BALUGA, BASA, ONG
Gland
Location
Hormone
Chemical Nature
Target Structure
Function
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
Anterior Pituitary
Base of the neck
Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)
Protein (Glycoprotein)
Thyroid gland
Increases thyroid
hormone secretion
(thyroxine and
triiodothyronine)
Hyperthyroidism,
Hypothyroidismmyxedema (adult)
Graves disease - high
metabolism, sweating,
rapid heartbeat, weight
loss
Exophthalmos - bulging
eyes
Adrenocorticotropic
(ACTH)
Polypeptide
Adrenal Cortex
Tropic hormone that
stimulates secretion of
adrenal cortex
Overstimulation of
adrenal cortex hormones
Chilled
Constipation
Goiter - enlarged thyroid
Cretinism (pre-adult) infant hypothyroidism
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone deficiency
Cushings Syndrome weight gain. thinning skin
that bruises easily
Follicle - Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Glycoprotein polypeptide
Glycoprotein
Follicles in Ovary
Promotes follicle
maturation
Under Stimulation of
adrenal cortex hormones
Seminiferous Tubules
Promotes sperm
production
Kallmann Syndrome failure to start/complete
puberty. Leads to
infertility.
Ovary
Promotes ovulation and
progesterone production
Infertility
Testis
Promotes testosterone
synthesis
Lutropin
Isolated FSH deficiency
bPartial Follicle
stimulating hormone
deficiency - delayed
puberty and limited sperm
production
Lack of sexual
development
Miscarriage
Sterility
Multiple births
Hypogonadism
Growth Hormone (GH)
Somatotrophic Hormone
Protein
Most tissues
Controls bone and tissue
growth and regulates
metabolism (influences
secretion of insulin-like
growth factor I from liver)
Gigantism (pre-adult)abnormally tall (~ 8ft)
Dwarfism (pre-adult)
Panhypopituitarism
Acromegaly (mature
adult) - abnormal growth
of hands, feet and face
Tend to feel tired that
impairs their well-being
BALUGA, BASA, ONG
Gland
Location
Hormone
Chemical Nature
Target Cells
Function
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
Anterior Pituitary
(continuation)
Base of neck
Prolactin (PRL)
Protein
Ovaries and Mammary
Glands
Development of
mammary glands
Prolactinoma - benign
pituitary tumor
Hypoprolactinemia
Milk synthesis
Hypoestrogenism with
anovulatory infertility
- menstruation without
ovulation
Testis
Increases sensitivity to
Lutein Hormone
Puerperal Alactogenesis inability to lactate
Infertility in males
Melanocyte-Stimulating
Hormone (MSH)
Posterior Pituitary
Base of the brain
Oxytocin
Peptide
Neuropeptide
Melanocytes
Increases melanin
production that makes
skin and hair
pigmentation darker
Dark Blotches
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Causes skin pigmentation
Albinism
Uterus
Increase uterine
contractions
Hyponatremia - loss of
sodium in kidneys
prolonged difficult labor
and delivery (uncertain)
Mammary glands
Increase milk letdown
inappropriate ejection of
milk in lactating women
Self- absorption
Below hypothalamus
Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH)
Peptide
Kidney Tubules
Gives females maternal
behavior
Abnormal mental status
Retains water
High blood-pressure
Lowers urine production
Meningitis
Decreased solute
concentration
Edema
Diabetes Insipidus inability to retain water
Vasopressin
Retain Water
Weight gain
Decreased solute
concentration
Thyroid
Anterior neck
Calcitonin
Polypeptide
Primarily bone
Decreases rate of bone
breakdown
Inferior to adams apple
Prevent large increase in
blood Calcium levels
following a meal
Possible hypercalcemia
Possible hypocalcemia
BALUGA, BASA, ONG
Gland
Location
Hormone
Chemical Nature
Target Cells
Function
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
Thyroid
(continuation)
Anterior neck
Thyroxine (T4)
Tyrosine
Most cells of the body
Triiodothyronine is the
active form of thyroxine
Hypothyroidism/
Myxedema
Inferior to adams apple
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Tyrosine
Thyrotoxicosis - can cause
goiter, menstrual
irregularities, increased
bowel movements
Graves disease
Increases metabolic rate
and body heat
Creatinism
Low metabolic rate
Increases number of
adrenaline receptors in
blood
Exophthalmos
Weight gain
Infertility
Parathyroid
Posterior to thyroid
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
Polypeptide
Skeleton
Regulates growth and
development
Memory fatigue
Regulates blood pressure
Muscle stiffness
Stimulates osteoclasts to
put more calcium in blood
Kidney
Parathormone
Intestines
Resorption of calcium by
kidneys
Activates vitamin D
Hyperparathyroidism depression of nervous
system -- abnormal
reflexes
Hypoparathyroidism - loss
of sensation
Weakness in skeletal
muscles
Can lead to
paralysis/death
Muscle twitch
Fragile bones
Kidney stones
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal glands on top of
each kidney
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
The cortex is the outer
part
Steroid
Kidneys; to lesser degree
Increase rate of potassium
excretion
Addisons Disease progressive anemia, low
blood pressure, great
weakness, and bronze
discoloration of the skin
Favor water retention
High potassium levels
Increase blood volume
reabsorption of sodium
Intestine
Sweat glands
Low sodium levels
Primary Aldosteronism fatigue, numbness,
headaches
Hypertension and edema
due to sodium and water
retention, accelerated
secretion of potassium
BALUGA, BASA, ONG
Gland
Location
Hormone
Chemical Nature
Target Cell
Function
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
Adrenal Cortex
(continuation)
Adrenal glands on top of
each kidney
Glucocorticoids
Steroid
Most tissues (e.g. liver,
fat, skeletal muscle,
immune tissue)
Increase fat and protein
breakdown
Addisons disease
Fatigue
Cushings Syndrome weight gain. thinning skin
that bruises easily
Dizziness upon standing
Lack of sex drive
Weightloss
Muscle weakness
Irregular periods
Cortisol
The cortex is the outer
part
Increase glucose synthesis
Increase blood nutrient
levels
Adrenal androgens
Steroid
Most tissues
Inhibit inflammation and
immune response
Darkening of skin regions
Increase female sexual
drive
Androgenital Syndrome masculinization of women
Growth of pubic and
axillary hair
Precocious puberty muscle atrophy and breast
growth in male
Low libido
Fatigue
Produce male sex
characteristics
Menopause
Infertility
Osteoporosis
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal glands on top of
each kidney
Epinephrine
Adrenaline
The medulla is the inner
region
Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline
Catecholamine
Heart
Blood vessels
Increases heart rate,
blood pressure, cardiac
output and glucose blood
levels
Liver
Fat cells
Pancreas
Sits across the back of the
abdomen
Addisons Disease progressive anemia, low
blood pressure, great
weakness, and bronze
discoloration of the skin
Cushings Syndrome weight gain. thinning skin
that bruises easily
Hypotension,
hypoglycemia,
dehydration
Hypertension,
hyperglycemia,
water-retention,
sweating, nervousness,
complete exhaustion
Glucagon
Peptide
Liver
Breaks down glycogen and
increases blood sugar
levels
Hyperglycemia - high
blood sugar
Hypoglycemia - low blood
sugar levels
Insulin
Peptide
Liver
Decreases blood sugar
level
Hypoglycemia
Diabetes Mellitus - high
blood sugar levels for a
long period (types 1&2)
Behind the stomach
Skeletal muscle
Adipose tissue
Increased protein
synthesis
Hyperglycemia
BALUGA, BASA, ONG
Gland
Location
Hormone
Chemical Nature
Target Cells
Function
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
Ovaries
Opposite ends of pelvic
wall
Estrogen
Steroid
Most tissues
Promote development
and maintenance of
female sexual
characteristics
Premature sexual
development (female)
Menopause
infertility
Each side of lower
abdomen
Lack of sexual
development (female)
Infertility
Osteoporosis
Progesterone
Uterus
Most tissues and organs
Prostaglandins
Steroid
Lipids
Most tissues
Most tissues
Act upon platelets,
endothelium, uterine and
mast cells
Testes
Inside the scrotum
Promote conditions
required for pregnancy
Acne
Fluid retention
Maintains placenta
Nausea
Increase breast
development
Risk of bone loss which
can cause osteoporosis
Sterility
Mediate inflammatory
responses
Increase uterine
contractions
Testosterone
Steroid made up of
cholesterol
Most tissues
Promotes development
and maintenance of male
sexual characteristics
Premature sexual
development (male);
Andropause - male
menopause
Muscle hypertrophy
XY Gonadal Dysgenesis child has insensitivity to
androgens thus the child
does not develop testes
and appears feminine
Lack of sexual
development (male)
Pineal
Deep within the center of
the brain
Melatonin
Antioxidant
Among others,
Hypothalamus
Inhibits secretion of
gonadotropin-releasing
hormone, thereby
inhibiting production
Excessive sleepiness
Jet-lagged feeling
Decreased reproductive
behaviour
Insomnia
Seasonal Affective
Disorder (SAD)
BALUGA, BASA, ONG
Gland
Location
Hormone
Chemical Nature
Target Cells
Function
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
Thymus
Supero-anterior part of
the the thoracic
Thymosins
Proteins
Immune Tissues
Promotes development of
immune system cells
Increase of dysfunctional
WBC (similar to Leukemia)
Depression of immune
system
WBC
Directly behind the
sternum
Lupus Erythematosus decreased immune
system
Between lungs
AIDS - destruction of WBC
