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Lecture 4 - WDM Networks

This document discusses time division multiplexing (TDM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. It describes how TDM works at the bit, byte, and frame levels using interleaving. Pulse code modulation is discussed as a way to encode analog voice signals into digital form. The document also provides an overview of WDM networks, including common equipment like multiplexers/demultiplexers and how linear and ring WDM network topologies are arranged. Finally, it distinguishes between circuit switching used in telecom networks and packet switching typically used in data networks.

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Abhishek Srivastava
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125 views15 pages

Lecture 4 - WDM Networks

This document discusses time division multiplexing (TDM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. It describes how TDM works at the bit, byte, and frame levels using interleaving. Pulse code modulation is discussed as a way to encode analog voice signals into digital form. The document also provides an overview of WDM networks, including common equipment like multiplexers/demultiplexers and how linear and ring WDM network topologies are arranged. Finally, it distinguishes between circuit switching used in telecom networks and packet switching typically used in data networks.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Srivastava
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Time Division Multiplexing

Bit versus Byte versus Frame


Interleaving

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Time Division Multiplexing Bit


Interleaving
Bit Period
4th Bit

3rd Bit

2nd Bit

1st Bit

2
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

Combined Bit Stream

TDM

Bit interleaving is simple. There is no buffering and bit


timing is preserved.
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Signal Strength

Analog Voice Signal Encoding with


Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Analog
Voice
Signal

8 Bit Sample
8000 per sec

Time
Byte

Byte

125 s

125 s

Byte

125 s

Byte

125 s

The DSO digitized voice signal has bytes every 125 microseconds.
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, TDM, WDM Networks

History of PCM

www.goforich.co.uk
www.edhird.com

Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated a telephone in


1876
Alec Reeves conceived pulse code modulation in 1937
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, TDM, WDM Networks

Time Division Multiplexing Byte


Interleaving
125 s
4th Byte

3rd Byte

2nd Byte

1st Byte

Buffer
MultiLine
Bus
125 s
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

Combined Byte Stream

TDM

Byte interleaving takes advantage of technology


developed for computers and preserves byte timing
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Time Division Multiplexing Frame


Interleaving
125 s
4th Byte

3rd Byte

2nd Byte

1st Byte

Larger
Buffer

375 s
1

31.25 s

2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
Combined Byte Stream

TDM

Frame interleaving requires larger buffers and does not


preserve byte timing
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Staggered Frame Arrival


Frame

Frame

Frame

Time
Division
Multiplexer

MUXed Frame

Frame

Frames do not arrive at the same time.


SONET byte interleaves and does not wait for lagging
frames.
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

SONET Synchronous Payload Envelope


Overhead

Payload
90 Columns

H1 H2
J1
Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)
Part 1

STS-1
Frame 1

Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)


Part 2

STS-1
Frame 2

The synchronous payload envelope is allowed to extend


over two SONET frames
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

WDM Network Links

1, 2, 3 n

Optical Fibers in WDM Networks carry multiple


signals each with a distinct wavelength.
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

WDM Network Equipment

Wavelength
Multiplexer/
Demultiplexer
Combines optical
signals with
different
wavelengths into
one combined
optical signal

Reconfigurable
Add/Drop Multiplexer
Same as OADM but
we can change the
wavelengths to be
added or dropped.
Optical Add/Drop
Multiplexer
Adds or drops
wavelengths
from a WDM link

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

Wavelength Convertor
Changes the
wavelength of a signal

10

A Linear WDM Network

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

11

A WDM Ring

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

12

Data Communication Networks


Data communication networks typically do not
send real time data
As a result, packet switching is often used

OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

13

Circuit Switching
(Telecom Networks)
4 3 2 1

In

2 1
3
4

2 1
4 3

4 3 2 1

Out

When data is circuit switched a fixed path is


established for the duration of the transfer
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

14

Packet Switching
4 3 2 1

2 1

In
4

1 4 3 2

Out
4

When data is switched packet by packet,


individual packets (or frames) can follow
separate paths
OPTI 500, Spring 2011, Lecture 4, TDM, WDM Networks

15

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