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FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION SYSTEM
2
NOT Gate
Example:
0
1
Symbols:
1 0 1
1
Universal gate using
2 of the basic gates 1 0
(a) Distinctive shape symbols (b) Rectangular outline symbols
with negation indicators with polarity indicators
Continue…
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• Truth table
• Logic expression
A X
0 1
A X=A
1 0
X is the complement of A
A X is the inverse of A
X is NOT A
"A bar"
"not A"
Continue…
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• Operator • Timing Diagram
• Logic operation
A A
& • Truth table
X X (Output)
B B
(a) Distinctive shape (b) Rectangular outline with
the AND (&) qualifying symbol
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Ex
tr
a OR Gate
Exercise 3.1:
(a) Develop the truth table for a 3-input AND gate.
(b) Determine the total number of possible input combinations for a • Performs ‘logical addition’
4-input AND gate.
– If any of the input are HIGH, then the output is HIGH.
Solution: INPUTS OUTPUT – If all of the input are LOW, then the output is LOW
(a) Possible input combinations = 23 = 8 A B C X
• Symbols used:
1
A A
X X
B B
(a) Distinctive shape (b) Rectangular outline with
the OR ( 1) qualifying symbol
(b)
(Output 1 when all inputs 1)
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 9 10
(Output)
Exercise 3.2:
Draw the output waveform.
Continue…
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Ex
tr
a NAND Gate
Self-Test: • NAND è NOT-AND ðcombines the AND gate and
an inverter
a) Input of a NOT gate is A. If A is LOW, the output is _____ • Used as a universal gate
– Combinations of NAND gates can be used to perform
b) If all inputs of an AND gate are LOW, then the output is _____ AND, OR and inverter operations
– If all or any of the input are LOW, then the output is
c) If any input of an OR gate is LOW, then the output is _____ HIGH.
– If all of the input are HIGH, then the output is LOW
d) If A = HIGH, B = LOW, is the logical operation X = A•B = A + B
true? _____ • Symbol used:
e) From d), what we can do to get X = HIGH ? _____ A A &
X X A
X
B B
f) Rewrite the new logical operation from e): _____________________ B
(a) Distinctive shape: 2 input NAND (b) Rectangular outline: 2 input
gate and its NOT/AND equivalent NAND gate with polarity indicator
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(Output)
Continue…
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Ex
tr
a NOR Gate
Exercise 3.3: • NOR è NOT-OR ðcombines the OR gate and an
Show the output waveform for the 3-input NAND gate below with its inverter
proper time relationship to the inputs.
• Used as a universal gate
– Combinations of NOR gates can be used to perform
AND, OR and inverter operations
– If all or any of the input are HIGH, then the output is
LOW.
– If all of the input are LOW, then the output is HIGH
• Symbol used:
A A 1
X A
X X
B B B
(Output) (a) Distinctive shape: 2 input NOR (b) Rectangular outline with
gate and its NOT/OR equivalent the OR ( 1) qualifying symbol
Continue…
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 17 18
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Continue…
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Ex
tr
a XOR Gate
Exercise 3.4:
Show the output waveform for the 3-input NOR gate below with its
proper time relationship to the inputs.
A =1
X A
X
B B
(Output)
(a) Distinctive shape (b) Rectangular outline
Continue…
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 21 22
XOR is a combination of 2 AND gates, 1 OR gate, and 2 NOT gates (inverter)
Continue… Continue…
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XNOR Gate
1 0
• Has only 2 inputs, but output of XNOR is the
1 opposite of XOR
1 1
0 – If both of the input are at the same logic level,
then the output is HIGH.
1 – If both of the input are at opposite logic levels,
then the output is LOW.
1 • Symbol used:
0
1
A =1
A
X X
0 0 B B
0
(a) Distinctive shape (b) Rectangular outline
Continue…
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XOR
AB+AB
X = AB + AB X = AB + AB
Continue… Continue…
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2 X = AB + AB
Continue…
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Ex
tr
a
Exercise 3.5:
Determine the output waveforms for the XOR gate and XNOR gate,
Example: given the input waveforms, A and B.
1
1
0
1
1
0 (Output)
1
0
(Output)
1 0
31 Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition, 2009 32
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