MACHINE THEORY
Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering
INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE DESIGN
Ignacio Valiente Blanco
Jos Luis Prez Daz
David Mauricio Alba Lucero
Efrn Dez Jimnez
Timm Lauri
Berit Sanders
Machine Definition
Machine - any mechanical or electrical device that
transmits or modifies energy to perform any type of
work
Historically, a machine required to have moving parts
to be classified as a machine
Nowadays, electronics technology has led to the
development of devices without moving parts that are
often referred as machines
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Machine Elements
Classification by working principle:
1. Mechanical components (bolts, nuts, shafts, gears,
clutches, bearings etc.)
2. Non-mechanical components (electrical, optical,
electronical etc.)
3. Combined components (sensors, engines,
converters etc.)
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Mechanical Components ( I )
Engine - converts heat or other forms of energy into
mechanical energy
Electric motor - transforms electrical
energy into mechanical energy
Heat engine - converts heat
energy into mechanical energy
Source: Wikipedia
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Mechanical Components ( II )
Power transmission - provides speed and torque
conversions from a rotating power source to another
device. Achieved by: Belt drive
Source: Wikipedia
Belt drives
Chain drives Gear train
Source: Wikipedia
Gear trains
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Mechanical Components ( III )
Fasteners and connectors - elements that
mechanically join or affix two or more objects
together
Classification:
Permanent fasteners (weldments, rivets)
Detachable fasteners (bolts, screws, pins, keys etc.)
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Mechanical Components ( IV )
Axles and shafts to support rotating elements in a
machine and fix their rotation axis
Axle can be fixed in position or rolle.
Source: Wikipedia
Drive shaft - mechanical component for transmitting
torque and rotation, used to connect other components of
a drive train
Source: Wikipedia
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Mechanical Components ( V )
Bearings - allow constrained relative motion between
two or more parts, typically rotation or linear
movement
Plain bearing - comprises just
a bearing surface and no rolling elements
Rolling-element bearing - permits relative
motion between two machine members
while minimizing frictional resistance
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Mechanical Components ( VI )
Clutches and couplings to connect shafts and to
transmit movement and torque
Clutch - allows connecting and disconnecting
the shafts during their operation
Source: Wikipedia
Coupling permanent connection between shafts,
does not allow disconnection of shafts
during their operation
Rotating coupling Beam coupling
Source: Wikipedia Source: Wikipedia
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Mechanical Components( VII )
Cams and followers
Cam an irregularly shaped element which
serves as a driving link and imparts motion to
a driven link called the follower.
Enables transformation of rotation to linear
motion or vice-versa.
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Mechanical Components ( VIII )
Brakes a machine element that inhibits
motion by absorbing kinetic energy
Disc Brake. Source: Wikipedia
Springs a machine element that stores
energy or provides a force over a distance
by elastic deflection
Spring. Source: Wikipedia
Power screws a machine element that
translates rotary motion into uniform
longitudinal motion
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Degrees of Freedom ( DOF )
The minimum number of independent parameters to define the
geometric configuration of a system in space
An element in space has 6 DOF:
3 translations.
3 rotations.
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Number of Degrees of Freedom
GRBLER equation (GRUEBLER):
f1 = n pairs 1 DOF
G = 3 ( N-1) - 2 f1 - f 2 f2 = n pairs 2 DOF
N = n of elements
If G>1 mechanism having G - DOF.
If G=1 desmodromic mechanism.
If G=0 statically determined structure.
If G<0 hyper-static structure.
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Kinematic Pairs
Kinematic pair - two contiguous members that are in
permanent contact and have a relative motion between them
Kinematic pairs are classified as:
Lower pair two links having a surface contact between
them
Higher pair two links having line or point contact between
them
Joint - guarantees the contact between
two members and constrains their relative
motion
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Classification of Kinematic Pairs by
Degrees of Freedom
0 DOF
4 DOF
2 DOF
1 DOF
5 DOF
3 DOF
x
y
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