PRINCE SRIVARI

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

No.12, Kannagi Street, Puzhuthivakkam, Chennai-91.

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Topic : Preparation and estimation of foaming capacity of soap

Name :

Class : XII- A

Roll No : 4

Academic Year: 2019-2020

 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certify to be the Bonafide project work in Chemistry done by

Reg. No.__________ of Class XII Sec ‘A’ of
Prince Srivari Senior Secondary School, Madipakkam,
Chennai - 600091 during the year 2019 – 2020.

Signature of the Principal Signature of Subject Teacher

School Seal

Submitted for Chemistry Practical Examination held on

_________ at Prince Srivari Senior Secondary School,
Madipakkam, Chennai 600091.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to offer my sincere thanks to our Principal Mrs.N.Geetha for giving

me the opportunity to do this project which has been a wonderful knowledge

gaining process.

I also extend my gratitude to our Chemistry teachers Mrs.N.Geetha and

Mrs.T.Premalatha for the constant guidance. The support extended was very

helpful for the completion of the project.

AIM:
To study the developmental stages of cockroach
through specimen
CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom Animalia,

Phylum Arthropoda,

Class Insecta,

Order Blattodea.
LIFE CYCLE

All cockroaches develop by completing a life cycle consisting of three distinct stages:
egg, nymph, and adult.

Egg Production
The cockroach life cycle starts with the production of eggs. Adult females produce
between 10 and 40 eggs at a time, which they carry in specialized cases called
ootheca.

Generally shaped like a kidney bean or purse, the egg case is either carried by the
mother or placed in a protected location until hatching.

After carrying the capsule around on her abdomen for a species-specific amount of
time, the female deposits the egg capsule in a protected location preferably near a
food source.

Nymph to Adult
Newly hatched cockroaches emerge from eggs as nymphs.

During the nymphal stage of the cockroach life cycle, the insects grow by shedding
their skin multiple times until reaching adulthood, a process known as molting.

After Molting
After each molt, the developing cockroaches become soft-bodied and white before
eventually getting larger, getting darker in color and hardening off.

The rate at which cockroaches mature into fully developed adults depends on factors
like species and the conditions of the surrounding environment.

In favorable conditions, cockroach nymphs can reach adulthood in a matter of

weeks.
Developmental Details Vary by Species
While cockroaches all complete the same three phases of development, specific
elements of the life cycle vary according to species.

The prolific German cockroach, for example, produces 30 to 40 eggs per ootheca
and carries the egg case for the duration of the incubation period, while the
brownbanded cockroach lays about 13 to 18 eggs at a time and attaches the
protective capsule to inconspicuous objects or surfaces.

Oriental and American cockroaches also leave their egg cases in protected places.
Cockroach eggs generally hatch within 20 to 60 days, depending on the species,
with German cockroaches experiencing the shortest incubation period.
EGG CASES
Female cockroaches produce egg cases, known as oothecae. Oothecae contain
many eggs and are enveloped by a protein substance that gradually hardens into a
strong, protective casing. Some cockroach species drop the egg case, while other
species carry it until the eggs are ready to hatch.

What Do Cockroach Eggs Look Like?

The American cockroach’s ootheca is dark brown in color and averages 8 mm in
length. One female may create six to 90 oothecae in her lifetime. The female
American cockroach carries the ootheca for a few hours to a few days, at which point
she deposits the egg case in a safe, hidden location. The American cockroach
ootheca contains approximately 15 embryos and remains in place through the use of
the female’s saliva.

How Long Does it Take Cockroach Eggs to Hatch?

Immature cockroaches will emerge from the ootheca within 24 to 38 days.

Brown-Banded Cockroach Eggs

The brown-banded cockroach’s ootheca is light reddish-brown in color and
measures approximately 5 mm in length. Females of this species produce up to 20
cases in one lifetime, and each case hatches 10 to 18 embryos. Brown-banded
nymphs are identifiable by two yellow bands that cross their upper abdomens.
Nymphs develop fully to adults within three to six months.

Oriental Cockroach Eggs

The Oriental cockroach creates a dark reddish-brown ootheca that is 8 to 10 mm in
length. These oothecae appear slightly inflated and each contains approximately 16
eggs. The female deposits the egg case in a favorable environment after it is
produced. Females produce between one and 18 egg cases in a lifetime. Nymphs
typically take around 600 days to become adults, although their development is
dependent upon environmental conditions.

NYMPH
Cockroach nymphs are grayish-brown in color and darken with each progressive
molt. The nymphal development to adult ranges in length from months to over a
year. Cockroach nymphs are similar to their adult counterparts. Cockroach nymphs
undergo a series of molts. They emerge as full adults from their final molt.

German cockroach nymphs are often less than 3 millimeters long when they hatch.
After darkening, they are almost uniformly dark, with one light patch located on the
back. This patch becomes more pronounced through the second and third molting
stages. Brown-banded cockroach nymphs have two bands on their bodies which
range in color from black to light gold. American cockroach nymphs are gray-brown
in color and gradually redden.
MOLTING&ADULTHOOD

The process of molting is called ecdysis. When a cockroach nymph has outgrown its old
skin, it finds a protected place to complete the moltingprocess.
Molting or shedding its skin periodically is the only way that a young cockroach can grow
since its hard, outer cuticle won't allow expansion.
When a cockroach nymph has outgrown its old skin, it finds a protected place to complete the
molting process. It takes in air and splits its old skin right down the back. It then painstakingly has to
pull its body, including 6 legs and antennae, out of the old skin. Sometimes the nymph is not
successful and dies, or is eaten during the molting process. Once out of its old skin, the now white
and soft cockroach nymph remains hidden and inactive for several hours while its new cuticle
hardens and darkens

The number of molts that each cockroach nymph goes through varies depending on the type of
cockroach. The entire nymphal stage for a German cockroach nymph (our most common cockroach)
usually lasts 55-68 days, depending on conditions like temperature and available food. During that
time, the wingless nymph will molt 6 or 7 times before turning into an adult cockroach. At that final,
seventh molt, the adult cockroach emerges with wings for the first time, and with functional
reproductive organs.