TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SETTINGS
In power transformers differential protection is used to detect internal faults in
transformer windings.
Following parameters are required for setting transformer differential relay
1. Check transformer rating plate note down the important parameters as
mentioned below
a) Voltage level
b) Rated MVA of transformer
b) Full load current of HV and LV side of transformer
c) Vector group
d) Percentage impedence
e) OLTC range
f) no. of taps of transformers
g) HV CT ratio
h) LV CTratio
2. Calculate ICT multipliers & vectors – These are used to match errors due to
CT ratio mismatch of HV and LV side .
2. Establish Required protection Settings
a)87BD
b)87HS
3. Calculate Required relay setting
a)87BD inital- Inital setting starting value
If tap changer range is +5 to – 15% so initial setting would be 0.2 xIn
b)Slope1 – error due to oltc and ct errors
If tap changer range is +5to – 15% so setting would be 0.2 xIn .
c)Slope 1 limit- end point of slope.
If Transformer impedance is 10% so max through fault will be 1/0.1=10x
rating so to introduce stability half of thevalue is choosen as setting that
is 10/2=5 which is equal to 5
d) Slope 2- used for CT saturation
This setting is set as 2 times the slope 1 for higher through fault stability
So 0.3*2=0.6 that is 1.2xIn .It may vary from relay to relay.
Sample Graph for Differential relay As X axis is restraining current and Y axis is
differential current.
It has two slopes 1&2
Slope1- is used for error due to CT and OLTC tap changer range to avoid
tripping due to differential as whenever tap change is perform differential
current is produce which is undesired (not required for tripping).
Slope2- It is used for stable operation for through faults of high magnitudes.
87HS- High set setting which is used to clear high faults within the transformer
and it is based on through fault
So it value must be greater than short ckt >6.66 so its value is
7XIn is choosen.
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
REF is more sensitive than overall biased differential protection (87BD) to earth
faults it can protect against faults for a greater portion of the transformer
windings or where the impedance in the earth fault path is relatively high.
For a solidly earthed star winding, the REF function is roughly twice as sensitive
in detecting a winding earth fault, than biased differential protection.
Calculations –
33/132kV 30 MVA power trafo
%Z=10 and vector group : YNyn0
OLTC- +5 to -15%
Transformer data
HV Side Voltage 132000 V 132
LV Side Voltage 33000 V
Transformer rating 30000000 VA
CT Ratio-HV 150 1 A
CT Ratio-LV 550 1 A
131.2198
HV Side Full load Current Pri 2 A
HV Side Full load Current 0.874798
Sec 8 A
524.8792
LV Side Full load Current Pri 8 A
LV Side Full load Current
Sec 0.954326 A
2. Ict Multiplier Setting and interposed ct connection
1
0.87
Ict at 1.14942
HV side 5
1
0.95
Ict at LV 1.05263
side 2
Summary :( for 7SR242 siemens relay)
W1 phase input: 1A
W1 CT ratio : 150/1A
W2 phase input : 1A
W2 CT ratio : 550/1A
W1 ICT multiplier- 1.14
W1 ICT connection- Ydy0
W2 ICT multiplier- 1.05
W2 ICT connection- Ydy0
87BD inital setting – 0.2XIn
87BD first slope – 0.2x
87BD slope limit- 5XIn
87BD slope type- Line
87BD second slope- 1.2xIn
Inrush action - Inhibit
87BD delay - - 0.010
87HS setting - 7xIn (> through fault current setting)
Delay -0.005
Inrush action - OFF
64H setting - 0.1X In
Delay - 0 sec (similary for LV REF just stabilising resistor value
changes in case for high impedence REF)
Overfluxing Function-
Why overflux produced
1. Switching effect
2. Tap changing
3. High loading of transformers
Effects
1.Harmonics is produced
2. Over heat is produced
3. Non sinusoidal Output is produced
Equation
Eb=4.4fNⱷ
Where
Eb= Voltage & 4.4 is constant
N= no. of turns
f= Frequency
ⱷ= Flux produced
so V/f is produce
Alarm – 110%
Alarm time- 4 sec
Trip - 120%
Trip time -8sec
As Vrn= 63.5
f= 50
V/f = 63.5/50=1.27
V/f= 110%
V/f= 1.27*1.1=1.397
V= 1.397*50=69.85V
Trip = 120%
V/f=63.5/50=1.27
V/f=1.27*1.2
V/f= 1.524
V=50*1.524=76.2V
BACK UP PROTECTION
1. Non directional overcurrent –
Stage 1 – 110% of FLC
Delay – 50 ms(may change if coordination is to be carried out)
Stage 2 – Short ckt. Current of transformer
Delay – 0ms
2. Non directional earthfault-
Stage1- 10% of FLC (may change if coordination is to be carried out)
Delay- 30ms
Stage2 – 20 % of FLC
Delay – 0ms
3. Sensitive earth fault-
Stage 1- 25 % of FLC
Delay – 20 ms
4. Over voltage – set at 80% of Vn (nominal voltage)
5. Under voltage-set at 110% of Vn
These setting are general and are load dependent and may vary as
transformer rating is changed.
