Republic of the Philippines

DAVAO DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE

Matti, Digos City, Davao del Sur
ESSC 123 TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES IN ELEMENTARY GRADE
SOCIOLOGY
Prepared by: Prof. Ariel C. Balio Jr., LPT

SOCIOLOGY
- Is the scientific study of human societies and social behavior.

Origins of Sociology
 Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and suggested the use of positivism
applying the scientific approach to the social world – but he did not utilize this
approach himself. Father of Sociology.
 Herbert Spencer, another social philosopher, viewed societies as evolutionary
coined the term the survival of the fittest and became known for social
Darwinism.
 Karl Marx, founder of the conflict perspective believed that class conflict- the
struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie – was the key to human history.
 Emile Durkhiem studied the social factors that underline suicide and found that
the level of social integration, the degree to which people are tied to their social
group. Was a key social factor in suicide. Central to his studies was the idea that
human behavior cannot be understood simply in individual terms but must be
understood within the larger social context in which occurs.
 Max Weber defined religion as a central force in social change; for example,
Protestantism encourages greater economic development and was the central factor
in the rise of capitalism in some countries.

Components of Culture
a. Non-material Culture
1. Social Norms – rules or expectation that define what is acceptable or
require in a social situation.
1.1 Folkways – commonly known as customs, traditions and conventions of
society.
1.2 Mores – special folkways which are important to the welfare of the
people and their cherished values.
1.3 Laws – formalized forms norms enacted by people who are vested by
political and legal authorities designated by the government.
2. Values – abstract standards that persist overtime and serve as guides to what
is right and proper for people in society.
3. Knowledge – the total range of what has been learned or perceived a true.
This could be natural, supernatural and magic knowledge.

b. Material Culture (Product of Technology)

1. Artifact: simple tools to computer
2. Characteristics of Culture
 a. Culture is learned by individuals as the result of belonging to some particular
group.
b. Culture is shared among members of a group.
c. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation
d. culture is dynamic. It is constantly changing
e. culture is diverse. Every culture is different from other cultures.

Attitudes Towards Cultural Variation

1. Ethnocentrism - refers to the tendency to assume that one’s culture
2. Xenocentrism – the belief that the products, styles or ideas of one’s culture
are inferior to others cultures.
3. Cultural Relativism – refers to viewing of people’s behavior form the
perspective of their own culture.

How Culture is Transmitted

1. Enculturation - the process of learning some new traits from another culture.
2. Acculturation – the process of learning some new traits from another culture.
3. Assimilation – term used for a process in which an individual entirely loses any
awareness of his/her previous group identity and takes on the culture and attitude of
another group.

 Social Structure – the way in which a society is organized into predictable

relationships.
 Social Interactions – the process by which people act and react in relation to
others.

Elements of Social Structure

1. Status – a social position that a persons holds
1.1. Ascribed Status – a social position a person receives at birth or takes on
involuntary later in life.
1.2. Achieved Status – a social position a person takes on voluntary that reflects
personal ability and effort.
1.3. Status set – refers all the statuses a person holds at a given time.
1.4. Master Status – a status that dominates others and thereby determines a
person’s general position within a society.

2. Social Roles – a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or
status.
2.1. Role set – refers to number of roles attached to a single status
2.2. Role conflict- as conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses.

3. Groups – any number of people with similar norms, values and expectations who
interact with one another on a regular basis.
3.1. Primary Group – refer to a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-
face association and cooperation. (Example: closed friends, street gang,
barkada)
 3.2. Secondary Groups – refers to formal, impersonal group in which there is
little social intimacy or mutual understanding. (Example: Environmental
units, political parties, religious organizations, business corporation.
3.3. In-group – any group or category to which people feel they belong.
3.4. Out-group- a group or category to which people feel they that do not belong.
3.5. Reference Group- any group that individual use as a standard in evaluating
themselves and their own behavior.

4. Social Stratification
- Is a hierarchy of positions with regard to economic production which
influences the social rewards to those in the position.
- Refers to the hierarchical arrangements of individuals into divisions of
power and wealth within a society.

Types of Social Stratification

1. Open system – status is achieved through merit and effort. This is
sometimes known as meritocracy.
2. Closed system- status is ascribed rather than achieved., .i.e., determined at
birth-and people are locked down into their parents social position.

Forms of Social Stratification

1. Primitive Communalism – characterized by high degree of sharing and
minimal social inequality.
2. Slavery – involves great social inequality and the ownership of some persons
by others.
3. Caste- in which an individual is permanently assigned to a status based on
his or her parents’ status.
 Brahman-priest
 Kshatriyas-warriors, royalty and administrator
 Vaishyas – producers, merchants, farmers, artisans.
 Shudras – peasants and unskilled workers.
 Untouchables

4. Estate System – in which peasants are required by law to work land owned
by the noble class in exchange for food and protection from outside attacks.

Social Mobility – the movement of a persons from one status to another, either between
generations or within a person’s adult career.

Social Institutions
- An interrelated system of social roles and norms organized about the
approval of an important social need or function.
- The family, mass media, the government, school, economy and religion are
the major institutions.

Function of Family
- Reproduction
 - Security
- Socialization
- Assignment of Status

Classification of family according to:

1. Pattern of Mate Selection
 Endogamy – these are sets of norms specifying that people marry within
their own groups; such as their race, tribe and social status. (Example: a king
marries a queen, a farmer marries another farmer)
 Exogamy – these are set of norms specifying that people marry outside their
group or between two individuals who do not belong to the same group.

2. Number of Spouse/s Pattern

 Monogamy – refers to the marriage of one male and one female
 Polygamy – refers to the marriage between one person of one sex and a
minimum of two persons of the other sex.
 Polyandry – refers to the marriage of one women to two or more men.
 Polygyny – refers to the marriage of one man to two or more women.

3. According to Internal Organization

 Nuclear – a family composed of husband, wife and children.
 Extended – when in additional to the nuclear unit, grandparents, uncles and
cousins are considered members of the family.

4. According to Descent
 Patrilineal – when family members trace their relationships and affiliations
with the paternal side.
 Matrilineal – when family members trace their relationships and
affiliations with the maternal side.
 Bilateral – when family members trace their relationships and affiliation
with both parents.

5. According to Power/Authority
 Patriarchal – the father or grandfather has the authority and dominates
the household.
 Matriarchal – the mother or grandmother has the authority and dominates
the households.
 Egalitarian – both the husband and wife exercise equal amount of
power/authority.

6. According to Residence Pattern

 Patrilocal – the married couple resides with or near the parents of the
husband.
 Matrilocal – the married couple resides with or near the parents of the
wife.
 Bilocal – the married couple resides alternately with either of their parents.
  Neolocal – the couple resides in anew place, independent from either the
parents of the husband or the parents of the wife.

Activity

Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.

1. Have you ever experienced culture shock? Describe a time you experienced culture
shock. How did you overcome your culture shock?
2. How important are peer groups to socialization? In what ways do they influence
individuals throughout the life course?
3. Have you ever experienced role strain or role conflict? How did you resolve it?
4. What would life be like if the Internet stopped working? Describe how this event
would impact in social institutions.
5. How would you describe your standard of living now amidst the pandemic? Has your
standard of living changed by these circumstances? Why?
6. What do you do when you hear someone tell a racist joke? What social responsibility
do you think you have to speak up or stand up when you see or hear racist behavior?
“Stay positive, work hard and make it happen.”