bandwidth
- 1) In computer networks, bandwidth is often used as a synonym for data transfer rate -
the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a given time period (usually a
second). This kind of bandwidth is usually expressed in bits (of data) per second (bps).
Occasionally, it's expressed as bytes per second (Bps).
2) In electronic communication, bandwidth is the width of the range (or band) of frequencies that an
electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium. In this usage, bandwidth is expressed in terms of
the difference between the highest-frequency signal component and the lowest-frequency signal
component. Since the frequency of a signal is measured in hertz (the number of cycles of change per
second), a given bandwidth is the difference in hertz between the highest frequency the signal uses and
the lowest frequency it uses. A typical voice signal has a bandwidth of approximately three kilohertz (3
kHz); an analog television (TV) broadcast video signal has a bandwidth of six megahertz (6 MHz) -- some
2,000 times as wide as the voice signal.
Bandwidth has several related meanings:
Bandwidth (computing) or digital bandwidth: a rate of data transfer, throughput or bit
rate, measured in bits per second (bps)
Bandwidth (signal processing) or analog bandwidth, frequency bandwidth or radio
bandwidth: a measure of the width of a range of frequencies, measured in hertz
Ethernet
- Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network ( LAN) technology. Specified in a
standard, IEEE 802.3, Ethernet was originally developed by Xerox from an earlier specification called
Alohanet (for the Palo Alto Research Center Aloha network) and then developed further by Xerox, DEC,
and Intel. An Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires. Ethernet is
also used in wireless LANs. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems are called 10BASE-T and
provide transmission speeds up to 10 Mbps.
Simple Network Management Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a UDP-based network protocol. It is used mostly in
network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant
administrative attention. SNMP is a component of the Internet Protocol Suite as defined by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF). It consists of a set of standards for network management, including an
application layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects.[1]
SNMP exposes management data in the form of variables on the managed systems, which describe the
system co
File Transfer Protocol
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one host to another
over a TCP/IP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes
separate control and data connections between the client and server applications, which solves the
problem of different end host configurations (i.e., Operating System, file names). [1] FTP is used with user-
based password authentication or with anonymous user access.
Applications were originally interactive command-line tools with a standardized command syntax, but
graphical user interfaces have been developed for all desktop operating systems in use today
ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol
Protocol suite: TCP/IP.
Protocol type: Transport layer control protocol.
IP Protocol: 1.
MIME subtype:
SNMP MIBs: iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.icmp (1.3.6.1.2.1.5).
Working groups: itrace, ICMP Traceback.
Links: IANA: ICMP parameters.
RFC 792, page 2:
ICMP messages are sent in several situations: for example, when a datagram cannot reach its
destination, when the gateway does not have the buffering capacity to forward a datagram, and when
the gateway can direct the host to send traffic on a shorter route. The Internet Protocol is not designed
to be absolutely reliable. The purpose of these control messages is to provide feedback about problems
in the communication environment, not to make IP reliable. There are still no guarantees that a
datagram will be delivered or a control message will be returned. Some datagrams may still be
undelivered without any report of their loss. The higher level protocols that use IP must implement their
own reliability procedures if reliable communication is required. The ICMP messages typically report
errors in the processing of datagrams. To avoid the infinite regress of messages about messages etc., no
ICMP messages are sent about ICMP messages.
IP implementations are required to support this protocol. ICMP is considered an integral part of IP,
although it is architecturally layered upon IP. ICMP provides error reporting, flow control and first-hop
gateway redirection.
Protocol data unit
telecommunications, the term Protocol Data Unit (PDU) has the following meanings:
1. Information that is delivered as a unit among peer entities of a network and that may contain
control information, address information, or data.
2. In a layered system, a unit of data which is specified in a protocol of a given layer and which
consists of protocol-control information and possibly user data of that layer. For example:
Bridge PDU or iSCSI PDU[1]
PDUs are relevant in relation to each of the first 4 layers of the OSI model as follows:
1. The Layer 1 (Physical Layer) PDU is the bit
2. The Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) PDU is the frame
3. The Layer 3 (Network Layer) PDU is the packet
4. The Layer 4 (Transport Layer) PDU is the segment (e.g. TCP segment)
(Layer 5 and above are referred to as data.)
Given a context pertaining to a specific layer, PDU is sometimes used as a synonym for its representation
at that layer.
