206 ENGINEERING HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

which is larger than 0.1 and hence the lumped system 1. Biot Number, Bi.
analysis is not applicable. Either Heisler charts or one 2. Fourier Number, Fo.
term solution may be used. 3. Temperature ratio at the centre.
αt 3.95 × 10 −6 × 2700 4. Temperature ratio at any position.
Fo = = = 1.0665 5. Dimensionless position.
ro 2 (0.1) 2
6. Dimensionless heat transfer.
Fo is greater than 0.2, thus using one term
For infinite plane wall, long cylinder and sphere,
solution for cylinder :
there are three graphs, first one is used to obtain
At Bi = 0.537, C1 = 1.122 centreline temperature, second one for position
ξ1 = 0.970 temperature and third for determination of heat flow in
the geometry.
Substituting the values in eqn. (6.56)
6.3.1. Transient Temperature Charts for Slab
Tc − T∞ − ξ 2 Fo
= C1 e 1 Consider a slab (i.e., a plane) of thickness 2L, confined
Ti − T∞
to the region – L ≤ x ≤ L. The slab initially at a
Tc − 200 2 temperature Ti, is suddenly exposed to convection
=1.122 × e − (0.970) × 1.0665 = 0.411 environment (for t > 0) with a heat transfer coefficient
600 − 200
h, on its both boundary surfaces. The heat flows from
or Tc = 200 + 400 × 0.411 = 364.5°C. Ans. both surfaces inward. Due to symmetry of problem, only
The centre temperature of shaft will reach half region 0 ≤ x ≤ L is considered. The dimensionless
364.5°C after 45 min. Ans. parameters for a slab can be expressed as :
(ii) Heat transfer from shaft can be obtained by hL
eqn. (6.59) 1. Biot Number, Bi =
k
Q Tc − T∞ J 1 (ξ 1 ) αt
=1–2× 2. Fourier Number, Fo =
Qi Ti − T∞ ξ1 L2
3. Temperature ratio at the centre,
where J1(ξ1) = J1 (0.970) = 0.430 θ c Tc − T∞
=
Q Tc − T∞ FG0.430 IJ θ i Ti − T∞
ρVC (Ti − T∞ )
=1–2
Ti − T∞
×
H0.970 K 4. Temperature ratio at any position,
θ T( x, t) − T∞
= 1 – 2 × 0.411 × 0.443 = 0.635 =
θc Tc − T∞
Q = 7900 × [π × (0.1)2 × 1] × 477
x
× (600 – 200) × 0.635 5. Dimensionless position =
L
= 30098500 J = 30.09 MJ. Ans.
Q
6. Dimensionless heat transfer =
Qi
6.3. TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE CHARTS : where, L = half thickness of a slab, in metres.
HEISLER AND GRÖBER CHARTS x = position in the slab, measured from centre,
where temperature is required, m.
When the internal temperature gradients are large,
lumped heat capacity system analysis becomes Tc = centreline temperature of the slab, °C.
unsuitable for the analysis of transient heat conduction T(x, t) = position temperature in the slab, °C.
problems. In such situation the Heisler and Gröber Qi = initial internal energy content in the slab
charts are widely used for determination of = ρ(A 2L) C (Ti – T∞) Joules.
1. Centreline temperature. Q = total amount of energy lost by plate during
2. Position temperature. time t.
3. The heat transfer. α = thermal diffusivity of the material, m2/s.
To obtain the required value of unknowns, the k = thermal conductivity of the material,
various dimensionless parameters required are W/m.K.
 TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 207

700
600
100

500
90
Plate

80
70

400
60

300
200
140
= h(T – T¥ )

50

120
45
40
35
30
25
20
18

100
16
¶T
¶x
x

80
–k

60
Initially
at Ti

2
t
40

L
Fo =
2L
o

28
24
hL
k
14
12
L

10

20
¶T
¶x

9
h(T¥ – T) = –k —

8
7
6
5

16
4

2.5 1.8
2.0

12
1.6
1.4 1.2 8
4
3

0 0.8 .7 0.6 0.5 0.4 .3

1. 0 0 0.2 0.1 0.05 0
2
1
0
0.001
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.01
0.1

0.002
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.05

0.02
0.07

0.04
0.03

q T –T
—c = c 
qi Ti – T¥

Fig 6.31 (a) Centreline temperature for an infinite plate of thickness 2L

The temperature at any position x from the mid-plane can be obtained from position correction temperature
chart, Fig. 6.31 (b)
θ θ θ T − T∞
= c × = .
θi θi θc Ti − T∞
 208 ENGINEERING HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

1.0
0.2
0.9

0.4
0.8

0.7

0.6 0.6 x/L

Tc – T¥
T – T¥

0.5
=
qc
q

0.4
0.8
0.3

0.2 0.9

0.1
Plate
1.0
0
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2 3 5 10 20 50 100

Bi = k
–1
hL
Fig. 6.31 (b) Position correction for temperature as a function of centre
temperature in an infinite cylinder of radius ro
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
01
k = 0.0

0.6
2
5
0.01
0.02

Q 0.5
0.05
0.00
0.00

0.1
0.2
0.5

1 2 5 10 20 50
Bi = hL

Qi
0.4
0.3
0.2
Plate
0.1
0
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 10
2
2 h at
Bi Fo = 2
k
Fig. 6.31 (c) Dimensionless heat loss for an infinite plate of thickness 2L

6.3.2. Transient Temperature Charts for Long Cylinder and Sphere

Consider a long cylinder or a sphere of radius ro, initially at temperature Ti is suddenly subjected to convection
environment (for t > 0) with heat transfer coefficient h and fluid temperature T∞. The various dimensionless
parameters required for Heisler charts solution are
hro
1. Biot number, Bi =
k
αt
2. Fourier number, Fo =
ro 2
θc Tc − T∞
3. Temperature ratio at the centre, =
θi Ti − T∞
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 209

θ T(r, t) − T∞
4. Temperature ratio at any position, =
θc Tc − T∞
r
5. Dimensionless radial position,
ro
Q
6. Dimensionless heat transfer, ;
Qi

200 300 350

Cylinder

140
120
0
10
90
80
70

100
60

50
40
35

80
30

60
–k — = h(T – T¥)

30 40
28
¶T
¶r

25

24
20

Fo = 2
at
ro
18
16
Initially
ro

ro
14
at Ti

20
k/h
12
10

9
8 10 12 14 16
7
6
8
6
4
0
3.
5

1.6
0
8
2.
1.
5
3.

5
2.
4

1.2
3

1.4
1.0
0.8 0.6
2

0.5 0.3
0.2 0.1
1

0
0
0.01
1.0

0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3

0.2

0.1

0.02

0.005

0.002

0.001
0.05

0.007

0.004
0.003
0.07

0.04
0.03

q Tc – T¥
—c =
qi Ti – T¥
Fig. 6.32. (a) Centreline temperature for an infinite cylinder of radius ro,
subjected to convection at its boundary surface
 210 ENGINEERING HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

where ro = radius of cylinder or sphere

r = position radius in cylinder or sphere
Tc = centre temperature, °C
Ti = initial temperature, °C
T(r, t) = position temperature, °C
Q = total amount of heat energy lost by body in time t, Joules

1.0
0.2
0.9

0.4
0.8

0.7

0.6 0.6 r/ro

Tc – T¥
T – T¥

0.5
=
qc
q

0.4
0.8
0.3

0.2 0.9

0.1
Cylinder
1.0
0
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2 3 5 10 20 50 100
–1 k
Bi =
hro

Fig. 6.32. (b) Position correction for temperature as a function of centre

temperature in an infinite cylinder of radius ro

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
1
k = 0.00

0.6
2
5
0.01
0.02

Q 0.5
0.05
0.00
0.00

0.1
0.2
0.5

1 2 5 10 20 50
o
Bi = hr

Qi
0.4
0.3
0.2
Cylinder
0.1
0
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 10
2
Bi Fo = h a
2 t
k2

Fig. 6.32. (c) Dimensionless heat loss Q/Qi for an infinite cylinder of radius ro
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 211

Qi = initial internal energy content of the body = ρVC(Ti – T∞), Joules

t = time, s
α = thermal diffusivity, m2/s
k = thermal conductivity, W/m.K
h = heat transfer coefficient, W/m2.K.

250
210
Sphere

170
130
90
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
10
80

60
70
90

45
50

35
40
– k — = h(T – T¥)

30 25

18
20
16
¶T
¶r

ro
k/h
10
12
14

Fo = 2
at
8

ro
7

8
6

7
ro

5 6
Initially
at Ti

3 4
.5
2.8 3

4 6

2
2.5

2.
2. 2.

0
2. 1.8 .6 4
1 1.
1.2
2

1.0
5
0.7
1.5

0.5
1.0
1.0

1.0
0.2
0.5 0
0.5
0
0.001
1.0
0.7
0.5

0.3
0.2
0.4

0.01
0.1

0.002
0.005
0.02

0.007

0.004
0.003
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03

q Tc – T¥
—c =
qi Ti – T¥

Fig. 6.33 (a) Centre temperature for a sphere of radius ro, subjected to correction at the boundary surface
 212 ENGINEERING HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

0
1.0
0.2

0.9

0.8 0.4

0.7

0.6
c Tc – T

r/ro
 T – T

0.6

0.5
=

0.4
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2

0.1
Sphere
1.0
0
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2 3 5 10 20 50 100
1 k
=
Bi hro

Fig. 6.33 (b) Position correction for temperature as a function of centre

temperature for a sphere of radius ro

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
1
2
0.00

5
0.01
0.00
0.00

0.6
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5

Q
1

50
o k=

5
2

10
20

0.5
Qi
hr /

0.4
0.3
0.2
Sphere
0.1
0
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 10
2
2 h t
Bi Fo =
2
k
Fig. 6.33 (c) Dimensionless heat loss Q/Qi for a sphere of radius ro

Example 6.24. A 50 mm thick iron plate is initially at (iii) Calculate the energy removed from the plate
225°C. Its both surfaces are suddenly exposed to air at per square metre during this period.
25°C with convection coefficient of 500 W/m2.K. Take thermophysical properties of iron plate :
(i) Calculate the centre temperature, 2 minute k = 60 W/m.K, ρ = 7850 kg/m3,
after the start of exposure. C = 460 J/kg, α = 1.6 × 10–5 m2/s.
(ii) Calculate the temperature at the depth of (Anna Univ., March 2000)
10 mm from the surface, after 2 minute of exposure.