation
Lateral access
Define technique, coiled tubing, wireline, rig
Size and type of tools for intervention

What is a well completion?

Equipment installed and procedures performed in oil or gas
wellbores to facilitate flowing fromproductionor pumping
intoinjectionsubsurface formations after drilling, running
steel casing and cementing the primary casing or liner in place.
Production tubing and other equipment components of a well
completion help transport hydrocarbons to surface in an
efficient cost-effective, controlled, measured, and safe manner.

20, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Well Completions

Conveyance, or transport, into and out of

Data acquisition
Flow control and flow management
Communication and data transmission
SAFETY !

Completion installations can be:

temporary for well testing or
permanent for long-term production
life of a well, field, or reservoir

Perforate

Oilwell Perforating
Wireline conveyed
TCP
Tubing Conveyed
perforating

22 Initials
5/15/2012

Explosive Shaped-Charges

TCP Tubing-Conveyed Perforating

24 Initials
5/15/2012

25 Initials
5/15/2012

Shaped Charge Animation (to 30 microseconds)

Shaped Charge Animation (to 140 microseconds)

28 Initials
5/15/2012

Cased, Cemented and Perforated

The most common type of well completion
Selective production, stimulation and zonal isolation
Pressure control and safety
Multiple individual zones completed in a single wellbore

29, Completion Basics

15-May-12

30 Initials
5/15/2012

PERF Lab Testing Capabilities

PV-93 Test (2008)

PV-94 Test#001 (2009)

Well Classifications

Wellbore and reservoir interaction

Steel cased, cemented and perforated

Openhole, or barefoot
Standalone screens, gravel and frac packs
Vertical, high-angle, and horizontal

Flowing method
Natural flow
Artificial lift

Number of completed zones

Single
Multiple
32, Completion Basics
15-May-12

Completions tubulars and equipment-plumbing

33, Completion Basics

15-May-12

34 Initials
5/15/2012

Well
Completions

Wellbore Architecture

35 Initials
5/15/2012

Packers

ANCHOR production tubing inside cemented casing

SEAL to isolate the tubing-casing annulus and act as a
pressure barrier between formation, or reservoir pressure,
and the upper wellbore annulus or between multiple zones
PROTECT upper steel casing from erosion, corrosion:
H2O, H2S, CO2
Available in different types:
Permanent
Retrievable
Single, dual or triple string, multi-ported, sealbore
36, Completion Basics
15-May-12

X-Series Retrievable Production Packers

XHP

XMP

Openhole Sandface Completions

Advantages
Maximizes area open to flow
Decreases pressure drop, or pressure drawdown
Minimizes formation damage from cementing,
perforating and completion fluids and operations
Disadvantages
Lack of pressure containment and selective control
Possible borehole instability and risk of hole collapse

38, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Mechanical Screens and ICD Inflow Control Devices

39, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Swellable Openhole Packers

41 Initials
5/15/2012

Well
Completions

Sand-Control Completions and Pumping

42 Initials
5/15/2012

Zones to be completed
When more than one zone will be
producing at the same time
When zones are prepared to produce
at different periods of time without
need of major intervention (workover)
May need: dual, triple strings, sliding
sleeves, permanent control valves
Remedial workovers difficult when
more than one tubing is used

43, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Sequential Production with a

Packer and Single Tubing String

Zone 2: 1000 psi

Zone 1: 1500 psi

44, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Sequential Production with a

Packer and Single Tubing String

Zone 2: 1000 psi

Zone 1: 1500 psi

45, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Commingled Production with a

Packer and Single Tubing String

Zone 2: 1000 psi

Zone 1: 1500 psi

46, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Packers and Sliding Sleeves or Valves

and Single Tubing String

Zone 2: 1000 psi

Zone 1: 1500 psi

47, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Sliding Sleeves
Provide communication tubing-annulus
Used to circulate wells
To produce selectively different zones
Reduced internal diameters

48, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Flow Management: Two Production Zones

Dual producing zones, formations or reservoirs
Drilling, well-construction and well-completions savings

49, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Flow Management: Accelerated Production

and Optimal Reserve Recovery

Intelligent Completions benefits and history

Cumulative Oil Production and Flow Strategy Comparison

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
100

200

300

400

500

600

Days
Sequentia
l

Uncontrolled
Commingled

Controlled
Commingled

700

Flow Management
Permanent Downhole Flow-Control Valves
Oseberg
B-38 is the 2nd well
drilled exclusively in
the Ness formation

Subsurface Safety
Valve

Ness target contribution

70,000 B/D350,000 B/D
(field)

9-5/8 in. QUANTUM

production packer
Completion string
7 in. QUANTUM
isolation
packers

Flow control valve

1 per zone

Phase 1 Prove the Value

SPE 71677 & 107117

Case study : Multiple zones selective wells - Norway (2000 2001)

D epth
m TVD MSL

4 00 0

5000

6000

B -38 A , b o ret *
30 /9-B -39 T 3*
S H E T LA N D G P .

-25 0 0

-25 00

B -38 B , p lan

B -38 A T 2 , b o re t*

H ea ther F m .
TD

Tarb ert F m .

38

AT

B 3 8A T 2, p lan *

?
In tra H e a th e r sa n d ,
p a rtly ce m e n te d

Zone 1

M id d le Ta rb e rt c o a l

-26 0 0

UN1

TD

OW C GM UN1

38

-26 00

T1

N ess F m .

Zone 2

LN35

T5

T3
LN 2

T4

R a n./E tive F m

To p L N 3 5 c o a l

LN 35

-27 0 0

-27 00

O W C U N 1 /L N 3 5 G S
@ 2701.5 m T V D M S L

O se berg F m

L N 1 co al

G A M M A M A IN
D U N LIN G P .

L e g en d :
*th e w ells a re projected onto the cross-section
T A R G E TS :
m TVDM SL m TVDR KB m M D
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5

2610 .0
2617 .5
2663 .8
2670 .4
2655 .9

2668 .0
2675 .5
2721 .8
2728 .4
2713 .9

56 16,5
4000
58 36,8
61 80,0
65 59,7
67 81,8

Zone 3

GAMM A SOU TH

K ilo m e te r
0

U N 2 co a l

T2

OWC GM
LN 35

0 .2

0 .4

50 00
0 .6

6 00 0
0 .8

1 .0

V e rtical disp lace m ent from O F C

Production was declining

Require to produce
untapped reserves
Not continuous
reservoirs
Required long reach and
highly deviated
Required to control gas
coning and water
breakthrough.

Schlumberger Confidential

D raup ne F m .

Phase 1 Prove the Value

Case study : Multiple zones selective wells - Norway (2000 2001)

Long reach & highly deviated Monobore wells

Production
packer

9-5/8 Production and 7 Isolation packers

TRFC-HN remotely operated flow control valves

9-5/8 Casing with 7 liner though reservoir

Hydraulic control lines to surface

Intervention capability

Pressure & temperature monitoring

9 5/8 Casing

3 Flow Control
Valve

7 Liner

3 Flow Control
Valves

Schlumberger Confidential

SPE 71677 & 107117

55 Initials
5/15/2012

Expansion joints
Allow thermal expansion and
contraction of tubing string
between fixed points
Allows tubing disconnection and
reconnection of upper completion
with sealing
Composed of a assembly with
elastomer seal and wiper rings,
depending on downhole conditions

56, Completion Basics

15-May-12

57 Initials
5/15/2012

Pump-Out Plugs
Base component of production tubing
string, many times for hydraulically
set packers
Guide re-entry of intervention tools
into tubing once seat and ball are
expended
Allow for easy liner top entry in highangle wells

58, Completion Basics

15-May-12

59 Initials
5/15/2012

Reentry Guide
Component in the production tubing
Guide reentry of intervention tools
back into tubing
Allow for easy liner top entry in
high-angle wells

60, Completion Basics

15-May-12

61 Initials
5/15/2012

Landing Profile Nipples and Locks

Allow landing and locking of multiple
accessories in the tubing string for:
Flow control
Plugging devices
Many different profiles
Basic types: No-go and selective

62, Completion Basics

15-May-12

63 Initials
5/15/2012

Completion Accessories-Chemical Injection

DCIN - Features

New generation of chemical injection mandrels

One piece body (no welds)
Limited leak paths
Internal check system
Proven supplier of check valves
Checks can be tested to full working pressure installed in to the
mandrel
Optional profile

64 CAP

Schlumberger Private

65 Initials
5/15/2012

Control-Line Clamps and Protectors

Purpose
Protect control line
Support control line
Features
Location on tubing couplings
Lightly grip control line
Multiple line capability
Upset for Large O.D. assemblies.
Various types and sizes of lines.

66, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Flow Control: FIV Formation Isolation Valve

Bi-directional ball valve to provide a
Safety Barrier during the well completion
program
Rig time savings via remote actuation
Improve and enhance reliability and
operability
Mechanical / Ball Module

Next Generation FIV

Actuation Module

New Mechanical
Section
New Ball Section

n-Trigger

Contingency Opening
Tool

S-Trigger
n-Trigger

API Debris Testing

MFIV-II

Mechanical

Ball

Shifting tool interface

Holds valve open/close

Barrier
- Rotates
open/close

Same mechanical and ball sections as FIV-II

Same shifting tools as FIV-II
Extensions 3ft, 6ft or 9ft, same as for FIV-II

FIV-II
3 major sections to an isolation valve:
TripSaver

Remote
(interventionless)
opening feature

Mechanical

Ball

Shifting tool
interface
Holds valve
open/close

Barrier
- Rotates
open/close

Flow Control
Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves
Primary purpose
Emergency well-control device
Prevent: (Piper Alpha)
personnel, environmental,
equipment, and reserve losses

Secondary purpose
Downhole flow control
allow for wellhead maintenance
serve as a secondary barrier

SafetyValveConstruction
Power Source
[Opening Force]

Hydraulic Piston

Power Source
[Closing Force]

Closure Mechanism

Power Spring

Flapper

Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV)

StandardSpringTypeDesign
PistonBore HydraulicPiston

FlapperClosure
Flowtube

Production
TubingPressure
PowerSpring

FlowTubeandFlapperClosureMechanisms

Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves

SCSSV Applications:
Government/country regulations
Offshore and onshore wells
Environmentally sensitive wells
H2S /C02 containing wells

74, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Intelligent Completions
Reservoir Monitoring & Control.
Real time production optimization

75 Initials
5/15/2012

Monitor and
Manage

Reservoir EnergyPressure

Water drive
76 Initials
5/15/2012

Gas drive

Solution-gas drive

Artificial Lift Technologies

77 Initials
5/15/2012

Gas lift valves

Electrical submersible pumps

Natural Flow or Artificial Lift

Natural flow: Enough reservoir
pressure to bring fluids to surface
Artificial lift: Add energy to the fluid
Electrically driven, mechanical
positive-displacement beam pumps
ESP electric submersible pumps
Gas lift (re-injecting produced gas)

78, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Side-Pocket Mandrels
Annulus-tubing communication
device in an artificial-lift completion

More than one are installed in a well

79, Completion Basics

15-May-12

Schlumberger Public

A valve is located to allow gas to

enter the tubing to lift the oil

CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL

PRODUCED FLUID

PRESSURE (PSI)
1000

INJECTION GAS

2000

0
FL
NT

3000

CASING PRESSURE WHEN

WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED

DIE
RA

4000

5000

OPERATING GAS LIFT

VALVE

6000

SIBHP

DEPTH (FT TVD)

2000

EG
UR
SS
RE
GP
BIN
TU

Gas lift
valves

ING
OW

1000

7000

FBHP

Downhole ESP Electrical Submersible Pump

High Efficiency
Pump
Motor

Impeller
Diffuser

Intake

82 Initials
5/15/2012

Completion Components

2
3
4

7
8

10

3
4

11
12
13
14

Packers

19
15

70m 10-3/4"
13Cr Csg. to
Shoe

Sliding sleeves

20

Expansion joints

7
8

10

21
22
23
24

25

26
47

27

Chemical-injection valves
6

16

18

Critical Dimension

Subsurface safety valves

Target Cut Zone

28

29

30

Flow-control valves

31
32
47
33

34

35

Permanent monitoring gauges

36

37

38

Side-pocket mandrels or ESP

39
40a
40b

Landing profile nipples

41

45
42
43

Wireline reentry guide

11

83, Completion Basics

15-May-12

12
13

Formation Isolation Valve

44

45
46

G04-0032a
17

Stimulate

Stimulation, Pumping Services

Fracturing
Acidizing
84 Initials
5/15/2012

Workover
Interventions

Assisting Production From

Pressure-Depleted Reservoirs

Fire Flood
In flooding
situ combustion
Water
85 Initials
5/15/2012

Abandonment

86 Initials
5/15/2012

P&A Plug and Abandon

Four Life Stages of Reservoir Development

Stage
Stage
3 Stage
41
2
Development
Exploration
Late
Life
Delineation
Achieving
Starting
Water
Determine
production
full
to reduce
production
the risk
the
reservoir
Depleted
pressure
Refine
Choose
reservoir
extent
the right
model
point
Intervention
ReservoirDetermine
monitoring
Locate
reservoir
potential
Stimulation
Continue
reservoir
properties
reducing the
riskFlow assistance
Determine
reservoir
model
87 Initials
5/15/2012

Further
reduce risk

88 Initials
5/15/2012

Focus on Technology and the Reservoir Life Cycle

Exploration

Appraisal

Development

Production

Cash Flow

0
_

Time

Reservoir Optimization
Traditional Development