CASE II

Loads:

Framing dead load =self weight

Superimposed dead load=1.2 KN/m2

partitions, M/E,misc

Live load =2.5KN/m2 Laboratories

column size 500mm×500mm
story height 3m
Material:

Concrete normal weight =24 KN/m3

𝑓′𝑐 =35 N/mm2

𝑓′𝑐𝑖 =21 N/mm2

Rebar 𝑓𝑦 =414 N/mm2

PT: unbonded tendons

1.27 cm ∅,7-wire strands,A= 99mm2

ƒpu=1860 N/mm2

Determine preliminary slab Thickness

Start with L/h=45

Longest span =9.14m

h=(9.14m)(100)/45

=20.3cm
Take t=22cm preliminary slab thickness

Estimated prestress losses

1) Elastic shorting=0 (simultaneous tensioning and anchorage)

2) Shrinkage:

0.0002
Ɛsh =
log10(t+2)
0.0002
= = 1.35×10-4
log10(28+2)

SH =Ɛsh × Es
=(1.35×10-4)(2×105)=27MPa
27
SH% = × 100 = 1.45%
1860

3)Relaxation=2.5%
4) anchorage slip:
∆ = 0.2 in
∆𝑙
∆𝑓𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠
𝑙
5.08
= × 2 × 105
25.6×1000

=40 MPa
40
Anchorage slip%= × 100 = 2.15%
1860

5) creep losses:

𝐶𝑅 = 𝜃𝑛(𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑠 )

𝐹° 𝐹° × 𝑒 2 𝑀𝐺 × 𝑒
𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 =− − +
𝐴𝐺 𝐼 𝐼

𝑏ℎ3 7.62×0.223
𝐼= = = 6.76 × 10−3 𝑚4
12 12

AG =bh =7.62×0.22=1.6764 𝑚2
𝑃° = 𝐴 × 𝑓𝑝𝑢

= 99 × 1860 =184140N= 184.14KN

22 1.27
e= − 2.5 − =7.87cm
2 2

Wd=ɤ×t

Wd =24×0.22=5.28KN/m2

Wd=5.28×7.62=40.23KN/m

Max. moment =277.967 KN.m

184.14 184.14 × 0.07872 277.967 × 0.0787

𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 =− − + = 2.96𝑀𝑝𝑎
1.6764 6.76 × 10−3 6.76 × 10−3

Wcds=1.2×7.62=9.14KN/m
max. moment due to superimpose dead load =63.152 KN.m

𝑀×𝑐 63.152 ×0.0787

ƒcds= = =0.74MPa
𝐼 6.76×10−3

𝜃 = 1.6 (28 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 )

𝐸𝑠
n=
𝐸𝑐

2×105
= = 7.2
4700√35

CR=1.6×7.2(2.96 − 0.74)= 25.57MPa

25.57
CR%= × 100 =1.37%
1860

6) friction losses:

P=PO ×e-(µα+KL)
Segments cumulative Wobble Curvature Length uα+kL Exp(-uα-kL) stress@
angle coefficient coefficient end of segment
α K, per m µ m
1-2 0.046 0.00984 0.05 3.365 0.0354116 0.965208055 0.965208055PO
2-3 0.065 0.00984 0.05 4.865 0.0511216 0.950163124 0.9171051 PO
3-4 0.069 0.00984 0.05 4.57 0.0484188 0.952734698 0.873757851 PO
4-5 0.069 0.00984 0.05 4.57 0.0484188 0.952734698 0.832459423 PO
5-6 0.065 0.00984 0.05 4.865 0.0511216 0.950163124 0.790972245 PO
6-7 0.046 0.00984 0.05 3.365 0.0354116 0.965208055 0.763452782 PO

Stress @ end of segment =0.763452782×184.14=140.58Mpa

FR%=(140.58 )/1860×100=7.6%

Total losses=ES+SH+RE+ANC+CR+FR

Total losses =0+27+46.5+40+25.57+140.58=279.65Mpa

ƒse=0.7(1860)-279.65=1022.35Mpa (ACI 18.5.1)

Peff=A׃se = (99)( 1022.35)= 101.21kN

Calculate section properties

Two-way slab must be designed as class U (ACI 18.3.3), Gross-Sectional Properties

allowed (ACI 18.3.4)

S=bh2/6=7.62x 0.222/6=0.0615m3

Set Design parameters

Allowable stresses: class U (ACI 18.3.3)

At time of jacking (ACI 18.4.1)

𝑓′𝑐𝑖 =21 N/mm2

compression =0.6 𝑓′𝑐𝑖 =0.6(21)=12.6 MPa

Tension =0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑖′ =0.25×√21 =1.15 MPa

At service loads (ACI 18.4.2(a) and 18.3.3)

𝑓′𝑐 = 35MPa

Compression = 0.45 ƒ'c = 0.45(35) = 15.75MPa

Tension = 6𝑓′𝑐 = (6)(35)=210MPa

Average precompression limits:

𝑃
= 0.9MPa min. (ACI 18.12.4)
𝐴

Target load balances:

60%-80% of DL (self weight) for slabs (good approximation for hand calculation)

For this example: 0.75 WDL = 0.75(5.28) = 3.96 KN/m2

Tendon profile:

Parabolic shape;

For a layout with spans of similar length, the tendons will be typically be located at the
highest allowable point at the interior columns, the lowest possible point at the mid spans,
and the neutral axis at the anchor locations. This provides the maximum drape for load-
balancing.

Tendon Ordinate Tendon (CG) Location*

Exterior support 22/2=11 (CG)
Interior support-top 22-2.5-1.27/2=18.865 =
Interior span – bottom 2.5+1.27/2=3.135
End span – bottom 2.5+1.27/2=3.135
center of gravity

*Measure from bottom of slab

aINT = 18.865-3.135=15.73cm
(11+18.865)
aEND = − 3.135=11.798cm
2

eccentricity, e, is the distance from the center to tendon to the neutral axis; varies along the
span

Prestress Force Required to Balance 75% of selfweight DL

Since the spans are of similar length, the end span will typically govern the maximum
required post-tensioning force. This is due to the significantly reduced tendon drape, aEND.

wb = 0.75 WDL = 0.75(5.28)(7.62)=30.18 KN/m

Force needed in tendons to counteract the load in the end bay:

𝑊𝑏
P= 𝐿2
8𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑑

(30.18)(8.23)2
= = 2165.8𝐾𝑁
8×(11.798/100)

Check Interior Span Force

(30.18)(9.14)2
P= = 2003.5 𝐾𝑁<2165.8𝐾𝑁
8×(15.73/100)

Less force is required in the center bay

Check Precompression Allowance

Determine number of tendons to achieve 2165.8𝐾𝑁

2165.8
# tendons= =21.399
101.21

Use 21 tendons

Actual force for banded tendons

Pactual = (21 tendons) (101.21) = 2125.41kN

The balanced load for the end span is slightly adjusted

2125.41
wb= × 30.18 = 29.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2165.8

Determine actual Precompression stress

Pactual /A = (2125.41) / (1.6764)

=1.27 MPa > 0.9 MPa ……………… OK

For this example, continue the force required for the end spans into the interior span and
check the amount of load that will be balanced:
2125.41×8×0.1573
Wb= = 32𝐾𝑁/𝑚
9.14 2

𝑤𝑏 32
= × 100 = 79.5% This value is less than 100%; acceptable for this design.
𝑤𝐷𝐿 5.28×7.62

East-West interior frame:

Effective prestress force, Peff = 2125.41kN

Check Slab Stresses

Separately calculate the maximum positive and negative moments in the frame for the dead,
live, and balancing loads. A combination of these values will determine the slab stresses at
the time of stressing and at service loads.
Dead Load Moments

WDL=9.14+40.23=49.4KN/m

Live load moment

WLL=(3)(7.62)=22.86KN/m
Total Balancing moment

Wb= -30.4kN/m (average of 3 bays)

The final slab service moment, at the column centerline are as follows

Service load Exterior column Exterior First Interior Center Midspan

Moment Mid span column
MDL (KN.m) -241.763 +146.659 -341.326 +174.531
MLL(KN.m) -111.877 +67.867 -157.950 +80.765
MBAL(KN.m) +148.777 -90.252 +210.04 -107.404

Stage 1: Stresses immediately after jacking (DL + PT) (ACI 18.4.1)

Mid span Stresses

−MDL +Mbal P
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −
S A

MDL − Mbal P
𝑓bot = −
S A
Support Stresses
(𝑀𝐷𝐿 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −
𝑆 𝐴
 (−𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = −
𝑆 𝐴
Transfer stresses Exterior Exterior First Interior Center
column Mid span column Mid span
MDL+MBAL (KN.m) -92.986 +56.407 -131.1286 67.127
M/S (Mpa) +/- 1.5 +/-0.92 +/-2.13 +/-1.09
P/A (Mpa) -1.27 -1.27 -1.27 -1.27
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 (Mpa) +0.23 -2.19 +0.86 -2.36
𝑓bot (Mpa) -2.77 -0.35 -3.4 -0.18

The allowable concrete stresses at transfer are:

𝑓𝑐 <0.6 𝑓𝑐𝑖′ =12.6Mpa compression

𝑓𝑡 < 0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑖′ =1.15 MPa tension

From the above table, the maximum tension and compression values are in the shaded boxes
(+0.86 Mpa and -3.4Mpa, respectively), and we can see these stresses are well below the
allowable values and therefore the stresses at transfer are acceptable.

Stage 2: Stresses at service load (DL + LL + PT) ACI (18.3.3) and ACI (18.4.2)

Mid span Stresses

(−𝑀𝐷𝐿 − 𝑀𝑙𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −
𝑆 𝐴
(𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑙𝑙 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = −
𝑆 𝐴
Support Stresses
(+𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑙𝐿 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −
𝑆 𝐴
(−𝑀𝐷𝐿 − 𝑀𝑙𝑙 + 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 ) 𝑃
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = −
𝑆 𝐴
 Service load stresses Exterior Exterior First Interior Center
column Mid span column Mid span
𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑙𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 (KN. m) -204.763 +124.274 -289.236 +147.892
M/S (Mpa) +/- 3.33 +/-2.02 +/-4.70 +/- 2.40
P/A (Mpa) -1.27 -1.27 -1.27 -1.27
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 (Mpa) +2.06 -3.29 +3.43 -3.67
𝑓bot (Mpa) -4.6 +0.75 -5.97 +1.13

The maximum permissible service loads are:

Tension < 6 𝑓𝑐′ =210 MPa

compression < 0.45 𝑓𝑐′ =15.75 MPa

From the above table, the maximum tension and compression values are in the shaded

boxes (+3.43 MPa and -5.97 MPa, respectively), and we can see these stresses are well

below the allowable values and therefore the stresses at service loads are acceptable.

Determine the hyperstatic moments (secondary moment):

The primary post-tensioning moments, M1, vary along the length of the span.

M1 = P × e

The secondary post-tensioning moments, Msec, vary linearly between supports.

Msec = Mbal - M1

We can tabulate the hyperstatic moments as follows:

Exterior Exterior First Interior Center
column Mid span column Mid span
MBAL (KN.m) +148.777 -90.252 +210.04 -107.404
e (cm) 0 -7.87 +7.87 -7.87
M1 (KN.m) 0 -167.27 +167.27 -167.27
Msec (KN.m) +148.777 +77.018 +42.77 +59.87
The typical load combination for ultimate strength design is

Mu = 1.2 MDL + 1.6 MLL + 1.0 Msec

Exterior Exterior First Interior Center
column Mid span column Mid span
MUDL (KN.m) -290.12 +175.99 -409.59 +209.44
MULL(KN.m) -179 +108.587 -252.720 +129.224
Msec(KN.m) +148.777 +77.018 +42.77 +59.87
MU(KN.m) -320.343 +361.595 -619.54 +398.534

Determine minimum bonded reinforcement: to see if acceptable for ultimate strength

design.

positive moment areas:

Exterior Mid span ƒt=0.75Mpa˂ 0.17√𝑓′𝑐 .= 0.17√35=1Mpa

Thus, minimum bonded steel is not required

Center Mid span: ƒt=1.13Mpa˃0.17√𝑓′𝑐 .= 0.17√35=1Mpa

Thus, minimum bonded steel is required

𝑓𝑡
y= ×ℎ
(𝑓𝑡 +𝑓𝑐 )

1.13
= × 220
(1.13+3.67)

=51.79mm
𝑀𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿
Nc = × 0.5 × 𝑦 × 𝑙2
𝑆
(174.531+80.765)×1000
= × 0.5 × 51.79 × 7620
0.0615×109

=819.12KN
𝑁𝐶 819.12×1000
As = = = 3957mm2
0.5𝑓𝑦 0.5×414
Distribute the positive moment reinforcement uniformly across the slab-beam width and as
close as practicable to the extreme tension fiber.
6805.12
As, min =
7.62

In negative moment areas (tension in the top of the slab), the minimum area of bonded

reinforcing in each direction is:

As, min = 0.00075Acf