University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

Senior High School

Calamba Campus

IMPACT OF GROWING FASTFOOD INDUSTRY TO

OBESITY POPULATION

A Thesis
Presented to
The Senior High School Department
University of Perpetual Help
Calamba Campus

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Senior High School Department

By

GABRIEL C. GECOLEA
IVAN PAUL C. GONZALES
JOHN NICOLE S. GONZALES
MAUI STEPHANIE G. MEJICO
ARVIN C. NAMIA
KRISTEL M. PLATON
PATRICIA MAY S. TORRES

January 2019
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2
CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the problem understudy including the introduction,

background of the study, theoretical framework, conceptual framework,

statement of the problem, research questions, significance of the study, scope

and limits of the study, definition of terms, review of related literature and

Studies.

Introduction

Obesity can begin at a very young age. Many children in our society

are overweight, setting themselves up for serious health problems later in

life that’s why the fast food industry increased as the consumers wants to

buy of what they want as well and many of them experience of being obese

in our society. Eating a fast foods can contributes you for being an obese

and as the number of population who buy fast foods in restaurants increases

the growing fast food industry as well increases. Obesity in the world wide

trends are increasing and well recognized as it is the focus of the World

Health Organization (WHO).

In recent survey, it discovered that 21% of adults and 44.3% of adults

over the age of 60 were hypertensive due to obesity as a risk factor for the
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diseases, thus research is needed to identify the factors responsible for the 3
fast food restaurant to blame for the rapid and trends in obesity prevalence

in the Philippines undergoing in rapid development. The main objective of

the study is to know if fast food restaurant is the cause for obesity.

Background of the Study

Along with the fast changing lifestyle, nowadays eating habit is

becoming a part of modern lifestyle which has been customers trying new

things. These changes may led fast food industry to grow rapidly and

become one of the fastest growing business sectors. . A fast food refers to

a type of restaurant that offers quick services and affordable food. This

successful industry has transformed the landscape of Filipinos diet and

culture. Buying of fast food has now become an everyday routine for most

people, especially for middle class earners engaged in productive activities.

According to the 1994 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC)

handbook, fast food services are classified under class 55210 restaurants,

cafes and fast food centers.

This classification comprises all activities concerned with the sale of

prepared foods and drinks for immediate consumption in the premises such

as restaurants, cafes. Lunch counters, and fast food outlets. It also

concerned with take- out operation activities which includes drive thru

option.
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Chronic food shortage and malnutrition have been the source of 4

humankind from the dawn of history. The current worldwide epidemic of

obesity now recognized as a public health crisis. Obesity most often occurs

when a person consistently eats more calories than he burns, and his body

stores the excess energy as fat. Some of the same environmental factors

that caused obesity to rise in industrialized countries have now affected

developing nations. Early in the 20th century, obesity was mostly problem in

first world countries of Europe and the United states. In 1997, though the

world health organization recognized obesity as a global epidemic as rates

rose in countries such as Mexico, Brazil, and China. And Thailand.

The researchers will conduct this study to determine the relationship

between fast food eater and fast food restaurant to blame obesity. They

have purpose in conducting chosen it as their focus the study for growing

fast food industry to obesity population. The researcher found out that where

the study has started from, which body mass index is. In the last decades,

there have been substantial increases in mean body weight in wealthy

countries. Fast food has can be causes that growing industry about

population of obesity that people dietary problems. It is increasingly that the

consumption of ultra- processed foods and that is fast food.

Fast food is the most outlet industry that their service has quickly and

sold through the restaurant that can effect of being obesity. Thus, body mass
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index can be known about their weight and health through the people 5
keeping increasing and growing to the fast food.

Theoretical Framework

Fat-Stat Theory

According to William Bennett, M.D., people are programmed to

accumulate a certain amount of body fat and eat enough to maintain the

level of fat determined by a hypothetical "set point" mechanism. Treatment,

using this theory, focuses on environmental influences that might affect the

level of the set point mechanism, such as physical activity, high fat content

in the diet, etc. The set point is, in turn, set by certain genetic and

environmental influences.

This theory is incompatible with the overeating hypothesis because it

suggests that in the long haul the body focuses on fat stores, not food intake.

It is potentially compatible with some pica theories, but it also explains how

normal weight is maintained by people who give no thought to how much

they eat.
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Fat Cell Theory 6

Fat Cell Theory has been popular in medical fields for more than 30

years. The idea behind the theory is that each body is programmed to have

a basic set number of cells. Fat cell theory shows that during growth, fat

cells increase in number. When energy intake exceeds expenditure, fat cells

increase in size. When fat cells have reached their maximum size and

energy intake continues to exceed energy expenditure, fat cells increase in

number again. When fat loss, the size of the fat cells shrinks, but not the

number.

The theory states that the creation of new fat cells is far easier than

losing old ones, a fact that plays an important role in adult weight loss.

Theory of Planned Behaviour and Obesity

A study by Kassem et al, (2003) identified factors that influence

regular soda consumption among 707 female students aged 13-18 years,

attending North Los Angeles Country Public Schools. Participants

completed a group-administered Theory of Planned Behaviour- based

questionnaire.Attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control

had statistically significant positive association with intention and were each

significant predictors of intention to drink regular soda and together

explained 64% of its variance.

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The strongest predictor was attitude, followed by perceived 7

behavioural control and subjective norm. the results suggest that efforts to

reduce soda consumption should include parents and friends. It is also

important that soda should not be excessively available at home or widely

accessible to teenagers at schools. Healthy eating messages for

adolescents need to be developed and incorporated into existing and future

campaigns to reinforce the perception that there are other healthier drinks

that quench thirst and taste good as well.

Conceptual Framework

No. of Fast
food chain No. of
Obesity
Cases

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

The above figure shows the conceptual framework of the study.

Based on the figure, the researchers seeks to determine if there is a direct

relationship between the fast growing fast food industry to the population

of obesity cases. Based on the previous studies, it has been observed that

obesity grows of fast food chain industry continually grows.

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Statement of the Problem 8

This study focuses on determining the impact of fast food industry

toward obesity population. On the past decades cases of diseased has

been recorded due to obesity. It has been observed that as fast food chain

industry grows, obesity cases also increased.

Research Questions

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1.) What is the obesity population of the Philippines?

2.) What is the fast food chain population in the Philippines?

3.) Is there significant relationship between obesity and fast food chain

population?

Significance of the Study

Obese people. This study may help them to be able to know if it

is a fast food or it is their eating habits was the reason of their obesity.

This may also encourage them to change their lifestyle concerning the

food they eat.

Students. They could learn and get some ideas about the

obesity population.

Future researcher. This study helps them to gather information and

used this as a guide.
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Scope and Limits of the Study 9

This study focuses on determining the relationship between fast

food Industry to obesity cases. The researchers will look up into the

population of fast food industry to obesity population. In conducting the

study, the researchers will make use of secondary data as the main

instrument of the study.

Definition of Terms

The following are the terms and its definitions found in the study which

are conceptual defined for deeper understanding about its context:

Adolescence – is a transitional stage of physical and

psychological development that generally occurs during the period from

puberty to legal adulthood. (Guasing,2015)

Body Mass Index (BMI) – is a value derived from the mass and

height of an individual and the square of the body height. (Foster, 2011)

Calories – a unit of heat used to indicate the amount of energy

that foods will produce in the human body. (Brettman,2013)

Comprise-to be a member or to be a part of something.

Emotional Eating- is defined as overeating in order to relieve

negative emotions and it is considered a maladaptive coping strategy.

(Raccend, 2016)
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Ethnicity- is a category of people who identify with each other 10

based on similarities such as common ancestry,

language,history,society, and culture. (Fugo,2014)

Fast Food- relating to, or specializing in food that can be

prepared and served quickly with little consideration given to quality or

significance. (Fugo, 2014)

Hypertensive- having abnormally high

pressure.(Schruman,2012)

Malnutrition- a condition that results from eating a diet in which

one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much that the

diet cause health problems (Patterno,2016)

Nutrition- the process of eating the right kind of food so you can

grow properly and be healthy. (Foster, 2011)

Obese- very fat in a way that he/she is unhealthy. (Foster, 2012)

Obesity- is a medical condition in which excess body fats has

accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on

health.(Schruman,2015)

Overweight- is having more body than is optimally health. Being

overweight especially common where food supplies are plentiful and

lifestyle are sedentary. (Foster, 2012)

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Patronage- the money or support given by a person or group of 11

people. (Raccend,2013)

Prevalence- the number of population with a disease.

(Foster, 2011)

Relevant- to be related or connected to what is being

done.(Fugo, 2014)

Restaurant- a place where you can buy and eat a meal.

(Raccend, 2014)

Socioeconomic - the relation between the social and economic

refers to economy. (Patterno, 2011)

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES 12

This chapter presents the literature and studies conducted in the

past that may support the present study.

Related Literatures

This US study found that obesity rates correlated with the number of

fast food outlets and were inversely correlated with the number of full service

restaurants. They concluded that a higher density of fast food outlets was

associated with a five per cent increase in obesity risk. Mehta and Chang

(2008).

This US study found that close proximity (0.1 miles) to a fast food outlet

increased childhood obesity risk but the same proximity to a full service

restaurant reduced it. There was a statistically significant association (at

95%) between fast food outlet proximity of 0.5 miles and obesity risk, but

not at 0.25 miles or one mile. The study conducted by Mellor et al. (2011).

Kruger et al. (2014) This American study found that fast-food outlet

density was associated with higher BMIs and lower fruit and vegetable

consumption: ‘For every standard deviation (SD) increase in fast-food

concentration, BMI increased by 9% of a SD.’ The authors describe this as

‘a statistically small effect. Chiang et al. (2011)

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This study of schoolchildren in Taiwan found that the density of fast 13

food outlets was associated with higher BMIs among boys, but not girls.

Conversely, and rather oddly, it found that density of fast food outlets was

associated with greater height in girls, but not boys. Jilcott et al. (2011)

The study conducted by Jilcott et al. (2011). The association between

the food environment and weight status among eastern North Carolina

youth. Public Health Nutrition This study of 8 to 18 year olds in North

Carolina found a positive association between BMI and the density of fast

food outlets near the home, but the authors ‘did not find hypothesised

negative associations between proximity to the closest fast-food restaurant

and BMI percentile.

According to Dunn et al. (2012) This study of residents of a

predominantly rural part of Texas found that increased availability of fast-

food near the residence of white respondents does not increase fast-food

consumption or obesity risk’, but ‘[g]reater availability of fast-food is

positively associated with both the number of meals consumed among non-

whites residents and their obesity risk.

Dr. Lee Kaplan, in his lecture at the recently concluded Postgraduate

Course in Endocrinology (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA)

described obesity as a very common and growing problem, with a complex

physiology and clinically heterogenous picture, resistant to treatment as well

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as frustrating to manage. It should be a global health problem priority since 14

it is associated with multiple endocrine and metabolic disturbances.

The complications of obesity, as summarized by Kaplan, are

metabolic, structural, inflammatory, degenerative, neoplastic, psychological

and is associated with 60 medical syndromes and 12 different types of

cancer

Adair in 2004, working in Metro Cebu, saw the prevalence of

overweight and obesity increase nearly 6 fold from about 6% in 1983 to 1984

to 35% in 1998 to 1999. Weight gain was positively associated with urban

residence, improved socioeconomic status, fewer pregnancies and months

of lactation, and more “away from home” work hours. The risk of

hypertension was independently elevated by high waist-hip ratio and

overweight/obesity.

Sy et al,2% took up the prevalence studies from 1993 to 2008. The

rise continued - about 3.4% of their studied population being obese (BMI

greater than 30 kg/m2) in 1993 and climbing to 5.2% in 2008. On the other

hand, the overweight subjects in their study population rose from 15.2% to

21.4% in the same period.

According to Dr. Kelly Brownell, PhD, an expert on American diet and

health, a study was conducted with the Pima Indians who live both in Mexico

and Arizona. It was found that those Pima Indians who live in Arizona have
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much higher rates of obesity than their counterparts in Mexico, even though 15
both groups of people have the same genetic and ethnic background. This

is also true for many migrants of the US who have a much higher obesity

rate than their relatives back home.

According to Rosalyn Allyn G. Sy, obesity was barely recognized as a

problem in the Philippines in the early part of the 90's; surely not because it

is non-existent in this part of the world but because doctors & other health

providers show not much interest in this issue.

In 1994, the Philippine Association for the study of Overweight and

Obesity (PASOO) was organized to address the growing global problem of

this condition which has been noted to affect the Filipino people. One of the

projects of PASOO was to look into the prevalence of obesity in medical

practice. Through the generous grant & support from Server,Philippines, Dr.

Augusto D. Litonjua, president of PASOO, together with the officers and

board of directors of the association was able to ask the help of randomly

selected 164 general practitioners nationwide to participate in our survey

questionaire & project. A total of 1220 patients was included in the study

which extended from April 1996 to Dec. 1998. Using the IOTF-WHO

classification of obesity, the study showed that the prevalence of obesity in

medical practice in the 10 Philippines is 21%, while 25% of consulting

patients are overweight. Unfortunately, only 4 % of the subjects included

consulted because of their weight problem & 96% consulted for other
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reasons. For those who recognized their weight problem, only 8 % of these 16
subjects were doing something about it while 64% are not concerned and

28% did not give any answer.

Synthesis

This study is about the impact of growing fast food industry to

obesity population. It focus on how restaurants contributes to the population

and also for obese. However, the cause of obesity has several definitions

but the common causes of obesity are physical inactivity, overeating, and

genetics are the result of body weight. The first is physical inactivity. It is a

lifestyle that is not physically active they, burns lesser calories than other

active. The second is overeating. It is the massive intake of food that are

rich from fat and sugar. Epidemiologic studies shows that diets in high fat

contribute to weight gain. Lastly, is genetics it develop obesity based on the

hormones inherited from both parents and one that is obese.

Obesity is a global problem defined by the World Health Organization

(WHO) as an abnormal consumed of excessive calories that he or she

should take.

In 1970 the total of fast food restaurant in business was equates to 300,000

establishment in U.S however there are 33.8 percent of the U.S. population

is affected by obesity. There are four basic reasons why. The first is

unhealthy ingredients, in fast foods restaurants it serves foods that contains

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unhealthy ingredients such as fats, carbs, and less mineral. Consuming 17

large amount of it can lead to weight gain and obesity. The second is large

portions, it is consuming large amount of food meal regardless the person

is completely full or not already. The third is Lower Cost, people cannot stop

eating because of the lower cost of the food. Lower cost foods sometimes

consist unhealthy ingredients and makes it more affordable rather than

buying healthy foods. Lastly is Convenience, it is the availability of the foods.

It makes a convenient option for people rather than making food at home

that is healthier.
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18

CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method in conducting the study which

includes the research design, population and sampling, respondents of the

study, instrumentation, validation of instruments, data gathering

procedures, and statistical treatment of data that used in conducting this

study.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers will apply descriptive-correlational

research design. This is a design to find out the relationship of two variables

(X and Y) whether the relationship is perfect, very high, high, marked or

moderate, slight or negligible. This is applicable in the study in which the

researchers aims to determine the relationship of fast growing industry to

obesity population in which as fast food chains increases, the population of

obesity also increases.

Research Instrument

The researchers will make use of and secondary data which

consists the population of fast food chain industry and obesity websites

particularly SEC Websites. Also they will use simple regression where
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it is approach to modelling the relationship between a scalar responses 19

(a dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (or

independent variables). It is used to show or predict the relationship

between two variables or factors.

Data Gathering Procedure

In order to support the study, the researchers will visit and search

details to collect databases about the population of fast food industry

and cases of obese people.

Statistical Treatment of Data

This study will apply the following statistical treatment of data in

interpreting the data collected to come up with a conclusion and

recommendations.

Simple Regression Analysis

𝑌1=𝛽0 +𝛽1 𝑋1 +𝜀𝑡

𝑂𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑑 + 𝜀𝑡

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ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ANOVA 20

The researchers used the analysis of variance ANOVA as their

statistical treatment of data for their study to determine if there is a

significant differences between the conditions of selected people in

terms of means.
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CHAPTER III 21

ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION DATA AND PRESENTATION

This chapter presents the answer to the specific problems earlier

raised in the study. The presentation of the findings must be in the past

tense.

Year Obesity population Change

value
2005 3
2006 3.1 3.33%
2007 3.3 6.45%
2008 3.5 6.06%
2009 3.7 5.71%
2010 3.8 2.70%
2011 4 5.26%
2012 4.3 7.50%
2013 4.5 4.65%
2014 4.7 4.44%
2015 5 6.38%
2016 5.2 4.00%
Table 1. Obesity population in the Philippines
Table 1 shows Obesity Population in the Philippines from 2005-
2016. According to Knoema, it shows that obesity grew substantially from
1.9 at 5.2% rising at an annual rate.
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Year Registered Fast Food Chain 22

Population
2005 2,702,000
2006 2,750,000
2007 2,750,000
2008 2,947,000
2009 14,998,000
2010 14,937,000
2011 6,229,000
2012 6,229,000
2013 28,188,000
2014 28,059,000
2015 27,028,000
2016 30,889,000
Table 2. Registered Fast Food Chain Population in the Philippines
The table 2 shows Registered Fastfood chain Population of the
Philippines. According to Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry
(ASPBI) the registered fast food industry grew in every year. It shows that NCR
and CALABARZON had the most number of establishments in regional level.
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Ho= There is no significant relationship between the number of fast foods and 23
obesity rate in the Philippines.
H1= There is significant relationship between the number of fast foods and
obesity rate in the Philippines.

Dependent Variable: OBESE

Method: Least Squares
Date: 01/18/19 Time: 13:45
Sample: 2005 – 2016
Included observations: 12

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

C 3.231498 0.172256 18.75987 0.0000

FF 5.56E-05 9.65E-06 5.759894 0.0002

R-squared 0.768392 Mean dependent var 4.008333

Adjusted R-squared 0.745231 S.D. dependent var 0.735414
S.E. of regression 0.371197 Akaike info criterion 1.006846
Sum squared resid 1.377875 Schwarz criterion 1.087664
Log likelihood -4.041078 Hannan-Quinn criter. 0.976925
F-statistic 33.17638 Durbin-Watson stat 1.514659
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000183

Table 3. Relationship between Fast food Chain/Restaurant and Obesity

Population
𝒀𝑶𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝜷𝟎 + 𝜷𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒅 + 𝜺𝒕

Research Instrument used: Simple Regression

IV= No. of registered fast food
DV= Obesity Rate

𝒀𝑶𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝜷𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒅 + 𝜺𝒕

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24
The above figure shows the result of the Impact of Growing Fast

Food Industry to Obesity Population. In every registered fast food that

will open, there will be a 0.0005% increase in the obesity rate of the

Philippines.

T-Statistics
5 % confidence level
T computed = 5.759894
Reject Null Hypothesis.
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CHAPTER IV 25

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

In this section, the researcher states the major problem and the

specific problems raised in the study. He follows this up with the

hypothesis or hypotheses tested in the study. The researcher includes

in brief the research design, the research instruments, the respondents,

of the study, and the statistical tools employed in the analysis and

interpretation of data.

Summary of Findings

This study emphasizes on defining the impact of growing fast

food industry towards obesity population. It has been observed that as

fast food chain industry grows, obesity cases also increased.

In every registered fast food that will open, there will be a

0.0005% increase in the obesity rate in the Philippines. The hypothesis

is reject null hypothesis, because according to the results fast food

chain/restaurants has a significant relationship between obesity rates in

the Philippines.
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Conclusions 26
1. The researchers conclude that obesity grew substantially

from 1.9 at 5.2 % rising at an annual rate.

2. The researchers concluded that there is significance between

fast food industry and obesity population, in every registered fast food

that will open, there will be a 0.0005% increase in the obesity rate in the

Philippines.

3. The researchers concluded that always eating on fast food

chain is the reason. Body weight is the result of genetics, metabolism,

environment, behavior, and culture.

Recommendations

1. To Fast food chain owners, the researcher recommend

that they should offer a food that is healthy and nutritious

that may lead to a balance health.

2. To obese people, the researcher recommend if you are

eating in fast food chain/restaurants make sure you also

eat healthy foods and proper balance diet. Be wise in

picking the food that you’re eating and also be more active

physically to burn calories and fats.

3. To students, the researcher recommend to be wise in

buying foods that they are consuming in their everyday

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living. Eat homemade foods rather than eating foods from 27

fast food chain/restaurants because it is healthier.

4. To future researchers, the researcher recommend to use to

use this study as their guide in making their own study that

is connected to this study. They may use primary data in

conducting the study.