Antennas
Dr. Sudeep Baudha
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus
Infinitesimal Dipole
An infinitesimally small current element is
called the Hertz Dipole (Length L< λ/50)
Assume an infinitesimal current element of
length dl carrying an alternating current Io. The
instantaneous current is
Dipole and its field components
in spherical polar co-ordinate
Uniform Current –Magnetic Vector Potential
E and H Fields from Magnetic Vector Potential
Uniform Current – E and H Fields
Uniform Current – Near and Far Fields
Near Field Region
Near Reactive Field Region
Near Radiative Field Region
Far Field Region
where d is the maximum dimension
r> of the antenna
Uniform Current - Radiation Pattern
Far Field Region (kr>>1) Directivity
E-plane radiation pattern
3-D radiation pattern
Note : Infinitesimal antenna is not an efficient radiator H-plane radiation pattern
Small Dipole Antenna
A current element whose length is /50 < l /10 is called small dipole antenna
A small dipole Antenna Approximate Triangular Current distribution
Small Dipole – Radiation Resistance
Input Impedance of Transmission Line
Half wavelength Dipole
Current Distribution of Dipole Antenna for Different Lengths
Radiation Pattern of Dipole Antenna for Different Lengths
Dipole Antenna Radiation Pattern for l = 1.25λ
Two Dimensional Three Dimensional
Directivity is maximum for a thin dipole of length l = 1.25λ
Dipole Antenna Resistance and Directivity
D0 = 3.25
Rr
Flat Dipole Antenna
BW for |S11| < 10 dB is
from 1.39 to 1.54 GHz
(150 MHz, 10.2%)
Length of each segment = 50 mm
Width = 4mm, Gap = 2mm
Flat Dipole Antenna Pattern and Directivity
Radiation Pattern at 1.5, 3.75 and 4.5 GHz
Directivity of 4.8 dB is
maximum at 3.75 GHz
where length of dipole
is approx. 1.25 λ
Printed Dipole Antenna
Length of each segment = 50 mm
Width = 4mm, Gap = 2mm
FR4 substrate: εr = 4.4, tanδ = BW = 1.14 to 1.28 GHz (140 MHz, 11.6%)
0.02, h = 1.6mm
Broadband Dipole Antenna
Bandwidth of dipole antenna is directly proportional to its diameter
Cylindrical dipole antenna Biconical dipole antenna
(can use hollow pipe also) (can use wire grid also)
Balun Design
Devices that can be used to balance inherently unbalanced systems by cancelling
or choking the outside current, are known as baluns (balance to unbalance).
� �
� Metal �4
Coaxial line 4
Outer
Inner
Shorted conductor
conductor
of coax
together of coax
Balun Design (Contd.)
Ferrite core maintains high impedance levels over a wide frequency range.
A good design can provide bandwidths of 10 to 1 whereas coil coaxial
baluns can provide bandwidths of 2 or 3 to 1.
Metal sleeve
Shorted to coax’s Coaxial line
outer conductor
Ferrite core balun
Sleeve or bazooka balun Wide BW
Narrow BW
Microstrip Balun Dipole Antenna for GSM900
Microstrip Balun Dipole Antenna BW for |S11| < 10 dB is from 881 to 967 MHz
L = 127 mm, w = 4 mm (covers GSM900 band of 890 to 960 MHz)
FR4 substrate: εr = 4.4, tanδ =
0.02, h = 1.6mm
Folded Dipole Antenna
The impedance of the N fold folded dipole is
N 2 times greater than that of an isolated
dipole of the same length as one of its side.
Impedance for 2-fold dipole antenna is
2-fold dipole antennas are used in Yagi-Uda Antennas for
TV reception using balanced line of Z0 = 300 Ω
Dipole Antenna Applications
Chip
Compact Dipole Antenna for RFID
Folded Broadband Dipole Antenna for
RF Harvesting
(Triangular shape for broadband and
multi-fold gave Zin = 750 Ω)
