PHASE CHANGES
PHASE CHANGE
Change from one physical state to another
Physical form and not the chemical identity of a substance
changes
Accompanied by a change in the energy of the system
ENERGY CHANGES ACCOMPANYING PHASE CHANGES
E must be supplied to overcome
IMFA; endothermic; +H
ORDERED LESS ORDERED STATE
E is given off; exothermic; -H
PHASE CHANGES
melting, Hfus vaporization, Hvap
SOLID LIQUID GAS
freezing, Hfreez condensation, Hcon
deposition, Hdep
sublimation, Hsub
solid line: + H, energy is required, endothermic
broken line: -H, energy is released, exothermic
ENTHALPY CHANGE, ∆H
Enthalpy change – heat released or absorbed during a process
at a constant pressure
∆Hvap – the heat E required to evaporate a given mass of a substance at constant T
∆Hfus – the heat E required to melt a given mass of a substance at constant T
∆Hsub – the heat E required to sublime a given mass of a substance at a constant T
∆Hsub = ∆Hfus + ∆Hvap
SPECIFIC HEAT
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius with no
change in phase
where:
𝑞 q = amount of heat (J)
𝐶= m = mass of substance (g)
𝑚∆𝑇 ∆T = change in temperature (oC)
HEAT ABSORBED/RELEASED DURING PHASE CHANGES
For segments AB, CD and EF:
𝑞 = 𝑚𝐶∆𝑇
For segments BC and DE:
𝑞 = 𝑚∆𝐻
SAMPLE PROBLEM
How much heat, in joules, is required to raise the
temperature of 205 g of water from 21.2oC to
91.4oC?
The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g-oC.
Solution
amount of heat (J) = mass x Specific Heat x T
amount of heat (J) = (205 g)(4.18 J/g-oC)(91.4-21.2 oC)
amount of heat (J) = 6.02 x 104 J or 60.2 kJ
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the amount of heat (in joules) required to
convert 180 g of water at 10.0oC to steam at
105.0oC. The specific heats of water and steam are
4.18 J/g-oC and 2.03 J/g-oC, respectively. The
∆Hvap of water is 2.26 x 103 J/g.
180 g H2O(l) 180 g H2O(l)
at 10.0 oC at 100.0 oC
warm the
liquid (temp boil the liquid
change) (phase
change)
180 g H2O(g)
at 100.0 oC
warm the
steam (temp
change)
180 g H2O(g)
at 105.0 oC
Step 1
amount of heat (J) = mass x Specific Heat x T
amount of heat (J) = (180 g)(4.18 J/g-oC)(100.0-10.0 oC)
amount of heat (J) = 6.77 x 104 J
Step 2
amount of heat (J) = mass x Hvap
amount of heat (J) = (180 g)(2.26 x 103 J/g)
amount of heat (J) = 4.07 x 105 J
Step 3
amount of heat (J) = mass x Specific Heat x T
amount of heat (J) = (180 g)(2.03 J/g-oC)(105.0-100.0 oC)
amount of heat (J) = 1.8 x 103 J
Step 4
Total heat absorbed = 6.77 x 104 J + 4.07 x 105 J + 1.8 x 103 J
Total heat absorbed = 4.76 x 105 J
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the amount of heat released when 1.0 g of
water at 0oC freezes to -4.0oC ice.
The specific heat of ice is 2.09 J/g⋅∘C and ΔHfreeze is -334
J/g.
Step 1
amount of heat (J) = mass x Hvap
amount of heat (J) = (1.0 g)(-334 J/g)
amount of heat (J) = -334 J
Step 2
amount of heat (J) = mass x Specific Heat x T
amount of heat (J) = (1.0 g)(2.09 J/g-oC)(-4oC - 0oC)
amount of heat (J) = -8.36 J
Total amount of heat = -3.4 x 102 J
ENTHALPY CHANGE, ∆H
∆Hvap of H2O = 2.26 x 103 J/g
∆Hfus of H2O = 344 J/g
Why is the heat of vaporization of a substance generally higher
than its heat of fusion?
Or why does it take more heat to vaporize a liquid than to melt a
solid?
PHASE DIAGRAMS
STATES OF MATTER AT DIFF T & P
at ↓Temperatures and ↑ Pressures, the atoms, ions or molecules of
a substance are expected to be in close arrangement – solid state
at ↑Temperatures and ↓ Pressures, gaseous state
at intermediate Temperatures and Pressures, liquid state
PHASE DIAGRAMS
pressure versus temperature diagrams that show the
different phases of a given substance
applies only to closed systems (e.g. sample in a sealed
container)
PHASE DIAGRAM OF IODINE
Fusion Curve
Critical point
Vapor pressure curve
Triple point
Sublimation
curve
PHASE DIAGRAMS
NORMAL BOILING AND MELTING POINT
CRITICAL P AND T
Critical Temperature, Tc – the temperature above which the
gas phase cannot be made to liquefy, no matter how great
the applied pressure
Critical Pressure, Pc – the minimum pressure that must be
applied to bring about liquefaction at the critical
temperature
DENSITY DETERMINATION
ICE AND WATER MOLECULES
PHASE DIAGRAM OF CO2
Triple point is greater
than 1 atm
If solid CO2 is heated
in an open container, it
sublimes (dry ice)
At P above 5.1, liquid
CO2 is obtained and
are used in fire
extinguishers
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
CO2 is stored as liquid at 5.1 atm
When the liquid is released, it vaporizes, the heat
required for vaporization is extracted from the liquid CO2
The liquid CO2 drops in temp to form solid CO2
Solid CO2 sublimes into a gas
PHYSICAL METHODS OF SEPARATION USING
PHASE CHANGES
Distillation
Sublimation
Freeze Drying
FREEZE DRYING
-works by freezing
the material, then
reducing the pressure
and adding heat to
allow the frozen
water in the material
to sublimate
PHASE DIAGRAM OF PHOSPHORUS
1. Indicate the phases present in the regions
labeled (?)
2. A sample of solid red phosphorus cannot
be melted by heating in a container open to
the atmosphere. Explain.
3. Trace the phase changes that occur when
the pressure on a sample is reduced from
point A to B, at constant temp.
Compound B has a normal melting point of 41oC and a normal boiling
point of 123oC. The triple point of the compound is 39oC and 85 torr.
The vapor pressure of the compound at 50oC is 120 torr.
a. Draw the phase diagram for the compound and label the phases,
the triple point, the melting point curve, the sublimation curve and
the boiling point curve.
b. Is the solid denser than the liquid?
c. What changes happen if pressure is kept constant at 500 torr
and temperature is increased from 50oC is 150oC?
d. What changes happen if temperature is kept constant at 20oC
and pressure is raised from 20 torr to 150 torr?
Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is the tallest peak in Africa (19,
430ft). The normal barometric pressure at the top of the
mountain is about 345 torr.
a. Find out the phase diagram of water the temperature
at which water is expected to boil at the top of the mountain.
b. What difficulties would you face if you wanted to boil
potatoes there?
c. How can you overcome the difficulties you identified in
(b)
The normal melting and boiling points of xenon are -112oC and
-107oC, respectively. Its triple point is at -121oC and 282 torr,
and its critical point is at 16.6oC and 57.6 atm.
a. Sketch the phase diagram for Xe
b. Which is denser, Xe(s) or Xe(l)?
c. If Xe is cooled under an external pressure of 100 torr,
will it undergo condensation or deposition?
