Unit 2 - Convection

Dr. G. Kumaresan, Sr. Asst. Prof.

CEG, ANNA UNIVERSITY
 GOVERNING LAW
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Q = h A (Tw – T∞)
h – convective heat
transfer coefficient
A – surface area over which
convection occurs
(Tw – T∞) – temperature potential difference

Convection 1
 CONCEPT OF BOUNDARY LAYER
y Flow Regimes on a flat plate
x
LAMINAR TRANSITION TURBULENT
REGION REGION
u∞

u∞ u
u
FLAT PLATE

u = 0 at y = 0 u = u∞ at y = δ
Convection 2
 FLOW REGIMES ON A FLAT PLATE
y Laminar Region (Re < 5 x 10 5)
x

u∞ Reynolds’ no.
u x
u Re 

FLAT PLATE
τ - Shear stress
   du µ - Dynamic viscosity
dy
(proportionality constant)
Convection 3
 REYNOLDS’ NUMBER
Laminar Region
u x
Re 

ρ Density, kg / m3
u∞ Free Stream Velocity, m / s
x Distance from leading edge, m
µ Dynamic viscosity, kg / m-s
Re < 5 x 10 5 FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE
Re < 2300 FLOW THROUGH PIPE
Convection 4
 FLOW REGIMES ON A FLAT PLATE
Transition Region
TRANSITION

FLAT PLATE
5 x 10 5 < Re < 10 6 FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE
2000 < Re < 4000 FLOW THROUGH PIPE
Convection 5
 FLOW REGIMES ON A FLAT PLATE
Turbulent Region
y
x

u∞ TURBULENT CORE

u BUFFER ZONE
LAMINAR
FLAT PLATE SUB LAYER

Convection 6
 FLOW THROUGH TUBE
y Flow Development
x

UNIFORM BOUNDARY LAYER

INLET
FLOW

STARTING LENGTH FULLY

DEVELOPED
FLOW

Convection 7
 THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER
y
x
T∞

δt
TW
FLAT PLATE

Convection 8
 Dimensional Analysis
• Reduces the number of independent
variables in a problem.
• Experimental data can be conveniently
presented in terms of dimensionless
numbers.
• Buckingham’s Pi theorem is used a rule of
thumb for determining the dimensionless
groups that can be obtained from a set of
variables.
Convection 9
 Buckingham’s Pi theorem
If there are m’ variables (dependent and
independent) in a dimensionally homogeneous
equation and if these contain ‘n’ fundamental
dimensions (M,L,t and T), then the variables are
arranged into (m – n) dimensionless terms. These
dimensionless terms are called pi-terms
Where,
M-Mass
L-Length
t-Time Repeating Variables
T-Temperature

Convection 10
 Buckingham’s Pi theorem
Selection procedure of Repeating Variables (RVs)
 Mostly RVs must contain jointly all the fundamental dimensions
 RVs must not form the non-dimensional parameters among themselves
 Mostly avoid to select dependent variable as RV
 No two RVs should have the same dimensions
 RVs should be chosen in such a way that one variable contains
geometric property, other variable contains flow property and third
variable contains fluid property. For heat transfer problems the fourth
variable should contain the dimension of temperature.

Convection 10
 Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
Consider a case of fluid flowing across a heated tube
S No. Variable Symbol Dimension
1 Tube Diameter D L
2 Fluid Density ρ M L-3
3 Fluid Velocity U L t-1
4 Fluid Viscosity µ M L-1 t-1
5 Specific Heat Cp L2 t-2 T-1
6 Thermal Conductivity k M L t-3 T-1
7 Heat Transfer Coefficient h M t-3 T-1
Convection 11
 Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
• There are 7 (m) variables and 4 (n) basic
dimensions.
• 3 (m-n) dimensionless parameters symbolized
as π1 ,π2, π3 can be formed.
• Each dimensionless parameter will be formed
by combining a core group of ‘n’ variables with
one of the remaining variables not in the core.
• The core group will include variables with all
of the basic dimensions

Convection 12
 Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
Choosing D, ρ, µ and k as the core (arbitrarily),
the groups formed is represented as:
π1 = Da ρb µc kd U
π2 = De ρf µg kh Cp
π3 = Dj ρl µm kn h

Since these groups are to be dimensionless, the

variables are raised to certain exponents (a, b,
c,….)

Convection 13
 Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
Starting with π1
b c d
0 0 0 0 a M 
 1  (L)  3  M   ML   L 
M LT t    3   
 L   Lt   t T   t 
Equating the sum of exponents of each basic
dimension to 0, we get equations for:
M 0=b+c+d
L 0 = a – 3b + d + 1 + e
T 0 = -d
t 0 = -c -3d -1

Convection 14
 Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
Solving these equations, we get:
d = 0, c = -1, b = 1, a = 1 giving
UD
1   Re (Reynolds number)

Similarly for π2
e M M
f g
 ML 
i
 L2 
00 0 0
M LT t  1  (L)  3    3   
 L   Lt  t T   t 3T 
 

Convection 15
 Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
Equating the sum of exponents
M 0=f+g+I
L 0 = e – 3f – g + i + 2
T 0 = -i – 1
t 0 = -g – 3i -2
Solving, we get e = 0, f = 0, g = 1, i = 1 giving
C p
2   Pr (Prandtl number)
k

Convection 16
 Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
By following a similar procedure, we can obtain
hD
3   Nu (Nusselt number)
k
The relationship between dimensionless groups
can be expressed as F(π1, π2, π3) = 0. Thus,
Nu   (Re,Pr)

Convection 17
 Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
Influence of selecting the core variables
• Choosing different core variables leads to
different dimensionless parameters.
• If D, ρ, µ, Cp were chosen, then the π groups
obtained would be Re, Pr and St.
• St is Stanton number, a non dimensional form
of heat transfer coefficient.
Nu h
St  
[Link]  .[Link]
Convection 18
 Dimensional Analysis for Free Convection
Free Convection on a Vertical Plate

g
T∞ (FLUID)
TS (SURFACE)

L
FLUID PROPERTIES
ρ,µ, CP, k, βg
Convection 19
 Dimensional Analysis for Free Convection
Free Convection on a Vertical Plate
In free convection, the variable U is replaced by
the variables ΔT, β and g.
Pertinent Variables in Free Convection
[Link]. Variable Symbol Dimension
1 Fluid Density ρ M L-3
2 Fluid Viscosity µ M L-1 t-1
3 Fluid Heat Capacity Cp L2 t-2 T-1
4 Fluid Thermal Conductivity k M L t-2 T-1
Convection 20
 Dimensional Analysis for Free Convection

Pertinent Variables in Free Convection (contd.)

[Link]. Variable Symbol Dimension
Fluid Coefficient of
5 β T-1
Thermal Expansion
6 Gravitational acceleration g L t-2
7 Temperature difference ΔT T
8 Significant length L L
9 Heat Transfer Coefficient h M t-2 T-1

Convection 21
 Dimensional Analysis for Free Convection
Choosing L, ρ, µ and k as the core (arbitrarily),
the groups formed is represented as:

π1 = La ρb µc kd ΔT
π2 = Le ρf µi kj βg
π3 = Ll ρm µn ko Cp
π4 = Lp ρq µr ks h

Convection 22
 Dimensional Analysis for Free Convection
Following the procedure outlined in last section,
we get:
π1 = (L2 ρ2 k ΔT) / µ2
π2 = (Lµβg) / k
π3 = (µCp) / k = Pr (Prandtl number)
π4 = (hL) / k = Nu (Nusselt number)
2 3
 gL T Grashof Number
Gr  1 .2  2

Convection 23
 Dimensional Analysis

FORCED CONVECTION
Nu   (Re,Pr)

FREE CONVECTION
Nu  F([Link])

Convection 24
 PRANDTL NUMBER
cp
Pr 
k
Multiplying with ρ in the numerator and denominator,
c p   Momentum diffusivity
Pr   
k  Thermal diffusivity

Prair = 0.7 Prwater = 4.5 Prliquid Na = 0.011

Convection 25
 PRANDTL NUMBER
Pr >> 1 Pr .No. 
Momentum Diffusivity ( ) Pr << 1
Thermal Diffusivity ( )

δh δt
δt δh
e.g., oils e.g., liquid metals

δt = δh
Pr = 1 e.g., air and gases
δh = Hydrodynamic thickness
δt = Thermal Boundary layer thickness
Convection 26
 Definition for δh & δt

The value of ‘y’ where velocity u = 0.99 Uα is called

hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness denoted by δh.

The distance ‘y’ at which the temperature difference

(Ts – T) = 0.99 (Ts – Tα) is defined as thermal boundary layer
thickness δt.

Convection 27
 Flow with HT – Governing Eqns.

1. Continuity Equation

2. Momentum Equation

3. Energy Equation

Convection 27
 Mass, Momentum and Energy Equation
T T 2T Energy Equation
u v  2
x y y

u u  2u X Momentum Equation
v  2

Prandtl BL Equations
u
x y y (Assuming zero Pr. gradient)
(constant pressure)
The solution to the two equations will have exactly the
same form when α = ν

u v

x y
0 Mass Equation
 Parallel flow over a Flat plate

Two standard approaches to solve boundary layer equations for Laminar flow

Approach 1 :: Exact solution method (Blasius’ Solution)

Approach 1 :: Approximate Solution Method or Von Karman Integral Method

Exact sol. method is more complicated than Integral sol. method

Comparison between Exact and Integral sol.
Parameter Exact sol. Integral (Von Karman) sol.

Velocity BL thickness 5x 4.64x

(δh) Re x (#113 ) Re x
Local skin friction 0.664 s 0.646 s
coefficient (Cfx)  (#113 ) 
Re x 0.5u Re x 0.5u
2 2

Thermal BL h 
thickness (δt) (#113 )
Pr 0.333 Pr 0.333 1.026

Local Nusselt no. hx x hx x

(Nu)  0.332 Re 0x.5 Pr 0.333 (#113 ) k  0.332 Re 0.5
x Pr 0.333

k
Average skin friction 1.328 1.292
coefficient ( C fx ) 2C fx  (#113 ) 2C fx 
Re x Re x

Average Nusselt no.

(Nu ) 2 Nu  0.664 Re 0x.5 Pr 0.333 (#114 ) 2 Nu  0.664 Re 0x.5 Pr 0.333
 Use of Correlations
1. External Flow
Flow over a Flat Plate
Flow across cylinder
Flow across sphere
Flow across bank of tubes
2. Internal Flow
Flow through tubes & ducts
 Use of Correlations
Separate correlations are available for
• Laminar
• Constant temperature surfaces
• Constant heat flux boundary condition
• Turbulent
• Constant temperature surfaces
• Constant heat flux boundary condition
• Combined laminar & turbulent conditions

Special correlations are available for liquid metals

External Flow –Constant wall Temp.- Flat plate
External Flow – Flat plate Problem cont…
External Flow – Flat plate Problem cont…
 External Flow – Flat plate:: Problem 2
Water at 30°C flows over a flat plate with a free stream velocity of
0.6 m/s. Determine the local and average friction coefficient at 0.5 m
from the leading edge. Also determine the local wall shear stress.

0.664 s
Local skin friction coefficient, C fx      C  0.5 u 2

Re x 0.5 u
2 s fx

 
Local wall shear stress,  s  1.22  10 – 3  0.5 1000  0.6 2  0.2196 N m 2
External Flow –Constant Heat Flux- Flat plate:: Problem 1

(#113 )
 Plate Problem - Constant Heat Flux cont…

Nux=0.453Re0.5Pr0.333
#113, 1.2

 q  hTw  T  
 Laminar & Turbulent flow over a Plate Problem - Constant wall temp

Air at 273 K at 75 m/s flows over a plate having 45 cm length 62 cm wide.

The plate is maintained 90oC temperature. Assuming the transition of
boundary layer takes place at critical Reynolds number of 5x105, find the
average values of friction coefficient and heat transfer coefficient for the full
length of the plate. Also get energy dissipation from the plate.
90  0
Solution: T f   45o C
2
Properties at 45o C , k=2.8 10 2 W mK ;   17.45 10 6 m 2 s; Pr=0.698

Recr  5 10 
5 u  xc
 xc 

5 105 17.45 106   0.116m
 75
 Laminar flow exists from 0 m (LE) to 0.116 m, afterwards the flow is turbulent
Ave. friction coefficient, C fL =0.074Re L0.2 -1742Re L1.0 =3.191103 #115, 1.5.1

 uL 75  0.45 6
 where, Re    1.93  10 

L
 17.45 106 
Laminar & Turbulent flow over a Plate Problem - Constant wall temp Cont…

hL L
Ave. Nusselt number, NuL =Pr 0.333
0.037 Re  871  2732 
0.8
L
#115, 1.5.2
k
2732  2.8 102
hL   170W m 2 K
0.45
The rate of energy dissipation from the plate, Q
Q=2hL A Tw  T   2 170  (0.45  0.62)(90  0)  8537.4W
Analogy between Momentum & Energy transfer
[Relationship between skin friction and heat transfer]
dT
k
q dy c p dT  cp 
   Pr  
 
du Pr du  k 
dy
If VBL and TBL both are same, i.e. for Pr=1
u T
q dT q q

 c p
du

 cp  du   dT 
0 Ts
 cp
u  Ts  T

1 q 1 
both sides multiply by    (eq.1)
 u
2
Ts  T   c pu  u
2

 Q
w.k .t C fx  and q   h Ts  T  } use this in eq.1
1 2  u
2
A
hx C fx C fx Nu C fx
   or St= or 
 c p u 2 2 [Link] 2
 Analogy between Momentum & Energy transfer
Reynolds Analogy (for Pr. no. equal to one)

Colburn Analogy (for Pr. no. other than one)

0.664 C fx 0.332
Local Skin Friction, C fx   
Re x 2 Re x
Local Nu. number, Nu x  0.332 Re0.5
x Pr 13

Nu x 0.5
divide by, Re x Pr1 3 ,  0.332 Re x
Re x Pr1 3
 Nu x  2 3 0.5
C fx
 Pr  0.332 Re x or St x Pr   (eq.2)
23
 Ref(#113, 1.5.3 )
 Re x Pr  2
Eq. 2 is called Colburn analogy.
If Pr=1 substituted in eq.2, then it is called Reynolds analogy

52
For heavy oils (Pr>103) and liquid metals (Pr≈0.01), Colburn analogy is not applicable
 Problem from Colburn Analogy
Air (8 kN/m2, 250oC) flows over a 1m long and 0.3 m
width flat plate (78oC) at a velocity of 9.8 m/s.
determine the drag force exerted on the plate using
suitable analogy of Reynolds or Colburn analogy. Take
ave. h.t. coefficient= 3.08 W/m2K.
250  78
Film Temp=  164o C or 437 K
2
P 8 103
Since Pressure  [Link] .;  = = = 0.0638 kg/m3
RT 287(437)
Properties at T film ; c p  1.018 kJ kg .K
 =24.68  10 6 Ns m2 , Pr=0.69, k=36.4  10 3 W m.K
  @0.08bar    =24.68  10 6 0.0638  3.87  104 m 2 s
Since Pr  1, Colburn analogy is considered here
Problem from Colburn Analogy cont…

C fx h 3.08
w.k.t, St x Pr 23
 and St=   4.84 103
2  c p u 0.0638 1018  9.8
C fx
 (4.84 103 )(0.69)2 3 =3.8 103
2
w
w.k.t. C fx =    3.8  10 3
(0.0638)(9.8) 2
 0.0233 N
1 u 2 w 2
m
2 

Drag force on one side of plate = w  Plate area

=0.0233  (0.3 1)  6.985 10 3 N
Total drag force (both sides of the plate) =2  6.985 103  0.014 N
Problem from Colburn Analogy - Turbulent
Problem from Colburn Analogy – Turbulent cont…
Problem from Turbulent flow over a flat plate

Ref #114, 1.4.1

 Problem from Turbulent flow over a flat plate cont…

Compare the value of local heat transfer coefficient calculated using the equation
obtained by analogy
 Problem from Turbulent flow over a flat plate cont…
Using analogy between momentum and heat transfer

Ref #114, 1.4.1

Nux=15035 Using Cfx =2.08x10-3
Nux=15922 Using Cfx =2.197x10-3

Note to Remember:
For constant heat flux, the Nusselt number is found to increase by 4% over
the value for constant wall temperature.

a) Nux (constant heat flux) = 1.04 Nux(Constant wall temperature)

b)

 C f  C fx 0.8
Flow over bluff/streamlined bodies

Flow over Cylinder/Sphere

Flow over Flat plate

 Cont..

Flow over smooth ball

Flow over Golf ball

BL Separation Cont..
Drag Force Cont..
Types of drag
(i) Pressure, shape or form drag & (ii) Skin drag or friction drag
 EXTERNAL FLOW – Cylinder:: Problem
Calculate the heat loss from a human body when standing in a
36 km/hr wind speed at 12oC. Assuming that a human body can be
represented by a cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 165 cm high with a
surface temperature of 28oC.

28  12
Tf   20 C  293 K
2
Properties of air at Film Temperature:

ν=15x10-6 m2/s Pr = 0.707

k=0.0259 W/m°K
EXTERNAL FLOW – Cylinder:: Problem
uD 10  0.3
Re D    2  10 5

 15 106
NuD  C (Re D ) m (Pr)1 3
From Table (#116 data book)
C =0.0266 & m =0.805
 NuD  0.0266(2 105 ) m (0.707)1 3  444.7
hD
 444.7  h  38.39 W/m 2 K
k
Heat lost from the body=h( DL)(Ts  T )
 38.39(  0.3  0.165)(28  12)  95.47W
EXTERNAL FLOW – Non-circular duct:: Problem
EXTERNAL FLOW – Non-circular duct:: Problem cont…
EXTERNAL FLOW – Sphere
EXTERNAL FLOW – Sphere cont…
EXTERNAL FLOW – Sphere Problem

Eqn. 3.1

Eqn. 3.2
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes

Aligned and staggered tube rows

EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes cont…

Ref #123

St – Transverse pitch &

Sl – Longitudinal pitch
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes cont…
Ref #123
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes cont..

St

Ref #121
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes cont…

Ref #121
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes cont…

m   Au
m
G   u
A
 Gmax   umax

Ref #122

Note: In 4.4 eqn, correction factor chart for go is not given in data book,
take it as go=1
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes – Condition of Vmax

How the condition of Vmax is arrived?

 vA1   vmax AT  vST  vmax  ST  D 

ST
vmax  v
 ST  D  Ref #121, 4.2
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes – Condition of Vmax cont…

How the condition of Vmax is arrived?

EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes – Problem 1

0.94 57.34

Note: here Sp = St and Sn = Sl

EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes – Problem 2
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes – Problem 2 cont..
EXTERNAL FLOW – Bank of tubes – Problem 2 cont..
INTERNAL FLOW – Tube

Ref #124


INTERNAL FLOW – Tube cont..

Ref #130
INTERNAL FLOW – Tube cont..

Ref #124
INTERNAL FLOW – Tube cont..

Ref #125
INTERNAL FLOW – Tube cont..

Ref #125
INTERNAL FLOW – Tube cont..

Ref #126
INTERNAL FLOW – Tube cont..

Ref #126
INTERNAL FLOW – Tube cont..

Ref #127
 Friction Coefficient
Friction factor or friction coefficient (f) for a fluid flowing
in a duct is a function of Reynolds number. It also
depends on the roughness of the pipe surface
(Nikuradse).
 vD
f  f (Re,  / D) ; (Re) Reynolds number  
 / D  relative roughness

-Absolute roughness or height of wall irregularities

& D- Pipe diameter
Material Absolute Roughness (mm)
Glass, brass, copper, lead Smooth <0.003048
Steel, wrought iron 0.04572
Galvanized iron 0.1524
Cast iron 0.25908
 Cont..
The relationship among f, Re and ε/D is determined experimentally and
plotted on a chart, which is called Moody diagram (Stanton diagram).

Rough pipes

• For small Re (<2000) , f = 64/ Re

• Re > 2000 & small ε/D, such a wall surface is said to be ultimate
smoothness
• For large Re and ε/D, friction factor is independent of Re, such a
surface is said to be wholly rough.
Moody chart
#132
INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 1

Ref #130

Ref #124 eq. 1.2.1

INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 1 cont..

 Q  mc p T

Ref #124 eq. 1.2.1

Ref #124 eq. 1.2

INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 2
INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 2 cont..
INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 3
INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 3 cont..
INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 4
INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 4 cont..
INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 5
INTERNAL FLOW – Problem 5 cont..