METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES
IS – 1893 (part-1) -2002
Dr. G. P. Chandradhara
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore
Email: [email protected]
INDIAN STANDARDS FOR EARTHQUAKE DESIGN
• IS : 1893 –part -4 – 2002: Criteria For Earthquake Design
Of Structures
• IS : 4326 – 1976: Code Of Practice For Earthquake
Resistant Design And Construction
Of Buildings
• IS : 13920 – 1993: Code Of Practice For Ductile Detailing
Of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Subjected To Seismic Forces
• SP: 22 – Explanatory Handbook On Codes For
Earthquake Engineering
Response of structures during
earthquake depends on,
1. Natural frequencies of the structure (which is dependent
on Mass (M) and Stiffness (K)
2. Frequency content of earthquake
3. Amplitude of earthquake
4. Duration of earthquake
5. Ductility
6. Damping characteristics (energy dissipation capacity)
7. Structural integrity
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE
Structural Response depends on
Input motion
Structural Properties
Uncertainties in Input motion
• When and where the next earthquake
• On what fault ( location)
• On what magnitude
• Effect of travel path on shaking at a distance
• Effect of local geology, topography and soil profile
Earthquake Resistant Design Concept
S tr o n g M o tio n Z o n e
Level 1 Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE)
The most severe earthquake effects considered by this standard
500 Years Return Period
2 % Possibility of occurrence in 50 Yrs
Level 2 Design Basis Earthquake (DBE)
It is the earthquake which can reasonably be expected
to occur at least once during the design life of the structure
250 Years Return Period
10 % Possibility of occurrence in 50 Yrs
OBJECTIVES OF EQ RESISTANT ESIGN
Should the structure be designed to withstand
strong shaking without sustaining any damage
Such a construction will be too expensive
It may be more logical to accept some damage
in case of strong shaking
However, loss of life must be protected enen in
case of strong shaking.
OBJECTIVES OF EQ RESISTANT DESIGN
Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy
DBE – Max. EQ that can be expected to
experience at the site once during life time of
the structure. (DBE generally half of MCE)
Building
should resist minor earthquakes (<DBE)
with some non-structural damage
should resist moderate earthquake
(=DBE) with some structural damage, but
without failure
can fail at most severe earthquake
(=MCE), but with sufficient warning.
SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF INDIA
F=m *a
a = Z*g
Z = Zone Factor
F
SEISMIC ZONE MAP
The varying geology at different locations in the country
implies that the likelihood of damaging earthquakes
taking place at different locations is different.
Thus a seismic zoning map is essential so that the
structures located in different regions can be designed to
withstand different level of ground shaking.
The seismic zoning map is revised time to time based on
the experience gained over the past occurrences of
earthquakes.
CONCEPT OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM-1
Find Amax
Ü
Ü
t
Response of the Structure
Üg
Üg
t
Earthquake Accelerogram
It is a plot of the peak response (Velocity, Displacement
or Acceleration) w.r.t Period of SDOF system for a given
Accelerogram.
Concept of Response Spectrum -2
Find Response Amax in each case
a2, max a3, max
a1, max
Ü Ü
a, max
T1 T2 T3
Ü
g Üg T
t
f i 1 / 2 ki / m
Earthquake Accelerogram
Ti 1 / f 1
For various values of Period of SDOF structures, Find Peak
acceleration for the given input earthquake acceleration and plot
Response (acc) v/s Period
Response Spectrum IS : 1893 :2002
2.5
Rock or Hard Soil
Medium Soil
2.0 Soft Soil
1.5
Sa/g
1.0
0.5
Time Period (secs)
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Assumptions – EQRD Clause: 6.2
1. Resonance will not occur during earthquake as the
force is random & impulsive, not steady state.
2. Earthquake does not occur simultaneously with
maximum wind, flood or sea wave.
3. Static properties (modulii, strength etc.) represent
material behavior during earthquake.
METHODS OF FINDING THE EARTHQUAKE FORCES
1. Equivalent Lateral Force
(Static Force) Procedure
2. Dynamic Analysis
• Response Spectrum Method
• Time History Analysis
Equivalent static load procedure
The equivalent lateral force for an earthquake is a unique concept
used in earthquake engineering. The concept is attractive because it
converts a dynamic analysis into partly dynamic and partly static
analyses for finding the maximum displacement (or stresses)
induced in the structure due to earthquake excitation.
For seismic resistant design of structures, only these maximum
stresses are of interest, not the time history of stresses.
The equivalent lateral force for an earthquake is defined as a set of
lateral static forces which will produce the same peak response of
the structure as that obtained by the dynamic analysis of the
structure under the same earthquake.
This equivalence is restricted only to a single mode of vibration of
the structure
Basis of Equivalent Lateral Force
(Static Force) Procedure
VB = ma
VB = (W/g) a
VB = W (a/g)
VB = W Ah
Ah = Basic horizontal seismic coefficient
VB = Base shear
W = Total weight of the structure
a = Acceleration induced at the base during earthquake
g = Acceleration due to gravity
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD
Assumptions
VB = W Ah
• Assume that structure is rigid.
• Assume perfect fixity between structure and foundation.
• During ground motion every point on the structure
experience same accelerations
• Dominant effect of earthquake is equivalent to horizontal
force of varying magnitude over the height.
• Crudely determines the total horizontal force (Base
shear) on the structure
BASIS OF SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD
VB = W Ah
During an earthquake structure does not remain rigid, it deflects, thus base shear
is disturbed along the height.
Ah is modified to consider the following effects.
Natural period
Damping
Modal shapes
Types of structure and place(zone)
Subsoil conditions
Importance of the structure
CALCULATION OF SEISMIC FORCE-1
VB AhW
Z Sa I
Ah . .
2 g R
Z=Zone Factor
Ss/g = Spectral Acceleration taken from Response
Spectrum
I= Importance Factor
R=Ductility / Over-Strength Reduction Factor
Zone Factor & Multiplying Factor for Different Damping
VB AhW
Z Sa I
Ah . .
2 g R
Zone factor Z is for MCE
For DBE, it is Z/2
VALUES OF
IMPORTANCE
FACTOR - I
I- Importance factor, depending
upon functional use of the
structures, characterized by
hazardous consequences of its
failure, post-earthquake functional
needs, historical value , or
economic importance (Table 6)
Sl No Lateral Load Resisting System R
Building Frame Systems
Response 1 Ordinary RC moment Resisting frame (OMRF)2 3.0
Reduction 2 Special RC moment Resisting Frame (SMRF)3 5.0
Factor- R 3 Steel Frames with
a)Concentric Braces
4.0
5.0
b)Eccentric Braces
4 Steel Moment Resisting Frame Designed as per SP 6(6) 5.0
Buildings with Shear Walls4
Depends on the
perceived seismic 5 Load Bearing Masonry Wall Buildings5
a)Un-reinforced
1.5
2.5
damage performance b)Reinforced with Horizontal RC Bands 3.0
c)Reinforced with Horizontal RC Bands and Vertical bars
of the structure, At corners of rooms and jambs of openings
characterized by
ductile or brittle 6 Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls6 3.0
deformation 7 Ductile shear Walls7 4.0
However, the ratio Buildings with Dual Systems8
(I/R) shall not be
8 Ordinary Shear wall with OMRF 3.0
greater than 1.0
9 Ordinary Shear wall with SMRF 4.0
(Table 7). The values
of R for buildings are 10 Ductile Shear wall with OMRF 4.5
given in Table 7. 11 Ductile Shear wall with SMRF 5.0
EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR CALCULATION OF
NATURAL PERIOD
0.75
Ta 0.075h for RC frame buildings
0.75
Ta 0.085h for Steel frame buildings
h
Ta 0.09 for all other buildings, moment resisting
d frames with Brick In-fill Panels
Response Spectrum IS : 1893 :2002
2.5
Rock or Hard Soil
Medium Soil
2.0 Soft Soil
VB AhW
1.5
Z Sa I
Sa/g
Ah . .
1.0 2 g R
0.5
Time Period (secs)
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
DISTRIBUTION OF BASE SHEAR
2
Wi h i
Q i VB n
2
Wh
1
i i
Qi – Design lateral force at floor i
Wi – Seismic Weight of floor i ( DL + LL)
hi - Height of floor i measured from base
n - Number of storey in the building
(LL = 30% of Normal Live Load ) < 3 kN/m2)
(LL = 50% of Normal Live Load) > 3 kN/m2)
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD
Distribution of forces along the storey Wi h i2
Q i VB n
2
i i
1
W h
Q4 W4 Q4
Q4
Q3 W3 Q3
Q3
Q2 W2 Q2
Q2
hi
Q1 W1 Q1
Q1
VB
Frame Forces on storey level Shear distribution
DAMPING RATIO FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
• STEEL STRUCTURE - 2-5%
•CONCRETE STRUCTURE- 5-10%
•BRICK STRUCTURE - 5-10%
•TIMBER STRUCTURE - 2-5%
•EARTHEN STRUCTURE - 10-30%
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
1. RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD
VB AhW
Z Sa I
Ah . .
2 g R
• Here Period and mode shapes of the structure are obtained
using free vibration analysis not from Empirical formula
• (Sa / g ) is obtained from the same response chart for all the modes separately
Distribution of forces at various story's is carried out using
mode shape, Participation Factors etc.
Response quantities ( BM, SF etc. ) are combined using
CQC Complete Quadratic combination
MODE SHAPES OF OSCILLATION OF BUILDINGS
i
Frame Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
Lateral forces are found by superimposition of the
Forces resulting from each mode
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
2. TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
Displacement
Time
Acceleration
a(t)
Time
Obtain the design parameters by giving the actual Earthquake excitation
Over-riding of Response Parameters
Computed From Analysis
Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the time
history method or by the response spectrum method.
If base shear
VB < VB 1
R. S. Method Seismic coefficient method
All response quantities obtained in RSM ( for example
member forces, displacements, storey forces, storey shears
and base reactions ) shall be multiplied by VB 1 / VB .
COMPARISION OF PSEUDO STATIC ANALYSIS AND
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Q3
Q2 Obtain Q1—Q3 using SCM or RSM
•Analyse the frame to obtain design
Q1 BM & SF in SCM
• Analyse the frame to obtain BM & SF
Responses are combined as per CQC
method in RSM
Directly we get design BM & SF in
Dynamic analysis.
a
t
a(t)
CHOICE OF METHOD FOR MULTISTORIED BUILDING
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR
MATERIALS
•CONCRETE - 1.5
•STEEL - 1.15
LOADS
• 1.5(DL + LL)
• 1.2(DL + LL EQ/WL)
• 1.5(DL EQ/WL)
• 0.9DL 1.5EQ/WL
LL = 25% OF THE NORMAL LIVE LOAD
DESIGN MOMENTS IN MEMBERS-1
A B
C
1. 1.5(DL + LL)
2. 1.2(DL + LL + EQ/WL)
3. 1.2(DL + LL - EQ/WL)
4. 1.5(DL + EQ/WL)
5. 1.5(DL - EQ/WL)
6. 0.9DL + 1.5EQ/WL
7. 0.9DL - 1.5EQ/WL
DESIGN MOMENTS IN MEMBERS-2 ( Ex.)
A B
C
End A Cent- C End-B
Loading
Loading-1 -60 +40 -70
Loading-2 +25 +35 -85
Loading-3 -80 +30 +20
Loading-4 +10 +35 -80
Loading-5 -70 +35 -15
Loading-6 +15 +20 -65
Loading-7 -60 +20 +10
Design mom. -80/+25 +40 -85/ +20
