Reproduksi Hewan Jantan
dan Betina
Hormon
• Jantan
• Testosteron- critical for sperm development
• Female
• Estrogen- critical for follicle development
• Progesterone- sustains pregnancy and inhibits new follicle
development
• Relaxin- causes ligaments around birth canal to relax
• Oxytocin- causes milk letdown
Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries-
• Produce egg
• Egg contains ½ of genetic
makeup
• Oviducts-
• Site of fertilization
• Transport embryos to uterus
• Uterus-
• Site of embryonic
development during
gestation
[Link]
Female Reproductive System
• Cervix-
• Connects uterus and vagina
• Serve as barrier during
pregnancy
• Vagina-
• Female organ of copulation
at mating
• Opening of bladder
• Vulva-
• External opening of
reproductive system
[Link]
Different Female Reproductive Systems
[Link]
Events of Reproduction
• Puberty- Age at which reproductive organs become
functional
• Female- Reproduction process occurs within
• Estrous cycle- Repetitive cycle occurring when pregnancy
does not
• Estrus- “Heat” or receptivity to mating
• Fertilization- Egg & Sperm unite
• Only real male contribution is the sperm
• Gestation- Length of time of pregnancy
• Parturition- Act of giving birth
Age of Puberty
•Cattle: 6 to 12 Months
•Sheep: 5 to 7 Months
•Swine: 4 to 8 Months
•Horses: 12 to 15 Months
•Humans: 9 to 16 YEARS
Estrous Cycle
• Cattle: Polyestrous (cycle throughout year)
• Sheep: Seasonal (Decreasing light, Fall)
• Swine: Polyestrous (cycle throughout year)
• Horses: Seasonal (Increasing daylight, Spring)
Length of Estrus Cycle
•Cattle: 19 to 23 Days
•Sheep: 14 to 19 Days
•Swine: 19 to 23 Days
•Horses: 10 to 37 Days
Duration of Estrus Cycle
•Cattle: 12 to 18 Hours
•Sheep: 24 to 36 Hours
•Swine: 48 to 72 Hours
•Horses: 3 to 8 Days
Signs of Estrus
• Swollen vulva
• Mucous discharge
• Restless behavior
• Female receptivity to male
[Link]
Specific Signs of Estrus
• Cattle: Visually active mounting
• Sheep: Few external signs
• Swine: Brace with pressure to back, vocal grunting
• Horses: Tease with Stallion and will go nose to nose
Gestation Length
•Cattle: 283-285 Days
•Sheep: 147 Days
•Swine: 114 Days(3months 3weeks 3days)
•Horses: 336 Days
Partition Names in Species
•Cattle: Calving
•Sheep: Lambing
•Swine: Farrowing
•Horses: Foaling
Signs of Parturition
• Distended abdomen
• Mammary development & milk secretion
• Swollen vulva and relaxed pelvic ligaments
• Mucous discharge
• Relentlessness and separation from group
• Labor and Contractions
Signs of Parturition
• Appearance of
placental membrane
• Expulsion of fetus
• Expulsion of placental
membrane
• Bonding behavior of
offspring and mother
(will vary between
species)
[Link]
Male Transfer of Sperm
• Two different ways
• Let the male and female naturally engage.
• Male seeks out female in Estrus
• All controlled by male and female interaction
• Artificial Insemination (AI)
• Human transfers semen past female cervix
• Human is in control of male product and female interaction
• No contact between male and female
Artificial Insemination (AI) Pros
• Conception rate is high
• Extends use of superior males
• One ejaculate can fertilize many females
• Reduce incidence of venereal diseases
• Individual straw per female
• Improves record keeping and mgt.
• Know exactly who the father is
• Can accelerate genetic improvements
Artificial Insemination (AI) Cons
• Need to know Estrus Cycle of animal
• Cost intensive
• Pay for someone to AI animals
AI Use in Farm Animals
• Dairy Cattle: widely used
• Beef Cattle: limited use (herds hard to monitor)
• Sheep: limited use (need to use microscope)
• Swine: intermediate use
• Horses: restricted by breed associations
Basic AI Process
• Check for Heat
• Have all necessary tools
• Make sure tools are clean
• Clean her exterior surface
• Go through the AI process
for the species being bred
• Assessment, record
important information
(date, time, who to… etc)
[Link]/ pork/clipart/[Link]
How Animals Differ
• Cattle: Follow cervix through anus, guiding the pipette
• Sheep: Use microscope to guide pipette
• Swine: Out of body guiding of pipette
• Horses: Restricted by breed
Swine AI Process
• Check for Heat
• Use a teaser bore for
receptivity
• Listen to see if vocal
• Swollen vulva with
secretion
• Apply back pressure
• Tight arms
• Ears flapping
[Link]/ pork/clipart/[Link]
Swine AI Process
• Have all necessary tools
• Catheter/pipette
• Lube
• Semen
• Baby wipes
• Make sure tools are
clean
[Link]
Swine AI Process
• Put pressure on back to
stimulate mounting
• Lubricate catheter
• Insert catheter at a 30-
45 degree angle
following vulva
• Push in about 4-6
inches
[Link]
Swine AI Process
• Move catheter to horizontal
position and gently move
forward until resistance is
felt
• Rotate counterclockwise
once you have hit
resistance
• Feel for pressure from
cervix (see if holds pipette)
• Will pulsate up and down
[Link]
Swine AI Process
• Connect semen onto
catheter
• Give small squeeze to
initiate flow of semen
• Should suck in herself
• DO NOT RUSH
• After semen is gone give a
five count
• Rotate catheter clockwise
and gently pull out
[Link]
Assessment AI Process
• Make sure semen took by
checking that it didn’t leak
out or urinated out.
• Record important
information
• Date
• Time
• Who to
• Anything else that you feel is
crucial
[Link]
