In-House Practical Training Report

On
TITLE OF THE PROJECT
Submitted to
Amity University Uttar Pradesh

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

(B.TECH- Electronics & Telecommunication)

Syed Zafar Ali Raza

Under the guidance of
Dr. Vangmayee Sharda
Ms. Neha Arora
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AMITY INSTITUTE OF TELECOM ENGINEERING AND

MANAGEMENT

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

NOIDA (U.P.)

July 2017
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DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

I, Syed Zafar Ali Raza, enrolment no.-A1607115034, student of (B. Tech

- E&T) hereby declare that the project titled “Speed Controller using
555 timer ” which is submitted by me to Amity Institute of Telecom
Engineering and Management, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida,
in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of
(B.Tech.) in Electronics and Telecommunication , has not been
previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or
other similar title or recognition.

The Author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of
any copy righted material appearing in the Project report other than
brief excerpts requiring only Proper acknowledgement in scholarly
writing and all such use is acknowledged.

Signature

Noida

Date Name and Signature of

Student(s)

CERTIFICATE
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On the basis of declaration submitted by Syed Zafar Ali Raza,

student of B. Tech Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, I
hereby certify that the project titled “Speed Controller using 555 timer”
which is submitted to Amity Institute of Telecom Engineering and
Management, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of (B.Tech.)
in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, is an original
contribution with existing knowledge and faithful record of work
carried out by him/them under my guidance and supervision.

To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part
or full for any Degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

Date Name and Signature of

Guides

Amity Institute of Telecom Engineering and Management

Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
ACKNOAWLEDGEMENT
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First and foremost, praises and thanks to my parents, for their blessings
and help throughout my work to complete the training successfully.
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my guide
supervisor for giving me the opportunity to do research and providing
invaluable guidance throughout the training. His dynamism, vision,
sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me. They have taught me
the methodology to carry out the research and to present the research
works as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and honour to work
and study under his guidance. I am extremely grateful for what he has
offered me.
Finally, my thanks go to all the friends who have supported me to
complete the research work directly or indirectly.

ABSTRACT

DC motors are used in many appliances in day to day life and hence it
also requires the speed control for different situations. For example, in
CPU cooling, the fan speed is an important factor as the hardware may
get heated up if the speed is slow and vice versa. So here comes the
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part of control the speed. It can either be done by using resistor or the
principle of PWM or pulse width modulation.

INDEX TABLE
S. No Title Page No

1 Acknowledgement 05
2 Abstract 06
3 Table of figures 08
4 Chapter 1 09
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5 Introduction 09
6 Chapter 2 10
7 Components Req. 10
8 DC motor 11
9 555 timer IC 12
10 Resistor 18
11 Capacitor 20

12 Transistor 23
13 LED 25
14 Potentiometer 27

15 Chapter 3 28
16 Working Of Project 28

17 Chapter 4 30
18 Application Of Speed Controller 30

19 References 31

TABLE OF FIGURES
FIG NO. Title of Figure Page No.
1.1 Speed controller overview 9

2.1 DC motor and its working 11

2.2 555 timer 13

2.3 555 timer in astable mode 14

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2.4 555 timer in monostable mode 15

2.5 555 timer in bistable mode 16

2.6 Pin diagram of 555 timer 16

2.7 Circuit equation and formula of 555 timer 18

2.8 A resistor 19

2.9 Colour coding of resistor 20

2.10 Types of capacitors 21

2.11 A transistor 23

2.12 NPN and PNP Transistor 24

2.13 A FET 24

2.14 A LED and its internal diagram 26

2.15 A potentiometer 27

2.16 Circuit diagram of Speed Controller 28

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
A speed controller is device which is used alter the a parameter of a
device like fan or lamp or LED. The parameter can be the speed of the
motor or dimness of a lamp.
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The speed can be controlled by a resistor that can limit the flow of
current but is not very useful for a long time as there is a lot of
powerloss in it.

A potentiometer is rotated to get the desired output from the circuit. It

is based on the concept of 555 timer and pulse width modulation
(PWM). Using PWM is more effective as the powerloss is quite low and
we get a precise output.

Fig.1.1

CHAPTER -2
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
In a speed controller, we require:

1. DC Motor

2. 555 Timer IC
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3. Resistors

4. Capacitors

5. Transistors

6. LED

7. Potentiometer

8. Battery(supply)

Following pages give the brief explanation of given components.

1. DC Motor
It is a machine which converts direct current electrical energy into
mechanical energy. They work on the principle of change in direction of
electrical current.

It consists of a coil of wire which produces electromagnetic field when

the current passes through it. The direction as well as magnitude of EM
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field is controlled by the magnitude of current and and the polarity of

the battery connected.

Fig.2.1

2. 555 Timer IC
It is an integrated circuit which is used to provide time-delays, as
oscillator and as flip-flop element.

It was invented by Hans Camenzied and introduced in market by

American comapny namely “ SIGNETICS” in 1972, which was once a
pioneer in integrated circuits manufacturing area.
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Some special features are there in 555 timer IC that makes it a better
option than OP-AMP in same applications.

Special features of any 555 timer IC are:-

1. Duty-cycle is adjustable that makes it easy to use and hassle-free.

2. Its output can drive transistor-transistor logic (TTL) due high current.

3. Wide-range of power from 5V - 18V

4. Temperature stability is of 50ppm per degree Celsius

change in its temperature.

5. Maximum power dissipation generally is of 600MW.

Standard 555 timer IC package :-

* 25 transistors

* 2 diodes

* 15 resistors

All these components are installed on a silicon chip.

Types of 555 TIMER IC:-

* NE555 parts IC

* SE555 parts IC

NE555 PARTS - Temperature range = 0'C - 70'C

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SE555 parts- Temperature range = -55'C - 125'C

555 timer got its name from three resistors which are used in it are of
5KΩ value.

There are different modes of IC 555:-

1. Bi-stable mode

2. Mono-stable mode

3. Astable mode (Free- running mode)

Fig2.2

(1) ASTABLE MODE

 No stable level is there in its output.

Output of timer swings between HIGH(1) & LOW(0).

Timer in this mode is used for clock- square wave generator.

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Fig 2.3

(2) MONOSTABLE MODE

 One stable and one unstable state is there.

Stable state can be chosen either as High(1) or Low(0) by the user

itself.

When stable output is HIGH(1),then output will be LOW(0) or vice-

versa.
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Fig 2.4

(3) BISTABLE MODE

 Both output states are stable.

These ICs are very cheap and reliable in cost than op-amp in some
areas.
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Fig 2.5

Fig.2.6

PIN 1- Ground pin

It is used to supply a zero voltage to the IC.
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PIN 2- Trigger pin

It is used to convert flip-flop from set to reset.

Amplitude applied on the trigger pin decides the output of timer.

PIN 3- Output pin

PIN 4- Reset pin
It comes into action whenever a negative pulse is applied to this pin,
then false triggering can be neglected by connecting it to VCC.

PIN 5- Control Voltage pin

Used to control the pulse width of output waveform.

PIN 6- Threshold pin

PIN 7- Discharge pin
When output of open collector discharges a capacitor between
intervals, then it toggles output state from HIGH to LOW.

Pin 8- Supply Terminal

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Fig 2.7
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3. Resistors
It is a passive electric component which is used to decrease the flow of
current.

The Ohms law states that current flowing in a conductor is directly

proportional to the applied voltage.

R=V/I

It consumes power but it doesn't need any power to operate.

Applications of resistors:-

1. To reduce current and voltage flow

2 .To adjust signal levels

3. To bias active electronic components

4. To terminate transmission lines

Fig.2.8
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In simple language, it can be seen just as a piece of conducting material

of specific property called resistance.

Fig.2.9
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4. Capacitor
It is a electronic device that has the ability to store charge within itself
and then release the same charge at later times.

In earlier times, it was once known as “ELECTRIC CONDENSER”.

It was invented by Ewald Georg Von Kliest.

Now, it is used as a device which can block direct current(DC) and

allows Alternative current (AC) to pass through it.

In its construction part, it consists of a two conductors separated by

non-conductive region.

C=Q/V

Its two conductors are places closed to each other having different
charges with each other , later they both will attract due to the
generated electric field between them.

It has a property called CAPACITANCE .

So, Capacitance is said to be the measure of amount of charge that a

capacitor can store for given applied voltage.

Fig.2.10
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Mostly the capacitors which are used in circuits are Electrolytic

Capacitors, and they are used as Bypass Capacitors. These capacitors
are helpful in removing any noise.
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5. Transistors
It is a semiconductor device which is used to amplify and switch
electronic signals and electric power.

Before the invention of this device, Vacuum tubes were used in place of
it.The transistor was invented in 1947 in Bell Laboratories.The main
purpose of it is to regulate current or voltage , and acts as switch or
gate for electronic signals.It converts audio waves into electronic
waves. The construction includes 3 terminals for connection:-

1. BASE

2. COLLECTOR

3. EMITTER

Fig2.11

TYPES OF TRANSISTORS
1. BIPOLAR JUCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT)
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a) P-N-P BJT
b) N-P-N BJT

Fig 2.12

1. FILED EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FET)

(a) P-Channel
(b)N-Channel

Fig 2.13
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6. LED
It is a heavily doped p-n junction which under forward bias emits
spontaneous radiation.

There is a transparent cover so that emitted light can come out.

When diode is forward biased, then there is a flow of minority carriers -

electrons from n-p side and of majority carriers - holes from p-n .At the
junction boundary , concentration of minority carriers get increased in
comparison with that to equilibrium concentration. At junction
boundary on either side of junction, excess minority carriers are there
which recombine with majority carriers near the junction.

On recombination, energy is released in from of photons. Photons with

energy equal to or slightly less than band gap are emitted.

As forward current is small , intensity of light emitted is small.And as

this current rises , light intensity too beign to rise , but if that current
continues to rise then this would result in decrease in light intensity.

LEDs are biased in such a way that light emitting efficiency is maximum.

LEDs have advantages over conventional incandescent low power

lamps:-

1. Low operational voltage and less power

2. Fast action
3.No warm up time required
4.Long life
5.Fast on-off switching capability
It was Nick Holonyak Jr. who developed the first practical visible-
spectrum LED. He is seen as “ Father of LED”.
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M.George Craford , student of Holonyak, invented first yellow LED in

1972.
Until 1968, LEDs were too costly for normal public.
But it was the Monsanto company which mass-produce the visible LEDs
using gallium arsenic (GaAs).

Fig 2.14
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7. Potentiometer
It is a 3 terminal resistor used as a voltage or potential divider (hence its
name). If we use only 2 terminals of it, it behaves as variable resistor or
a rheostat.

It is used in many devices where there is a need to control a parameter

like current. It finds its use in volume controller, speed controller,
transducers, etc.

On rotating the knob, the resistance changes and hence allowing us to

control.

Fig.2.15
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CHAPTER-3
Working of project
The circuit used is based on NE555 timer chip to produce a PWM at
fixed frequency output. The timing capacitor C gets charged and
discharged. The timing capacitor C is charged and discharged by current
flowing through RA and RB.

Fig.2.16

The output signal at pin 3 of the 555 is equal to voltage supplied which
switches the transistors fully “ON”. The time taken for C to charge or
discharge depends upon the values of RA, RB.

The capacitor charges up through the network RA but is directed around

the resistive network RB and through diode D1. When capacitor is
charged, it gets discharged through diode D2 and RB into pin 7. During
the discharging process the output at pin 3 is at 0 V and hence the
transistor is switched “OFF”.
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The time, TH, for which the output is ON is: TH = 0.693(RA)xC

The time, TL, for which the output is OFF is: TL = 0.693(RB)xC

Total On-Off cycle time is given by:

T = TH + TL

with the o/p frequency ƒ = 1/T

With the given component values, the duty cycle of the waveform can
be adjusted from about 8.3% to about 91.7%.

If duty cycle is high, then the speed of the motor will be high, if it is low,
the speed of the motor will be low.

The Astable frequency is constant at about 256 Hz and motor is

switched ON and OFF at the given rate.

Resistor R1 plus the “top” part of the potentiometer, VR1 represent the
resistive network of RA. While the bottom part of the potentiometer
and R2 represent the resistive network of RB above.

These values can be changed to in accordance with different

applications and DC motors but providing that the 555 Astable circuit
runs fast enough at a few hundred Hertz minimum, so that there be no
jerkiness in the rotation of the motor.

D3 is the flywheel diode used to protect the electronic circuit from the
inductive loading of the motor. And if the motor load is high put a
heatsink on the MOSFET.
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CHAPTER 4
Applications of Speed Controller (555 timer)
Pulse width modulation is a nice way of controlling the power delivered
to a load without dissipating any power (thus efficient).

The circuit used can also be used:

1. To control the speed of a fan

2. To dim the brightness of LED’s and DC lamps

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References
1. https://en.wikipedia.com
2. https://circuitdigest.com
3. https://buildcircuit.com

4. Electronic devices and circuits (Book) - J B Gupta.