8/7/2019 Piping - Wikipedia
Piping
Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids
and gases) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of
piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid.[1][2]
Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be
manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic,
copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings,[3] valves,
and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and
temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field
of piping design (or piping engineering). Piping systems are documented in
piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be
cleaned by the tube cleaning process.
Piping sometimes refers to piping design, the detailed specification of the
physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In
earlier days, this was sometimes called drafting, technical drawing,
Large-scale piping system in an
engineering drawing, and design, but is today commonly performed by HVAC mechanical room
designers that have learned to use automated computer-aided drawing or
computer-aided design (CAD) software.
Plumbing is a piping system with which most people are familiar, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that
is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and businesses. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the
form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may
transport nonpotable or potable water, or other fire-suppression fluids.
Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for
refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials used in pipe construction are Inconel, titanium,
chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.
Contents
Engineering sub-fields
Stress analysis
Materials
History
Standards
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Engineering sub-fields
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Generally, industrial piping engineering has three major sub-fields:
Piping material
Piping design
Stress analysis
Stress analysis
Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads,
hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under different
loads such as sustained loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480,
GOST 32388, RD 10-249 or any other applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical
behavior of the piping under regular loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as well under occasional and
intermittent loading cases such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and water hammer.[4][5] This evaluation
is usually performed with the assistance of a specialized (finite element) pipe stress analysis computer programs such
as AutoPIPE,[6] CAEPIPE,[7], CAESAR[8], PASS/START-PROF.[9]
In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from normal operating
conditions, so it is necessary to know the temperature distribution for cryogenic conditions. Steel structures will have
areas of high stress that may be caused by sharp corners in the design, or inclusions in the material.[10]
Materials
The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used
for manufacturing pipes include:
Carbon steel
ASTM A252 Spec Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 Steel Pile Pipe
Plastic piping, e.g. HDPE pipe, PP-R pipe or LDPE pipe [11].
Low temperature service carbon steel
Stainless steel
Nonferrous metals, e.g. cupro-nickel, tantalum lined, etc.
Nonmetallic, e.g. tempered glass, Teflon lined, PVC, etc.
History
Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center.[12] Later
wooden pipes were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrel construction. Stave pipes have the
advantage that they are easily transported as a compact pile of parts on a wagon and then assembled as a hollow
structure at the job site. Wooden pipes were especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or
concrete pipes would have been difficult.
Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature
changes as much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of wood
afforded some insulating properties to the pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes. Wood
used for water pipes also does not rot very easily. Electrolysis doesn't affect wood pipes at all, since wood is a much
better electrical insulator.
In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that redwood had "peculiar
properties" that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus growths. Redwood pipes stayed smooth and
clean indefinitely while iron pipe by comparison would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could eventually plug
itself up with the corrosion.[13]
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Standards
There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing
or manufacturing any piping system. Organizations that promulgate piping
standards include:
ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series
ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)
ASME B31.3 Process piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids and oil and gas
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components
ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems
ASME B31.9 Building services piping
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn,
Superseded by B31.4)
ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless
Steel Pipe Piles[14]
API - American Petroleum Institute
API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industries—Steel pipe for
pipeline transportation systems[15]
Stacking of a connected pipeline for
CWB - Canadian Welding Bureau
transportation of oil products
EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code
EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General
EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials
EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation
EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrication and installation
EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Additional requirements for buried piping
PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures
EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy
piping
GOST, RD, SNiP, SP - Russian piping codes
RD 10-249 Power Piping
GOST 32388 Process Piping, HDPE Piping
SNiP 2.05.06-85 & SP 36.13330.2012 Gas and Oil transmission piping systems
EN 1993-4-3 Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines
AWS - American Welding Society
AWWA - American Water Works Association
MSS – Manufacturers' Standardization Society
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
Intro to pipe stress - [Link]
joints/metal-expansion-joints-in-one-minute/part-1-thermal-growth%26#x20;(one minute)
See also
Drainage
Firestop
Gasket
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HDPE pipe
Hydraulic machinery
Hydrogen piping
Hydrostatic test
MS Pipe, MS Tube
Pipe Cutting
Pipe fitting
Pipe network analysis
Pipe support
Piping and plumbing fitting
Coupling (piping)
Double-walled pipe
Elbow (piping)
Nipple (plumbing)
Pipe cap
Street elbow
Union (plumbing)
Valve
Victaulic
Pipeline pre-commissioning
Plastic pipework
Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems
Plumbing
Riser clamp
Thermal insulation
References
1. Editors: Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book
Company. ISBN 0-07-049479-7.
2. Editor: McKetta, John J. (1992). Piping Design Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0-8247-8570-3.
3. "Pipe fitting manufacturer" ([Link] Yaang. Archived ([Link]
430/[Link] from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
4. [1] ([Link] Archived ([Link]
org/web/20060529120337/[Link] 29
May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
5. Power Piping: ASME B31.1 ([Link]
ok/B311_2004_Power_Piping.cfm)
6. "Piping Design And Pipe Stress Analysis Software - AutoPIPE" ([Link]
e/pipe-stress-and-vessel-analysis-software/autopipe). [Link]. Archived ([Link]
161109164900/[Link]
pe) from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
7. "Archived copy" ([Link] Archived ([Link]
p://[Link]/[Link]) from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
8. "Intergraph CAESAR II - Pipe Stress Analysis" ([Link] [Link].
Archived ([Link] from
the original on 2 May 2015.
9. "PASS/START-PROF - Pipe Stress Analysis" ([Link] [Link]. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/web/20190108200817/[Link]/start) from the original on 8 January 2019.
10. Temperature & Stress Analysis ([Link] Archived (http
s://[Link]/web/20140222041202/[Link] 22
February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Piping Technology and Products, (retrieved February 2012)
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11. "What is HDPE Pipe?" ([Link] Acu-Tech Piping Systems. Retrieved 20 March
2019.
12. "BBC - A History of the World - Object : wooden water pipe" ([Link]
KE0ETBSw4I8O_RHz5A). [Link]. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/lg-zKE0ETBSw4I8O_RHz5A) from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved
10 March 2016.
13. "Piping water through miles of Redwood" ([Link]
Popular Science: 74. December 1918. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74) from the original on 28 December 2017.
14. H. "ASTM A252 Pipe Pile" ([Link]
China Huayang Steel Pipe. Archived ([Link]
stm-a252-piling-pipe/a252-grade-3-steel-pipe-pile/) from the original on 16 October 2014.
15. "API 5L Specification Line Pipe (1) – API Terms and Definitions" ([Link]
l-specification-line-pipe-1-api-terms-and-definitions-part-2/). China Huayang Steel Pipe. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/web/20141016035952/[Link]
s-and-definitions-part-2/) from the original on 16 October 2014.
Further reading
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Guide, Revision 2 ([Link]
_guide_R2.pdf) from Los Alamos National Laboratory Engineering Standards Manual OST220-03-01-ESM
Seismic Design and Retrofit of Piping Systems, July 2002 ([Link]
esign_and_Retrofit_of_Piping_Systems.pdf) from American Lifelines Alliance website
Engineering and Design, Liquid Process Piping. Engineer manual, entire document ([Link]
0130222182143/[Link]
[Link]) • (index page) ([Link]
ons/eng-manuals/EM_1110-1-4008_sec/[Link]) • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-l-4008, May 1999
External links
Building services piping links ([Link]
cal/Building_Services_Piping/) at Curlie
Retrieved from "[Link]
This page was last edited on 9 July 2019, at 21:43 (UTC).
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