Scribd
Upload
2K views12 pages

Computer Instructions and Its Types

The document describes different instruction formats used in computers. It explains that an instruction format consists of bits that define an operation like addition, subtraction etc. It then discusses three main instruction formats - memory reference, register reference and I/O reference instructions. For memory reference instructions, it provides details on how the bits are divided to specify the operation code and address. It also gives examples of common memory operations like AND, ADD, LOAD etc. and how they are encoded. Register and I/O reference instruction formats are also described similarly by specifying how the bit fields are divided to reference registers, I/O ports and define operations.

Uploaded by

Ashish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views12 pages

Computer Instructions and Its Types

The document describes different instruction formats used in computers. It explains that an instruction format consists of bits that define an operation like addition, subtraction etc. It then discusses three main instruction formats - memory reference, register reference and I/O reference instructions. For memory reference instructions, it provides details on how the bits are divided to specify the operation code and address. It also gives examples of common memory operations like AND, ADD, LOAD etc. and how they are encoded. Register and I/O reference instruction formats are also described similarly by specifying how the bit fields are divided to reference registers, I/O ports and define operations.

Uploaded by

Ashish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

COMPUTER INSTRUCTIONS

INSTRUCTION FORMAT

An instruction format or instruction code is a


group of bits used to perform a particular
operation on the data stored in computer.

Processor fetches an instruction from


memory and decodes the bits to execute
the instruction.

Different computers may have their own


instruction set.
2

INSTRUCTION FORMAT

Instruction code is divided into two


parts namely operation code and
address of data.

Operation code consisting group of


bits to define an operation such as
add, subtract, multiply etc.

INSTRUCTION FORMAT
In an instruction format:
First 12 bits (0-11) specify an address.
Next 3 bits specify operation code (opcode).
Left most bit specify the addressing mode I
I = 0 for direct address
I = 1 for indirect address

TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONS
The basic computer has three 16-bit
instruction code formats:
1.
2.
3.

Memory Reference Instructions


Register Reference Instructions
Input/Output Instructions

Memory Reference Instructions


In Memory reference instruction:
First 12 bits(0-11) specify an address.
Next 3 bits specify operation code (opcode).
Left most bit specify the addressing mode I
I = 0 for direct address
I = 1 for indirect address

(Opcode = 000 through 111)


6

Memory Reference Instructions


In Memory reference instruction:

first 12 bits (0-11) specify an address.


The address field is denoted by three xs (in hexadecimal
notation) and is equivalent to 12-bit address.
The last mode bit of the instruction represents by symbol I.
When I = 0, the last four bits of an instruction have a
hexadecimal digit equivalent from 0 to 6 since the last bit is
zero (0).
When I = 1 the last four bits of an instruction have a
hexadecimal digit equivalent from 8 to E since the last bit is
one (1).

Memory Reference Instructions


Hexadecimal code
Symbol

I=0

I=1

Description

AND

0xxx

8xxx

AND memory word to AC

ADD

1xxx

9xxx

ADD memory word to AC

LDA

2xxx

Axxx

LOAD Memory word to AC

STA

3xxx

Bxxx

Store

content

of

AC

in

memory
BUN

4xxx

Cxxx

Branch unconditionally

BSA

5xxx

Dxxx

Branch

and

save

return

address
ISZ

6xxx

Exxx

Increment and Skip if zero

Register Reference Instructions


In Register Reference Instruction:

First 12 bits (0-11) specify the register operation.


The next three bits equals to 111 specify opcode.
The last mode bit of the instruction is 0.
Therefore, left most 4 bits are always 0111 which is equal to
hexadecimal 7.

Register Reference Instructions


Symbol

Hexadecimal code

Description

CLA

7800

Clear AC

CLE

7400

Clear E

CMA

7200

Complement AC

CME

7100

Complement E

CIR

7080

Circulate right AC and E

CIL

7040

Circulate left AC and E

INC

7020

Increment AC

SPA

7010

Skip next instruction if AC positive

SNA

7008

Skip

next

instruction

is

AC

is

negative
SZA

7004

Skip next instruction is AC is 0

SZE

7002

Skip next instruction is E is 0

HLT

7001

Halt computer
10

I/O Reference Instructions


In I/O Reference Instruction:

First 12 bits (0-11) specify the I/O operation.


The next three bits equals to 111 specify opcode.
The last mode bit of the instruction is 1.
Therefore, left most 4 bits are always 1111 which is equal to
hexadecimal F.

11

I/O Reference Instructions


Symbol

Hexadecimal code

Description

INP

F800

Input character to AC

OUT

F400

Output character from AC

SKI

F200

Skip on input flag

SKO

F100

Skip on Output flag

ION

F080

Interrupt on

IOF

F040

Interrupt off

12

You might also like