Hoods: How they work
Jonathan Hale
NCSU IVC
Hoods:
The single most important
factor in the establishment
of a system’s volume!
Overview
You will learn about:
Hood types
Hood nomenclature
Capture velocities
How to distribute air over a large area
Hood “losses”
Minimum duct design velocities
Push-pull systems
First Step- Establish Q!
Anybody can remove a HUGE amount of
air and remove the pollutant-
BIG Control Equipment ($$$),
BIG replacement air costs ($$$),
BIG Fans with BIG motors ($$$).
Local Exhaust Hooding
When we can predict the location of a
release of dust or other contaminant, we
can pull a small amount of air
immediately next to the source to remove
the contaminant effectively.
Your Challenge:
To remove the smallest amount of air
with the greatest concentration of
pollutant-
Smallest Control system (save $),
Smallest replacement air costs (save $),
Small Fans, small motors (save $)
Q -Volumetric Flow Rate
Volume over time- cubic feet per minute
The continuous removal of a volume of
air over time is what gets the pollutant
Not the capture velocity !
Simple Hood
A hood with a face velocity less than 1000 fpm
where only one entry loss is considered.
Compound Hood
A hood with two or more entry loss points
Enclosing Hoods
Hoods which completely or partially
enclose the process or contaminant
source.
Paint Spray Booth,
Lab Hood,
Grinding Hood.
Enclosure
& Operator
Equipment
Interface
Enclosing hood
Enclosing hood
Vibrating Screen
Exterior hoods
Hoods located near an
emission source
without enclosing it.
Exterior hood- “fishtail” slot
Exterior hood- Barrel filling
Slotted hoods
Slots are used for proper distribution of
air across a large area of contamination
dispersion.
An increased slot velocity does not
increase the hoods’ effectiveness.
Slotted hood
Canopy hood
Effects
of
Gravity
Solvent vapors in health hazard locations are
not appreciably heavier than air because:
Density of air 1.0
Density of Gasoline vapor 2.97
Density of LEL mixture 1.04
Density of TLV mixture 1.0006
Range of Minimum Duct Design
Velocities
Capture Velocity
“The minimum hood-induced air velocity
necessary to capture and convey the
contaminant into the hood”
Hood Static Pressure
Hood Entry Loss (he)
+ Acceleration Energy “Loss” (VPd)
Hood Static Pressure
Newton 1st Law of Motion
“Every object in a state of uniform motion
tends to remain in that state of motion
unless an external force is applied to it”
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
Force= Mass x Acceleration
Acceleration “Losses”
The energy required to accelerate air
from a dead stop to the velocity in the
duct (VPd).
Always Equals 1 Velocity Pressure!
Hood Loss
Coefficients
Flow Rate
as Distance
from Hood
Don’t take product with the dust!
The Effect of Flanging:
Q = V (10x2 + A) Q = 0.75V (10x2 + A)
Push-Pull Hoods
In the field, the single greatest cause
of a hood to not effectively work is:
Disturbing Air Currents
Machinery motion- grinding wheel
motion
Material motion- bag dumping
Work practices
Room air currents- personnel fans!!!
A Volunteer!
Summary
Better enclosed is better captured,
The “secret” to air distribution- Slots!
Air requires 1 VP just to move,
It takes 4 times the air to pull twice the
distance,
SPH = he + VPd,
You can push air 40 times farther than
you can exhaust it,
