rea LNs! cw Secs: ye eel ee = Tanvs 147 CONONED COVER PRICIPLES FOR Basle NTERUEDATE AND COLLEGE COURSES arte NOTATION + {} braces indicate the beginning and end ofa set notation; wien listed ements or members must be separated by commas. EX:A~ (4,8, 16} st ae finite (ending, or having alas element) unless otherwise indicated, +. indicates continuation ofa pattem. EX: B = (5, 10,15, ..,8§, 90) +5" atthe end indicates an infinite se, that is, a set with no Tast element EX: C= (3,6,9,12,..) + is a symbol which literally means "such that” © means “ie amember of” OR "ie an element of” then 12 © A because 12 is in set A +2 means “is not a member of” OR “is not an element of.” EX: If B= (2,4, 6,8) then 3B because 3 is not in set B /+@ means emply set OR null sot a sot costaining no elements or mem ‘ers, but which isa subset of al sets; also waiten as €) '+C means “is 2 eubset of” also may be written at C- + nyeans “isnot a subset of,” also may be writen a8 that every clement of set A is also an element of set B, {6} and B (1, 3,8, 6,7, 9} then ACB because the 3 and 6 ‘which ae in sot A are also in sc B IX: IFA = (4,8,12} im that sot, EX: IF A= (4,5, 6} then sot A has & subsets because A has 3 elements and 2°= 8 /+U means union. id AUB indicates the union of set A with set B; every element of this sti either an clement of set A OR an element of set B; that is, to form the| ‘union aftwe set, put all ofthe clements of both sets together into one set ‘making sure not fo write any element more than ence. EX: If A= (2,4) 4B = {4, 8, 16} then A U B= (2, 4,8, 16) $17 means intersection “AN indiates the intersection of st A with set B; every clement ofthis ‘st is also an element of BOTH et A and se B; tha sto form the in- tersection of wo sts, lit only those elements which are found in BOTH of the two sets. EX: IFA = (2.4) and B= (4,8, 16) then AB (4) +X indicates the complement of set A; that is ll elements in the unver-fh sal set which are NOT in set A. EX: Ifthe Universal set ie the ct of Integers and A= {0,1,2,3,.-) then A (,-2,-3, yu} PROPERTIES /+A= B means all of the elements in get A ate also in get B and all ele ments in set B are also in set A, although they do not have to be in the| same order. EX: ICA = (5, 10) and B = (40, 5} then A= B. icates the numberof elersents in set A, EX: IPA = (2, Indicates disjoint sets which have no elements in common. SETS OF NUMBERS A, 0, 4,2, 3,4, {pla | p and q ate integers, 4 # 0} the sets of Nat- wal numbers, Whole numbers, and Integers, as well as numbers whieh| fan be written as proper or improper fractions, are all subsets ofthe set of Rational numbers ‘Irrational numbers ~ {x| xis a Real number butis nota Rational num- ber}; the ses of Rational numbers and Irational numbers have no cle- ‘ments in common and are therefore disjoint sets, ‘Real numbers = {x | x i the coordinate of a point on a number line}; the union of the set of Rational numbers withthe set of Ira- tional numbers equals the set of Real numbers ‘Imaginary numbers = (ai| ais a Real number and fis the number ‘whore squaze is =1},2~-1; the sets of Real numbers and Imaginary inatnbers ave no elements in common and ae therefore disjoint sets + Complex numbers = (a + bi] a and bare Real numbers and isthe number] ‘whose square i 1}; the sct of Real numbers and the set of Imaginary nur bers are both subsets of the sel of Complex numbers. EXs: 4-47 ; 3-21 tuna aes FOR ANY REAL NUMBERS a,b, AND © Tommie ‘avcitve Tent whee rasa amdss0=0 fyean tite Da apy EOE Aa PROPERTIES oF EQUALITY ee cs re om area meaner mari er PROnETLES SEIMROURLITY “Teichotomy: Either a> bor a= bor abihenate>bee ee #0 and e> 0,and a> b thn a> be ‘lk, ifa bien ae be Pau eae ees "ABSOLUTE VALUE sfx ie zero or a postive number |x| = i x ie a negative numbers hte, the distane (whch is avays postive) ofa number feom zero on te number ime iste absolute value ofthat number. EXe.]=4]==(e4) [29]=29;|0 |= 0: [-43] =-C48) 48 ‘ADDITION i te signs ofthe numbers ae the saute: athe absolte values of the umbers the sign ofthe answer ithe same a the signe ofthe original v9 numbers EXe “ld +-5=-16 and 16 + 10=26 I the signe ofthe aumbers are diferent: subtract the numbers; the answer has the same sign as the nutsber with the larger absolute value. EXs. “16 F412 and-3-+10=7 SUBTRACTION ab + (0); subtraction is changed fo addition ofthe opposite numaber thats change the sign of the second mimber an fellow the tls of aon acer shange the sgn ofthe fist umber since iis the mumbo aback ofthe suaraction sign which boing subuacted 1d = ¢— 18 +=). EX#: 15-218 + (42) = 97-24 -S=-24 (3) == 20;-13-(45)— A13 # (#45) 32;-62- C20) = 62 1 (020)= 42 MULTIPLICATION The product of Ge murnberd which eve the same signs is postive Xs: (55)8) = 165; ( 30) 4) = 1205 (5) 12) = 60 The prvi of two numabes which have difleent signs is which suber islaget EXS:(-3)C0)=—210; @QIY-40)~- 840 (prvisons'B0 not EOUAL ZERO) The quoticat of two) tnmioes whack Tere tel game Fem is poet EXs: (14 1 C1) =2; G4) (1) = 4 C4) 5 The quotient of two iumbecs which have different signs is negative no ati hich tember sleep EXs: (24) /(0)= 4; (40)/(8)=-5; (491 66)= DOUBLE NEGATIVE = (8) = a; thats, the negative sign changes the sign of the co parentaeses. EXS:—(4) = 4 CIT) =17 tion Property of Inequalities ye no sate (80) =- 150 as Jia wunSsaoveee COMBINING LIKE TERMS ChioRAac ie TT pe oe PPI thesaive arlalies and etpowssts ebibsugd nel neveearly ithe tant enier theve art caled We tore The cosficirte ‘umbert in the fron may of may not be the same + RULE: Combine (add or surat) oly the eoocients of ike tems and never change the exponents during addition or subtraction. EXs: 4xy° and| -Ty*x ae like terms and may be combined in this manner: 4xy* + ~7y*x =| -3xy'. Notice only the coefficients were combined and no exponent] hanged. sae tad Seat ar et ike ens bocuts te exponeats of thea ae not the same in both terms, so they may not be combined proput tid FoR EMeonENTs ena rey Caieetiot cal et teat eter the variebles are multiplied which means the caponents aise change, + RULE: mutipy en coficents and map the variables (his meas pues ad the exponents ofthe same vctabl). SX: aieyciae big be nose tat dtones-12 became 48,2 fines at becato © tines € became & andthe Bt was wien dove jerype tia td) ac Fad, EX Atay #9) = Bey ah? Type 2:4 bye rd) —a(e rd) + Me rdy= ae had + be + bd EX: (2x + y)(3x - Sy) = 2x(@3x- eluaianes = Gri iay Says Sy! = oat Tay yt + Type a+ Dyed Hed dB = ale ed + a2) + (E+ ed-+ a2) = ach 4 fed tad + be! ted ba EX: (Sct nity 499) = Sx ayy) Hy ty 492) = Se - ate +p Sygate y! + This isa popular method for multiplying 2 terms by 2 terms only: FOIL| Thea fl times fre cue mes our Ine tes er and ast mes las. EX das Sy6.s 9) wou said by mpm Fit em times fst em, 2x tnes = 2x outer erm times outer fet Bx tines Sy oxy: tester times inet term, Sy tes x= Say, and lat er ‘times last term, 3y times Sy = 15y?, then combining the like terms of 10xy tnd Say gives 1387 wih ho fea apes equaling 2424 L33y + Loy plied n times and when you multiply you add exponeats; EX: Clm‘nt)! = (2nitn!) (2mm?) C2mén’) = -$mint, notice the parentheses wero muluplied$ ties and then the rules of regular mul plication of erms were used; SHORTCUT RULE. when sing 2 term to power, jst muliply ex nents; EX: C2m'n}¥ =-Dhmné, noe the exponents of he -2, mi adv sere all mulled by th exponent an ha the answer waste same se txample above. CAUTION: a # a) these two expressions are diferent EX: dy (ly) ease (4y2)*~ CAya) hyn) = Loy! while dye means f° ¥ +2 andthe exponent 2 applies only to the zi ths situation, a” b®. EX: (6! 9)? = 6836 y= Joxt y (6x) +9) (x+y) = S6x*+ IDwy + ys because there 3s more thas one tem inthe pacnihess the distbulive property or polynomials must be usd inthis situation. Then at 0 DIVIDING + QUOTIENT RULE: any terms may be divided, not just like terms; the coefficients and the variables are divided which means the exponents also change RULE: Divide coefficients and divide variables (this means you have| to subleact the exponents of matching variables). EX: C20x'y!2) | Gx82) ~ 49, noice tat -20 divided by S became -4, divided by 2° Became x), and 7 divided by z,became ong and therefor did nat have Yo be written because L times -#x%¥? equals xy | NEGATIVE EXPONENT: 4°* = 1 / a” when a #0; EXs: 21 = 1); x39) Babe) = yb!) / az!) Notice that the 4 and the -3 both stayed ‘where they wee because they beth had an invisible exponent of positive 1; ‘the y remained inthe numerator and thea remained inthe denominator be ‘aude ther exponents were both positive numbers the 2 moved down an the bbmoved up because thei exponents were both negative numbers nae eau ud Ce a eee Ted FIRST, eliminate any fractions by wing the Muliphcation Property of Equality EX: 4) Qa-+5)=% (-8) +9 wosld be muted on bot ies ofthe = sgn by the loves common denominator of and which i 6 the elt would e 834+) = (Ta =8)+84, notice that only the Ma, the 2%, andthe 9 wore multiplied by 6 and not he cotets ofthe parentheses: the pacathesss wil be handed inthe next sep which is dxbtion + SECOND, simplify the let sie of the equation as much as possible by us ing the Onder of Operations, the Distributive Property, and Combining Like Terms Do the same tothe right side of the equation. EX: Use ise ‘wbation fest, 82k -8) + 6k 2= 5 - 2k + 3) would become 6k -18-+ 6k-2~ 5-2-6 and then combine ike terms to get 2k~17=-1~ 2k. ‘THIRD, apply the Addition Property of Equa to snl and nganize all terms containing the viable on oe side othe equation and alters which do ot contain the variable on the other se, EX: 12K -17=-1- 2k woud become 2k 12k=1T HIT +17 -2k + 2k an then combining ike ters, k= 16 * FOURTH, apply the Muliplication Property of Equality to make the e0- ‘ficient ofthe variable 1 EX: 4k = 16 would be multiplied on both sides (or divided by 1) to got a1 in ron of the ko the ation would fox simply k= Why or L148 “FIFTH, check the answer hy substteting it forthe variable inthe origi tal equation to see it works. NOTE: 1 Some equations have exactly one solstion (anever). They ae conditional equations, EX: 2k = 18 2. Some eations wok forall el numbers. They ae dete. EX: 2k = 2k 3. Some equations have no solutions. They are inconsistent equations EX: 24+3=2k+7 see eA Ma Ce cd STA ADDITION PROPERTY OF INEQUALITIES or all al numbers a,b, and ¢, the inequalities a b] Janda te>b+e, MULTIPLICATION PROPERTY OF INEQUALITIES + For all eal numbers a,b, and ¢, with €# 0 and ¢ > 0, the inequalities a > ‘band ac> be are equivalent and the inequalities a 3 then multi+ plying by 2 would make 16> 6, which i a tue statement + For allreal numbers a , and, with €#0 and c <0, the inequalities a> band ‘ac be ate equivalert: hat is, when € is a negative number the inequality symbols must be reverse from the way they were before the multiplication forthe inequality to remain a tus statement. EX: If 8> 3 then mautipying by -2 would make -16>-6, which i {alse unless the inequality symbols reverse to make it true, -16-<-6, STEPS FOR SOLVING + FIRST, simplify the left side of the inequality in the same manner as an] ‘equation, applying the order of operations, the distributive property, and| ‘combining like terms, Simplify the right side in the same manner + SECOND, apply the Adiition Property of Inequality to get all termes which have the variable on one side ofthe inequality symbol and all term which ddo not have the variable onthe ater sie ofthe symbol “THIRD, apply the Aultiplication Property of Inequality to got the coefficient of the variable to be a 1; (emember to reverse the in ‘equality symbol when multiplying or dividing by a negative number, tis is NOT done when multiplying oF dividing by a postive number), ‘+ FOURTH, check the solution by substituting some numerical values of the variable in the original inequality.FIRST, simplify any enclosure symbols: parentheses ( ), brackets { J braces { ) if present 1. Werk the enclosure symbols from the innermost and work outward, 2. Work separately above and below any fraction bars since the entire top of] a fraction bar is treated as though it has its wn invisible enclosute sym bls around it and the entire bottom is treated the same way. + SECOND, simplify any exponents and roots, working fiom left to tgs, ote he {smb ed only to neat the postive ot, THIRD to any multiplication and division inthe onder in whic hey oc cur, working from left to right; Note: If division comes before multiplies tion then itis dae first multiplication comes frst then its done frst. | FOURTH, do any addition and subtraction inthe order in which they oc- caur.vorking from lft to right; Note: I subtraction comes before addition fn the problem then itis done frst, sf addition comes frst then iis done firs. ‘Some algebraic polynomials cannot be factored. The following are meth- ‘ods of handling those which cam be factored. When the factoring process is complete the answer can always be checked by multiplying the factors ‘out fo see ifthe original problem is the result. That will happen ifthe “factorization is a correct one. A polynomial is factored whem its written as a product of polynomials with integer coefficients and all ofthe factors are prime. The order of the {factors docs not matter, FIRST STEP - ‘GCF’ Factor out the Greatest Common Factor (GCF), if there is one. The GCF) is the largest number which will divide evenly into every coefficient togeth- er with the lowest exponent ofeach variable common to all ers. EX: 154c) 1 25ae4d? ~ L0ae'd has a greatest common factor of Sa? be- ess § cides vey into 15 25 ad ts ns owoncegee of al tr terms is 2; the lowest degree of is 3; the GCF is Sate the factorization is Sie) (ba + Sed 24) ‘SECOND STEP - CATEGORIZE AND FACTOR Identify the problem as belonging in one of the following categories. Be| sure to place the terms in the correct order fist: highest degree term to| the lowest degree term. EX:-2A) +A‘+1=AS-2A"+ 1 (CATEGORY | FORM OF PROBLEM FORM OF FACTORS: wtemee [it ero (+8) +B) where k=cand h+k=b; hand kimay be ether postive or negative number Ha 1s (mx hax b) where m Hayhek=cand hen mk =; ‘em and k maybe ether positive or ‘negative mumbers. Teal and error methods may be needed, (Gee Special Pactring Hints a ight) (3 TERMS) Beate Gefen) (+0679 = (79! where emay be ther» postive oe a negative nmber Bey ijerence of? quares) (rere) edie PRIME — cannot be factored! (oum of squares ety (Gx +09) (os -abay +4) um of tbe) aay (ot: s+ abay +99) difference of 2 cubes) oie Speed acoring ts we PEREEST [aay aaeatvaun'n rv] x b= Gn bya) (A TERMS) | 595. saibat 4 Sabin =b?| (ax b)'=(ax- bYiax- bYax-b) Metysbriy | arn TET D= EINE Cee arourina | xitiease-y | atot-yoarermare-» Peeters gextay-r-9 ‘TRINOMIALS. WHERE THE COEFFICIENT OF THE HIGHEST DEGREE TERM IS NOT 1 ‘The frst term in each set of parentheses must multiply to equal the first term (highest degree) of the problem. The second term in each set of parentheses must multiply to equal the last term in the problem, The| middle term must be checked on a tral and error basis using: outer times outer plus inner times inner; ax? + bx + = (mx + h)(ax + W) here mx limes ax equals ax’, times k equals ¢, and mx times k plus a times nx equals bx. JEX: To factor 3x? + 17x - 6 all of the following are possible correct factor. izations, 3x-+3)(x-2); Gx + 2)x-9): (x + Ox 1); Gx+1)(4-6). How ever, the only set which results in a 17 forthe middle term when applying| “outer times outer plus inner times inne isthe last one, (3x+ I(x - 6). I results in -I7x and +17x is needed so both signs must be changed to get the correct middle tenn. Therefore, the cortet factorization is (8X 1)(X+ 8) INOMIALS, This type of problem, ax} + b'y3, requires the memorization of the fo-| lowing procedure: The factors are two sets of parentheses with 2 terms in the fist set and 3 terms in the second. To find the 2 terms in the frst set of parentheses take the eube oot of both ofthe terms inthe problem and| [join them by the same mile sign found in the problem. The 3 terms in the second set of parentheses are generated feom the 2 term inthe fist sot of parentheses, The fits term inthe second set of parenthere is the| square of the first term inthe first set of parentheses; the last term in the| second sot isthe square of the last term in the fist set; the middle term lof the second sct of parentheses is found by multiplying the first tema andthe second term ffom the first st of parentheses together and chang-| ing the sign. Thus, Jats = bly! = (ax = by)(ats? & aby + by?) EX: To factor 2733 8 find the first set of parentheses to be (3x - 2) be-| eause the cube root of 27x? is 3x and the cube root of 8 is 2, Find the 3 terms in the second set of parentheses by squaring x to get 9x?, square the last term -2 to got M4; and to Find the midale term multiply 3x times| -2 and change the sign to got +6x. Therefore, the final factorization of 27-8 is (x-2) Ox! + 6x +4), PERFECT CUBES (4 Tens) Perfect eubes, such as ax? 3atbx? + Sab2x + bY, fator into three sets of parentheses, cach containing exactly the same two terms; therefore, the final factorization is waillen as one set of parentheses to the third power, thus a perfect cube; (ax by!=a!x! st Satbx? + Sab%x 2b? EX: To factor 27x) -S4x? + 36x -8 it must be first observed tha the prob lem ie incorrect order and tht itis a perfect cube; then the answer is sim ply the cube roots ofthe first term and the ast term placed in a set of parentheses tothe third power; so the answer to this example is (3x -2)8 ‘NOTICE TO STUDENT This chat isthe frst of 2 charts outlining the major topies taught in Algebra courses. Keep it handy a8 a quick reference source in the Classroom, while doing homework, and use it as a memory tefeesher ‘when reviewing prior to exams. Tt isa durable and inexpensive study tool that can be repeatedly refered to during and well beyond your college years. Dust its condensed format, however, se it as an Algebea ide and hota a replacement for assigned couse work (©2002 BarCharts, Ine. Boca Raton, FL