Plant Anatomy
Objectives
•Identify and describe structure and function of each
cell type and tissue type
•Describe organization of tissues and cells in each
plant organ
•Relate function of an organ to structure
•Describe primary and secondary growth & ID
location
•Relate primary and secondary to the growth habit
•Adaptation of land plants to the terrestrial
environment (structure and function)
•Apply knowledge to produce in stores
Introduction
Adaptations - functions evolved to
confer fitness:
• absorption of underground water &
nutrients
• support of aerial parts of the plant
• transport of materials through out
the plant
In angiosperms these adaptations are
divided into three organs
1. stems
2. roots
3. leaves
http://www.pitchcare.com.au/magazine/article/882
Multicellular Organization
Cells – specialized for a particular function
Tissues – composed of cells for a specific function
Organs – composed of tissues for one or more specific function
Basic Types of Tissue
Meristematic tissue –
undifferentiated
tissue - actively divide
by mitosis
3 tissue systems
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
http://qwickstep.com/search/plant-tissue-types.html
Meristematic Tissue
Primary meristem – located in buds and tips of the shoot
and root tips – provide the primary tissue along the plant
axis
Cork cambium – lateral meristem produce secondary
growth
Vascular cambium – lateral meristem located between
the xylem and phloem – secondary growth that provides
girth
Pericycle – outside the vascular cylinder in the root –
produce lateral branch roots
Meristematic Tissue & Cell Types
Primary Growth – length
– produced by apical
meristems – herbaceous
plants usually the entire
plant – woody plants
usually just the youngest
tissue
Secondary Growth –
produces the thickness –
vascular cambium
Dermal Tissue & Cell Types
Epidermis -
Guard cells
Root hairs
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/pcmb/osu_pcmb/courses_300.php
Tricomes
http://remf.dartmouth.edu/i
mages/ArabidopsisSEM/sourc
Cuticle – not tissue or http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectf03am/tri
chomes.jpg
e/arabidopsis_m1_tricome.ht
ml
cells but a waxy layer
Vascular Tissue & Cell Types
Xylem – tracheids & vessel
elements – function primary
water conducting cells
Phloem – sieve-tube members
and companion cells –
function transports the
products of photosynthesis
Ground Tissue & Cell Types
(most common)
Parenchyma – most common – characterized by thin
walls with large vacuoles – function in photosynthesis,
support storage, lateral transport
Collenchyma – near surface of stem, leaf petioles,
veins – characterized uneven thick cell walls –
function flexible support to young plant organs
Schlerenchyma – characterized by thick cell walls that
may contain lignin – function is to strengthen and
support mature plant structures
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/roots.html
Organs – Introduction
Structural organization of basic tissues are directly related to
their different function
leaves – tissues are made of cells specialized in light
absorption, gas exchange and transport
root – promote absorption
stem – transport & structural support
http://www.kpwhite.com/liquid_calcium.php
http://nu-distance.unl.edu/homer/class/11-signs/Index.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Yellowopp/Gerardia_pedicularia_page.html
http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/leaf_structure.html
monocot
dicot
Roots – Introduction
Structural organization of basic tissues are directly related to
their different function
leaves – tissue is made of cells specialized in light
absorption and gas exchange
root – promote absorption
stem – transport & structural support
http://www.kpwhite.com/liquid_calcium.php
http://nu-distance.unl.edu/homer/class/11-signs/Index.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Yellowopp/Gerardia_pedicularia_page.html
dicot
Roots – have tissue layers
Root hairs – few cells thick to
promote absorption
monocot
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/roots.html
Stems – Introduction
Structural organization of basic tissues are directly related to
their different function
leaves – tissue is made of cells specialized in light
absorption and gas exchange
root – promote absorption
stem – transport & structural support
http://www.kpwhite.com/liquid_calcium.php
http://nu-distance.unl.edu/homer/class/11-signs/Index.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Yellowopp/Gerardia_pedicularia_page.html
Stems – Introduction
monocot dicot
Tissues Development
bark
periderm
Summary
Adaptations – why, how, what
Structural – organization
– cells – tissues – organs
types
Identify
Vocabulary
Lab Exercises
Exercise 1 – Draw and label Bean plant – answer questions
Exercise 2 – Label and draw apical meristem features
Exercise 3 – Study A: Hand sectioning stem – answer
questions – draw and label stem cross section
and vascular bundles
Exercise 3 - Study C: Roots – draw and label 2 different root
systems – answer questions – identify
structures
Exercise 3 - Study D: Leaves – draw and label features/structures –
stomatal density exercise
Exercise 4 – secondary growth cell structure identification
Exercise 5 – Plant organ modification identification
Exercise 6 – Plant hormone experiment setup for next week
Next Week
Plant Growth
