Review of Measure Theory
Let X be a nonempty set. We denote by P(X) the set of all subsets of X.
Definition 1 (Algebras)
(a) An algebra is a nonempty collection A of subsets of X such that
i) A, B ∈ A =⇒ A ∪ B ∈ A
ii) A ∈ A =⇒ Ac = X \ A ∈ A
(b) A collection A of subsets of X is a σ -algebra if it is an algebra that is closed under countable
S∞
unions. That is, An n∈IN ⊂ A =⇒ n=1 An ∈ A.
(c) If E ⊂ P(X), then the σ -algebra generated by E is
\
M(E) = Σ Σ is a σ-algebra containing E
(d) If X is a metric space (or, more generally, a topological space) then the Borel σ -algebra on
X, denoted BX , is the σ-algebra generated by the family of open subsets of X.
Definition 2 (Measures)
(a) A finitely additive measure on the algebra A ⊂ P(X) is a function µ : A → [0, ∞] such
that
i) µ(∅) = 0
ii) If {E1 , · · · , En } is a finite collection of disjoint subsets of X with {E1 , · · · , En } ⊂ A, then
n
[ n
X
µ Ej = µ(Ej )
j=1 j=1
(b) A premeasure on the algebra A ⊂ P(X) is a function µ : A → [0, ∞] such that
i) µ(∅) = 0
S
ii) If {Ej } is a countable collection of disjoint subsets of X with {Ej } ⊂ A and Ej ∈ A,
then [ X
µ Ej = µ(Ej )
j j
(c) A measure on the σ-algebra M ⊂ P(X) is a function µ : M → [0, ∞] such that
i) µ(∅) = 0
ii) If {Ej } is a countable collection of disjoint subsets of X with {Ej } ⊂ M, then
[ X
µ Ej = µ(Ej )
j j
If µ is a measure on the σ-algebra M ⊂ P(X), then (X, M, µ) is called a measure space.
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(d) A measure µ on the σ-algebra M ⊂ P(X) is called
i) finite if µ(X) < ∞
S∞
ii) σ -finite if there is a countable collection {En }n∈IN ⊂ M of subsets with X = n=1 En
and with µ(En ) < ∞ for all n ∈ IN.
iii) semifinite if for each E ∈ M with µ(E) = ∞, there is an F ∈ M with 0 < µ(F ) < ∞
and F ⊂ E.
iv) complete if
N ∈ M, µ(N ) = 0, Z ⊂ N =⇒ Z ∈ M
v) Borel if X is a metric space (or, more generally a topological space) and M is BX , the
σ-algebra of Borel subsets of X.
(e) An outer measure on X is a function µ∗ : P(X) → [0, ∞] such that
i) µ∗ (∅) = 0
ii) If E ⊂ F , then µ∗ (E) ≤ µ∗ (F ).
iii) If {Aj } is a countable collection of subsets of X, then
[ X
µ∗ Aj ≤ µ∗ (Aj )
j j
(f) Let µ∗ be an outer measure on X. A subset A ⊂ X is said to be µ∗ -measurable if
µ∗ (E) = µ∗ (E ∩ A) + µ∗ (E ∩ Ac ) for all E ⊂ X
Theorem 3 Let (X, M, µ) be a measure space and E, F , E1 , E2 , · · · ∈ M.
(a) (Monotonicity) If E ⊂ F , then µ(E) ≤ µ(F ).
S P
∞ ∞
(b) (Subadditivity) µ n=1 En ≤ n=1 µ(En )
S
∞
(c) (Continuity from below) If E1 ⊂ E2 ⊂ E3 · · ·, then µ n=1 En = limn→∞ µ(En ).
T
∞
(d) (Continuity from above) If µ(E1 ) < ∞ and E1 ⊃ E2 ⊃ E3 · · ·, then µ n=1 En =
limn→∞ µ(En ).
Theorem 4 (Completion) Let (X, M, µ) be a measure space. Set
N = N ∈ M µ(N ) = 0
M̄ = E ∪ Z E ∈ M, Z ⊂ N for some N ∈ N
µ̄ : M̄ → [0, ∞] with µ̄(E ∪ Z) = µ(E) for all E ∈ M and Z ⊂ N for some N ∈ N
Then
(a) M̄ is a σ-algebra.
(b) µ̄ is a well-defined, complete measure on M̄, called the completion of µ.
(c) µ̄ is the unique extension of µ to M̄.
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Proposition 5 Let E ⊂ P(X) and ρ : E → [0, ∞] be such that {∅, X} ⊂ E and ρ(∅) = 0. Define,
for all A ⊂ X,
∞
n P S∞ o
µ∗ (A) = inf ρ(En ) En n∈IN ⊂ E, A ⊂ n=1 En
n=1
Then µ∗ is an outer measure.
Theorem 6 (Carathéodory) Let µ∗ be an outer measure on X and M∗ be the set of µ∗ -
measurable subsets of X. Then
(a) M∗ is a σ-algebra.
(b) The restriction, µ∗↾M∗ , of µ∗ to M∗ is a complete measure.
Proposition 7 Let F : IR → IR be nondecreasing and right continuous. Define F (±∞) =
lim F (x). Set
x→±∞
nS o
n
A = {∅} ∪ (a , b ] n ∈ IN, −∞ ≤ a < b < a < b < · · · < b ≤ ∞
j=1 j j 1 1 2 2 n
µ0 (∅) = 0
S Xn
n
µ0 j=1 (aj , bj ] = F (bj )−F (aj ) for all n ∈ IN, −∞ ≤ a1 < b1 < a2 < b2 < · · · < bn ≤ ∞
j=1
In the above, replace (a, b] by (a, b) when b = ∞. Then µ0 is a premeasure on A.
Theorem 8 Let
A ⊂ P(X) be an algebra,
M = M(A) be the σ-algebra generated by A,
µ0 be a premeasure on A,
µ∗ be the outer measure induced by µ0 and
M∗ be the set of µ∗ -measurable sets.
Recall that
∞
n P S∞ o
∗
µ (E) = inf µ0 (An ) An n∈IN ⊂ A, E ⊂ n=1 An
n=1
Then
(a) µ∗ ↾A = µ0 . That is, µ∗ extends µ0 . That is, µ∗ (A) = µ0 (A) for all A ∈ A.
(b) M ⊂ M∗ and µ ≡ µ∗ ↾M is a measure that extends µ0 . That is µ↾A = µ0 .
(c) If ν is any other measure on M such that ν ↾A = µ0 , then
ν(E) ≤ µ(E) for all E ∈ M
ν(E) = µ(E) if E ∈ M is µ-σ-finite. That is, if E is a countable union of sets of finite
µ-measure.
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Corollary 9 Let F, G : IR → IR be nondecreasing and right continuous.
(a) There is a unique Borel measure µF on IR such that µF (a, b] = F (b) − F (a) for all a, b ∈ IR
with a < b.
(b) µF = µG if and only if F − G is a constant function.
(c) If µ is a Borel measure on IR that is finite on all bounded Borel sets, then µ = µF for
µ (0, x] if x > 0
F (x) = 0 if x = 0
−µ (x, 0] if x < 0
Definition 10 Let F : IR → IR be nondecreasing and right continuous.
(a) The Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure, µF , associated to F is the complete measure determined
(by Carathéodory’s Theorem 6) from the outer measure which is, in turn, determined by
Proposition 5 from the premeasure that is associated to F by Proposition 7.
(b) The Lebesgue measure, m, is the Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure associated to the function
F (x) = x.
Theorem 11 (Regularity) Let µ be a Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure, µ∗ be the corresponding outer
measure and M∗ be the set of all µ∗ -measurable sets. This is also the domain of µ.
(a) For all E ∈ M∗
∞
n P o
F (bn ) − F (an ) E ⊂ ∞
S
µ(E) = inf a ,
n=1 n n b
n=1
= inf µ(O) O ⊂ IR, O open, E ⊂ O
= sup µ(K) K ⊂ IR, K compact, K ⊂ E
(b) Let E ⊂ IR. The following are equivalent.
(i) E ∈ M∗
(ii) E = V \ N1 where V is Gδ (a countable intersection of open sets) and µ∗ (N1 ) = 0
(iii) E = H ∪ N2 where H is Fσ (a countable union of compact sets) and µ∗ (N2 ) = 0
Proposition 12 (Invariance) Let m be the Lebesgue measure and L be the collection of Lebesgue
measurable sets. Then
(a) If E ∈ L and y ∈ IR, then E + y = x + y x ∈ E ∈ L and m(E + y) = m(E).
(b) If E ∈ L and r ∈ IR, then rE = rx x ∈ E ∈ L and m(rE) = |r| m(E).
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