EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON

MAGNETIC STRENGTH

SUBMITTED BY: C.BALAJI

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the

Principal ,Mrs Malliga Sridhar, DAV SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL for all the facilities provided for this project work. I

extend my hearty thanks to Mr V. Balasubramanyam, Physics

teacher , who guided me to the successful completion of this

project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of

gratitude for the invaluable guidance and constant

encouragement which has sustained my efforts at all the stages

of this project work…

I would also like to thank Mr Balaram, Lab assistant for helping

me to complete this project.

1 - Introduction

2—Objective

3-- Material required

4—Theory

5—Procedure

6—Observation

7—Conclusion

8-- Bibliography
OBJECTIVE

The objective of this experiment is to determine the effect of

temperature on the strength of a magnet.

HYPOTHESIS

It is believed that the colder the magnet, the stronger the

magnetic force. Graphically, the results will resemble an

exponential curve, with magnetic force decreasing as

temperature increases. Our independent variable is temperature.

Our dependent variable is magnetism; this will be calculated

using the amount of paperclips that the magnet is able to collect

at each measured temperature.

Safety glasses

a permanent bar magnets

Tongs for magnet

Ice

Water

Insulating container

Three strong bowls

A water heater

Board pins(1000)
 INTRODUCTION

Magnets are frequently used in daily life. For example, magnets

are used in manufacturing, entertainment, security, and they

play a crucial role in the functioning of computers. Even the

earth itself is a magnet. A magnet is any object that produces a

magnetic field . Some magnets, referred to as permanent, hold

their magnetism without an external electric current. A magnet

of this nature can be created by exposing a piece of metal

containing iron to a number of situations (i.e. repeatedly jarring

the metal, heating to high temperature). Soft magnets, on the

other hand, are those that lose their magnetic charge properties

over time. Additionally, paramagnetic objects are those that can

become magnetic only when in the presence of an external

magnetic field. A magnetic field is the space surrounding a

magnet in which magnetic force is exerted. The motion of

negatively charged electrons in the magnet determines not only

the polarity, but also the strength of the magnet (Cold magnet).

Magnets are filled with magnetic lines of force. These lines

originate at the north pole of the magnet and continue to the

south pole. The north pole is positive. Magnetic lines of force do

alignment of small domains within a specific set of metal. These

domains function as all atoms do, thus the temperature affects

the movement. The higher the heat, the greater the energy, and

as such the movement of the particles. In contrast, cold

temperature slows the movement (magnetic Field Strength and

Low Temperatures). Slower movement leads to more fixed

directions in terms of the domains. In the 1800’s, Pier4re Curie

discovered that there exists a temperature at which objects that

were previously permanently magnetic lose this characteristic .

The temperature at which this demagnetization occurs is called

the “Curie point”. As the temperature of the magnet approaches

this point, the alignment of each domain decreases. As such, the

magnetism decreases until the Curie point is reached, at which

time the material becomes paramagnetic.

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.

This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most

notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other

ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels

other magnets. A permanent magnet is an object made from a

material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent

magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet

used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be

magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted

to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These

include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and

some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although

ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones

attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly

considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a

magnetic field, by one of several other types of magnetism.

Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft"

materials like annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not

tend to stay magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials,

which do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard"

subjected to special processing in a powerful magnetic field

during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline

structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To

demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must

be applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the

respective material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity,

whereas "soft" materials have low coercivity. The overall strength

of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or,

alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local

strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its

magnetization.
PROCEDURE

Cold Process

1. Place board pins in bowl.

2. Situate scale near bowl.

3. Weigh magnet and record.

4. Place magnet and freezer thermometer in freezer set to

lowest temperature possible.

5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the

temperature of the freezer.

6. Record temperature read by freezer thermometer.

7. Place magnet in bowl filled with board pins.

8. Remove magnet and attached board pins and place on scale.

9. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the

magnet and the board pins combined.

10. Remove board pins and place back in bowl.

11. Set freezer to 10-Celsius degrees higher than previous

temperature. (Note: freezer accuracy is dubious. Use temperature

read by freezer thermometer)

1. Place board pins in the bowl.

2. Situate scale near bowl.

3. Weigh magnet and record.

4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature possible.

5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the

temperature of the oven.

6. Place magnet in bowl filled with board pins.

7. Remove magnet and attached board pins and place on scale.

8. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the

magnet and the board pins combined.

9. Remove board pins and place back in bowl.

10. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.

11. Repeat steps 6-11 and record the observations.

NUMBER ATTRACTED (g)

1 5 19.33

2 15 17.18

3 25 15.81

4 35 14.68

5 45 13.98

6 55 13.35

7 65 12.89

8 75 12.82
CONCLUSION

Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between

temperature and magnetic domains (the atoms’ inclination to

spin in a certain direction). When exposed to extreme

temperatures, however, this balance is destabilized; magnetic

properties are then affected. While cold strengthens magnets,

heat can result in the loss of magnetic properties. In other words,

too much heat can completely ruin a magnet. Excessive heat

causes atoms to move more rapidly, disturbing the magnetic

domains. As the atoms are sped up, the percentage of magnetic

domains spinning in the same direction decreases. This lack of

cohesion weakens the magnetic force and eventually

demagnetizes it entirely. In contrast, when a magnet is exposed

to extreme cold, the atoms slow down so the magnetic domains

are aligned and, in turn, strengthened.

Ferromagnetism: The way in which specific materials form

permanent magnets or interact strongly with magnets. Most

everyday magnets are a product of ferromagnetism.

presence of an external magnetic field. They are attracted to

magnetic fields, but they are not magnetized when the external

field is removed. Thats because the atoms spin in random

directions; the spins aren’t aligned, and the total magnetization

is zero. Aluminum and oxygen are two examples of materials

that are paramagnetic at room temperature.

Curie Temperature: Named after the French physicist Pierre

Curie, the Curie Temperature is the temperature at which no

magnetic domain can exist because the atoms are too frantic to

maintain aligned spins. At this temperature, the ferromagnetic

material becomes paramagnetic. Even if you cool the magnet,

once it has become demagnetized, it will not become magnetized

again. Different magnetic materials have different Curie

Temperatures, but the average is about 600 to 800 degrees

Celsius.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.icbse.com

www.sciencebuddies.com

www.technopedia.com

www.wikipedia.com

NCERT Physics book

www.howmagnetswork.com