Chapter

8: Bone LAGRAMA | 3B7

Bone Ø Resorption lacunae (Howship lacunae) –
Ø A specialized connective tissue composed of enzymatically etched depressions or cavities in the
calcified extracellular material (bone matrix) matrix
Ø Three major cell types: Ø In an active osteoclast the membrane domain
1. Osteocytes contacts the bone forms a circular sealing zone
o Found in cavities (lacunae) between bone which binds the cell tightly to the bone matrix and
matrix layers (lamellae), with cytoplasmic surround an area with many surface projections
processes in small canaliculi that extend (ruffled border)
into the matrix
2. Osteoblasts Bone Matrix
o Growing cells which synthesize and secrete Ø About 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix is
organic components of the matrix inorganic materials
3. Osteoclasts Ø Calcium hydroxyapatite is most abundant
o Giant, multinucleated cells involved in Ø Significant quantities of noncrytalline calcium
removing calcified bone matrix and phosphate also present
remodeling bone tissue Ø The organic matter embedded in the calcified
Ø Osteogenic cells: matrix is 90% type I collage, but also includes
o Endosteum – internal surface mostly small proteoglycans and multiadhesive
surrounding the marrow cavity glycoproteins such as osteonectin
o Periosteum – external surface

Periosteum & Endosteum
Bone Cells Periosteum
Osteoblasts Ø Organized much like the perichondrium of
Ø Produce the organic components of bone matrix: cartilage, with an outer fibrous layer of dense
a. Type I collagen fibers connective tissues, containing mostly bundled type
b. Proteoglycans I collagen but also fibroblasts and blood vessels
c. Matricellular glycoproteins such as osteonectin Ø Perforating (Sharpey) fibers – bundles of
Ø Active osteoblasts are located exclusively at the periosteal collagen; penetrate the bone matrix and
surfaces of the bone matrix, to which they are bind the Periosteum to the bone
bound by integrins Ø Osteoprogenitor cells – osteoblasts, bone lining
Ø When synthetic activity is completed, some cells and mesenchymal stem cells
differentiate as osteocytes entrapped in matrix- Endosteum
bound lacunae Ø Covers small trabeculae of bony matrix that project
Ø Some flatten and cover the matrix as bone lining into the marrow cavities
cells Ø Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and
Ø Majority undergo apoptosis bone lining cells but within a sparse, delicate
Ø Osteoid – a layer of unique collagen-rich material matrix of collagen fibers
between the osteoblast layer and the preexisting
bone surface Types of Bone
Ø Osteocalcin – a vitamin K-dependent polypeptide Compact (cortical) bone
which together with various glycoproteins binds Ø Represents 80% of the total bone mass
Ca2+ ions and concentrates this mineral locally Ø Location: Thick, outer region (beneath periosteum)
Ø Matrix vesicles – serve as foci for the formation of of bone
hydroxyapatite crystals (first visible step in Ø Features: Parallel lamellae or densely packed
calcification) osteons, with interstitial lamellae
Osteocytes Cancellous (trabecular) bone
Ø Enclosed singly within lacunae spaced throughout Ø Constituting about 20% of total bone mass
the mineralized matrix Ø Location: Inner region of bones, adjacent to marrow
Ø Almond-shaped osteocytes exhibit significantly less cavities
RER, smaller Golgi complexes and more condensed Ø Features: Interconnected thin spicules or
nuclear chromatin that osteoblast trabeculae covered by endosteum
Ø Maintain the calcified matrix Long Bone
Osteoclasts Ø Epiphyses
Ø Very large, motile cells with multiple nuclei which o Bulbous ends
are essential for matrix resorption during bone o Composed of Cancellous bone covered by a thin
growth and remodeling layer of compact cortical bone
Ø Development requires two polypeptides produced Ø Diaphysis
by osteoblasts: o Cylindrical part
1. Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) o Almost totally dense compact bone, with a thin
2. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand region of cancellous bone on the inner surface
(RANKL) around the central marrow cavity
 Chapter 8: Bone LAGRAMA | 3B7

Short bones Ø Mesenchymal regions that do not undergo
Ø Have cores of cancellous bone surrounded ossification give rise to the endosteum and the
completely by compact bone periosteum of the new bone
Flat bones Endochondral ossification
Ø Form the calvaria (skullcap) have two layers of Ø A preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded
compact bone (plates), separated by a thicker layer and invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin
of cancellous bone (diploe) osteoid production
Lamellar bone Ø Forms most bones of the body
Ø Remodeled from woven bone Ø Ossification first occurs within a bone collar
Ø Location: All normal regions of adult bone produced by osteoblasts that differentiate within
Ø Features: Parallel bundles of collagen in thins perichondrium around the cartilage model
layers (lamellae), with regularly spaced cell diaphysis
between; heavily calcified Ø The remnants of calcified cartilage are basophilic
Ø Lamellae – organized as parallel sheets or and the new bone is more acidophilic
concentrically around a central canal Ø Primary ossification center – forms in the
Ø Between successive lamellae are lacunae, each with diaphysis, beginning in many embryonic bones as
one osteocyte, all interconnected by the canaliculi early as the first trimester
containing the cells’ dendritic processes Ø Secondary ossification center – appear later at
Ø Osteon (Haversian system) – the complex of the epiphyses of the cartilage model
concentric lamellae; surrounds a central canal that Ø Both primary and secondary ossification centers
contains small blood vessels, nerves and endosteum produce cavities that are gradually filled with bone
Ø Cement line – outer boundary of each osteon marrow and trabeculae of cancellous bones
which includes many more noncollagen protein in Ø Two regions of cartilage:
addition to mineral and collagen 1. Articular cartilage
Ø Canals communicated with one another through o Within the joints between long bones
transverse perforating canals (Volkmann canals) o Normally persists through adult life
which have, few, if any, concentric lamellae 2. Epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal plate or
Ø Interstitial lamellae – irregularly shaped groups growth plate)
of parallel lamellae; these are lamellae remaining o Connects each epiphysis to the diaphysis
from osteons partially destroyed by osteoclasts o Allows longitudinal bone growth
during growth and remodeling of bone o Disappears upon completion of bone
Ø Bone remodeling – occurs continuously development at adulthood
throughout life; in compact bone, resorbs parts of Ø Epiphyseal growth plate zones of activity: (from
old osteons and produces new one epiphysis to diaphysis)
Woven bone 1. Zone of reserve (resting) cartilage
Ø Newly calcified o Composed of typical hyaline cartilage
Ø Location: Developing and growing bones; hard 2. Proliferative zone
callus of bone fractures o Cartilage cells divide repeatedly and
Ø Features: Irregular and random arrangement of secrete more type II collagen and
cells and collagen; lightly calcified proteoglycans
Ø First bone tissue to appear in embryonic o Become organized into columns parallel to
development and fracture repair the long axis of the bone
Ø Usually temporary and is replaced in adults by 3. Zone of hypertrophy
lamellar bone o Contains swollen, terminally differentiated
Ø Has low mineral content and a higher proportion of chondrocytes which compress the matrix
osteocytes than mature lamellar bone into aligned spicules and stiffen it by
secretion of type X collagen
Osteogenesis o In developing (or fractured) bone, type X
Ø Bone development collagen limits diffusion in the matrix and
Intramembranous ossification with growth factors promotes
Ø Osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme vascularization from the adjacent primary
and begin secreting osteoid ossification center
Ø Most flat bones begin to form, takes place within 4. Zone of calcified cartilage
condensed sheets of embryonic mesenchymal tissue o Chondrocytes about to undergo apoptosis
Ø Ossification center – areas in which release matrix vesicles and osteocalcin to
osteoprogenitor cells arise, proliferate and form begin matrix calcification by formation of
incomplete layers of osteoblast around a network of hydroxyapatite crystals
developing capillaries 5. Zone of ossification
Ø Osteoid secreted by osteoblasts calcifies forming o Bone tissue first appear
small irregular areas of woven bone with osteocytes o Capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells
in lacunae and canaliculi invade the now vacant chondrocytic
lacunae
 Chapter 8: Bone LAGRAMA | 3B7

Appositional growth 3. Symphyses
Ø Activity of osteoblasts developing from the o Have a thick pad of fibrocartilage between
osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum the thin articular cartilage covering the
Ø Begins with formation of the bone collar on the ends of the bone
cartilaginous diaphysis o Occur in the midline of the body
Intervertebral discs
Bone remodeling & repair Ø Large symphyses between the articular surfaces of
Ø The rate of bone turnover is very active in young successive bony vertebral bodies
children, where it can be 200 times faster than that Ø Annulus fibrosus – outer portion; consisting of
of adults concentric fibrocartilage laminae in which collagen
Ø Bone remodeling involves the coordinated, bundles are arranged orthogonally in adjacent
localized cellular activities for bone resorption and layers
bone formation Ø Nucleus pulposus
Ø Bone repair after a fracture or other damage uses o A gel-like body in the center of the annulus
cells, signaling molecules and processes already fibrosus that allows each disc to function
active in bone remodeling as a shock absorber
Ø The major phases that occur typically during bone o Consists of a viscous fluid matrix rich in
fracture repair include initial formation of hyaluronan and type II collagen fibers
fibrocartilage and its replacement with a temporary o Large in children, but gradually become
callus of woven bone smaller with age and are partially replaced
by fibrocartilage
Diarthroses
Metabolic role of bone Ø Permit free bone movement
Ø The skeleton serves as the calcium reservoir, Ø Unite long bones and allow great mobility
containing 99% of the body’s total calcium in Ø Ligaments and a capsule of dense connective tissue
hydroxyapatite crystals maintain proper alignment of the bones
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Ø Capsule encloses a sealed joint cavity containing
Ø From the parathyroid glands a clear, viscous liquid called synovial fluid
Ø Raises low blood calcium levels by stimulating (lubricates joint)
osteoclasts and osteocytes to resorb bone matrix Ø Synovial membrane – a specialized connective
and release Ca2+ tissues that lines the joint cavity; extends fold and
Ø PTH effect on osteoclasts is indirect villi into the joint cavity and produces the lubricant
Ø PTH receptors occur on osteoblasts, which respond synovial fluid; superficial regions are usually well
by secreting RANKL and other paracrine factors vascularized
that stimulate osteoclast formation and activity Ø Two specialized cells in synovial membrane:
Calcitonin 1. Macrophage-like synovial cells (type A
Ø Produce within the thyroid gland cells)
Ø Can reduce elevated blood calcium levels by o Derived from blood monocytes
opposing the effect of PTH in bone o Remove wear-and-tear debris from the
Ø Directly targets osteoclasts to slow matrix synovial fluid
resorption and bone turnover o Represent approximately 25% of the cells
lining the synovium
Joints o Important in regulating inflammatory
Joints events within diarthrotic joints
Ø Regions where adjacent bones are capped and held 2. Fibroblastic synovial cells (type B cells)
together firmly by other connective tissues o Produce abundant hyaluronan and smaller
Synarthroses amounts of proteoglycans
Ø Allow very limited or no movement and are o Transported by water from the capillaries
subdivided into fibrous and cartilaginous joint into the joint cavity to from the synovial
Ø Major subtypes of Synarthroses: fluid reducing friction on all internal
1. Synostoses surfaces and supplies nutrients and
o Bones linked to other bones and allow oxygen to the articular cartilage
essentially no movement
o In older adults synostoses unite skull v Collagen fibers of the hyaline articular cartilage
bones, which in children and young adults are disposed as arches with their tops near the
are held together by sutures, or thin layers exposed surface which is not covered by
of dense connective tissue with osteogenic perichondrium
cells
2. Syndesmoses
o Join bones by dense connective tissue only
o Ex. Interosseous ligament of the inferior
tibiofibular joint & posterior region of the
sacroiliac joints