SITE JUSTIFICATION
The New Centennial Kaliwa Dam Project is situated in General Nakar that causes issues and
Sitio Cablao in Barangay Pagsangahn is the given or relocation by the government. Through months of planning and
deliberation, the municipality agreed to the New Centennial Kaliwa dam if they will consider the
The affected area is just hundred meters away from the proposed relocation site which have both adavnatge and
disadvantages.
Advantages – since the relocation area is also within the vicinity of the ancestral land of dumagat, it is not hard fro
them to adapt with their environment.
MACRO SITE ANALYSIS
Background
General Nakar, officially the Municipality of General Nakar, is a 1st
class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According
to the 2015 census, it has a population of 29,705 people.[3] It is the
largest municipality in the province in terms of land area, occupying
1,343.75 square kilometres (518.82 sq mi).
It was named after Major General Guillermo Peñamante Nakar
(1905–1942), the martyred leader of the 1st Battalion of the 71st
Infantry Division of the USAFFE against the attacking Japanese
Forces.
With an area extending until 162,600.96 ha, General Nakar is known
as the largest municipality of Quezon. Its area hectarage is abode to
as much as 29,874 individuals (CBMS, 2016),
compacted to a mean population density of 1,155
individuals per ha.
The municipality consists of 19 different barangays
congregated into three major clusters: The Kabilogan
Cluster, Baybay Cluster, and Ilaya Cluster. Barangays
Anoling, Banglos, Catablingan, Pamplona, and
Poblacion constitute the Kabilogan Cluster, while
Barangays Magsikap, San Marcelino, Sablang,
Maligaya, Canaway, and Umiray make up the Baybay
Cluster. On the other hand, the remaining eight
barangays; namely, Minahan Norte, Minahan Sur,
Maigang, Batangan, Pisa, Mahabang Lalim,
Pagsangahan, and Lumutan collectively form the Ilaya
Cluster.
Political Subdivision and Land Area
General Nakar is the largest municipality of Quezon
Province with 161,640 hectares land area. About
72.36 % of the municipality’s total land area is covered by barangays Umiray and Pagsangahan sharing 38.57 % and 33.79
%, respectively.
Land Classification
Types are the Alienable & Disposable (A & D) and forestlands
land. A & D lands cover 3,741.62 ha or about 3 % of the
municipality’s total land area. This excludes the 19,248
hectares (13 %) of titled forestlands owned by the Green Circle
Properties and Resources, Inc. (GCPRI). About 89 % of the A
& D lands are devoted to agricultural production. On the other
hand, forestlands cover 141,865 hectares or 97 % of the
municipality’s total land area including forestlands northwest
of the Umiray River measuring 11,217.19 hectares.
Based on the estimated area of various land uses taken from
the Present Land Use Map of the Bureau of Soils and Water
Management, forestland is the dominant land use of the
municipality of General Nakar. This covers 141,865.57
hectares or 97.43% of the municipality’s total land area. Other
land uses include Agricultural areas, built-up areas brush land
and other uses covering 3,332.02 ha (2.28 %), 209.85 ha (0.14
%), 13 ha ( 0.008%) and 186.75 ha (0.12 %), respectively
(Table 6 & Map 11). Agricultural land uses, consisting of rice,
coconut, and crops rotated with upland and high value crops intercropped to coconuts are found on the lowlands and some undulating
to rolling areas of the municipality.
Geographical Location
General Nakar is the northernmost municipality of Quezon Province. It is bounded on the north by the Municipality of
Dingalan, Aurora, on the east by Polilio Strait, on the south by the municipalities of Real and Infanta, Quezon, and on the
west by the Provinces of Rizal, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija. It lies geographically between 1210 8’ and 1210 42’ east
longitudes, and 140 45’ and 150 20’ north latitudes.
Based on the great-circle distance (the shortest distance between two points over the surface of the Earth), the cities
closest to General Nakar are Antipolo, Marikina, San Jose del Monte, Pasig, Quezon City, and Taguig. The nearest
municipalities are Infanta, Real, Panukulan, Polillo, Burdeos, and Santa Maria. Its distance from the national capital is
73.14 kilometers (45.44 miles). The following list delineates such distance measurements.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Agriculture
The aforementioned cover as much agricultural areas 93% or 36,973.56 ha, affecting such commodities as coconut, rice, watermelon,
banana, rasa, calamansi, ginger or turmeric, taro, bamboo, vegetable crops, and various fruit-bearing trees among others. The
prevalent crops of each barangay, in case of extreme precipitation change occurrence, would likely bring about losses equivalent to
₱720,600.00 per ha. Irrigated rice land covers 784 hectares or 25 % of the total agricultural land. More than half or 57% of this area
is found in barangays Umiray and Pagsangahan.
Topography
The Sierra Madre Mountain Range straddles along the entire length of the municipality with Mount Malabito as the highest peak that
towers 1,334 meters above sea level. Though the municipality is about 97 % mountainous, low to moderate elevation (0-500 meters
above sea level) dominate the elevational range of the planning area. A very small portion of the municipality constitutes the above
1,000 meters above sea level (very high elevation) and this is the subject of mountain areas classified for protection- refer to DAO 24
Series of 1991
Topography General topography is rugged and
mountainous with few plain areas. The Kabilogan Valley
is the dominant plain area of the municipality plus some
strips of lowland along the coast and river valleys where
crops are grown. Mt Malabito is the highest mountain
peak of the General Nakar with elevation of 1,334 m.
Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Municipality of General
Nakar, 2009 Page 10 General Nakar Quezon above mean
sea level (msl). Dominant elevation Range is 1 to 500
meters above msl. The 1,000 meters and above elevation
is the subject of protection, basis of which is DAO 24
Series of 1991. Dominant Slope is 50 % and above,
categorized steep hills and mountains. This constitutes
54,169 ha or 37 % of the municipality’s total land area.
Described level to hilly is 0 to 50% slopes covering
80,221 ha
Soil type
Quingua Silt Loam- These are secondary soils derived
from alluvial deposits washed down from the adjoining
uplands. This soil type is characterized by nearly level to
slightly undulating relief and fair to good drainage
conditions.
Annam Clay Loam- This soil type belongs to the Annam Series of soil developed from weathered basalt, andesite and tuffaceous
rocks. Usually found in hilly and mountainous areas with good to excessive external drainage and fair internal drainage, acidic and
with low phosphorous content.
Antipolo Sandy Clay- This soil type is under the Antipolo Series formed from weathered basalts and Igneous rocks. It is found
mostly on rolling to hilly and mountainous areas at the southeastern part of the municipality. The soils contain spherical-iron
concretions with good to high external drainage and good internal drainage.
Mountain Soils Undifferentiated - This is categorized miscellaneous land type. It covers the entire western portion of the
municipality stretching from north to south orientation. This land type is heavily covered with forests, rugged and mostly
inaccessible.
Geological-Fault Zones
These faults are earthquake generators that
cause Tsunamis and landslides. The
widespread mass wasting and flooding in
November 2004 was not due to this
earthquake triggering type but by high
intensity rainfall, degraded vegetation
cover and steepness of mountain slopes.
All 25.85 ha residential area of General
Nakar is exposed to an earthquake hazard.
For High-risk category, three out of 19
barangays are included for this category with one coming from the Kabilogan cluster, and two from Baybay cluster, while the rest are
considered as Moderate Risk areas.
Ancestral Domain
Logging activities, through the granting of Timber License Agreement (TLA) and Integrated Forest Management
Agreement (IFMA), have led to the reduction of forest stands within ancestral domains of the Agta Dumagat in Barangay
Sablang, General Nakar, Quezon. Logging activities and the creation of logging roads have also contributed to the influx
of migrants and, consequently, resulted to the entry of market-based, profit-oriented mode of production and technologies
in the area. Such processes facilitated further the competition for forest resources and decline in forest productivity. The
Agta Dumagat traditional indigenous knowledge and value system suggest reverence of the natural environment via the
subsistence system. However, the new knowledge systems brought by the legal and illegal commercial loggers and other
non-indigenous migrants are being incorporated to their livelihoods. This is because the Agta Dumagat traditional
livelihood activities are no longer effective to meet their basic needs as the forests are being less productive due to logging
and other profit-oriented forest activities. The decision to shift traditional knowledge system is further intensified as the
Agta Dumagat is exposed to the more efficient and lucrative modes of production of migrant lowlanders, and new
economic relations are introduced. While such move is viewed as necessary for survival, it exacerbates the degradation of
the Agta Dumagat ancestral domains within the forest region of Sierra Madre.
Transportation (Barangay)
Majority of the Barangays in Kabilogan area can be reached through tricycles, the major means of transportation. Tricycle
fare ranges from P10.00 for Poblacion to P120.00 outside Kabilogan like Maigang, Batangan and Pesa. Far flung and
coastal Barangays like Umiray, Maligaya, Sablang, San Marcelino, Magsikap, Mahabang lalim, Pagsangahan and
Lumutan can be reached through motorized boat (Big and small motor). It ranges from P240.00 for Mahabang Lalim to P
3,600 for Umiray (one way only). Barangay Magsikap and other part of San Marcelino can also reached through
passenger jeepney ranges from P 700.00 to P1,000.00 one way only while Sitios like Tatwiran, Makalya, Lagmak,
Landing and Malining through horse riding for.
Majority of the Barangays in Kabilogan area can be reached through tricycles, the major means of transportation. Tricycle fare ranges
from P10.00 for Poblacion to P120.00 outside Kabilogan like Maigang, Batangan and Pesa. Far flung and coastal Barangays like
Umiray, Maligaya, Sablang, San Marcelino, Magsikap, Mahabang lalim, Pagsangahan and Lumutan can be reached through
motorized boat (Big and small motor). It ranges from P240.00 for Mahabang Lalim to P 3,600 for Umiray (one way only). Barangay
Magsikap and other part of San Marcelino can also reached through passenger jeepney ranges from P 700.00 to P1,000.00 one way
only while Sitios like Tatwiran, Makalya, Lagmak, Landing and Malining through horse riding for one way ranging from P1,200.00
to P2,400.00 depending on the distance of destination.
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF THE BARANGAYS
Barangay Population ( 2015) Population (2010
Anoling 3,463 3028
Banglos 835 761
Batangan 1,475 1121
Canaway 1,482 1742
Catablingan 2,427 2169
Lumutan 1,166 939
magsikap 1,641 1360
Mahabang Lalim 593 450
Maigang 932 620
Maligaya 1,089 1123
Minahan Norte 370 365
Minahan Sur 1472 1437
Pagsangahan 2120 1578
Pamplona 1794 1662
Pisa 1128 990
Poblacion 1104 1114
Sablang 872 630
San Marcelino 768 640
Umiray 5019 4244
General Nakar Total 29,705 25,973
Population
Estimated Households for the Resettlement
the highlighted part represents the affected settlement of Baranagy Pagsangahan due to the construction of Kaliwa Dam.
Pigtaanan Barangay/Municipal/Province No. of Chieftain
(Settlement) Households
Makid-ata Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 24 Apolinario Dela Cruz
Quezon
Baycuran Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 16 Rodrigo Piston
Quezon
Atburan Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 14 Elita Penamante
Quezon
Tatawiran Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 14 Leonardo Pranada
Quezon
Cablao Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 17
Quezon Ernesto Adornado
Taloto Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 6
Quezon
Tinipak Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 18 Danilo Dela Cruz
Quezon
Yokyok Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 15
Quezon
Binuna Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 10
Quezon
Crisanto Dela Carzada
Katigbakanan Pangsangahan, General Nakar, 8
Quezon
Ancestral Domain
Three (3) separate locations of ancestral domain areas were allocated for Dumagat tribes. These cover a total land area of 5,248.75
ha. The first area is located in the UMA area in the influenced of Ususuwin, Makanamban, and Arutay rivers within the Kanan River
Watershed. This area with a total of 2,740 has been granted Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim No. R04-CADC -090 dated
August 7, 1997. The certificate was awarded to the Pambayang Katipunan ng Sangguniang Katutubo (PKSK). Another ancestral
domain claim covering a total area of 1,473.75 ha is located to the south of the first site encompassing the sitios of Lagmac, May-
asana, and May-unggo, all in Barangay Pagsangahan within the Kanan River Watershed. Third Civil Reservation area is located
southwest of Kaliwa River Watershed Reservation with area coverage of 1,035 ha. Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Municipality of
General Nakar, 2009 Page 62 General Nakar Quezon These civil reservations are currently settled by mostly Dumagats, but future
settlement patterns may be quite dispersed and may not qualify for an urban type of accommodation.
MICRO SITE ANALYSIS
Barangay Pagsanagahn is known for its natural tourist spots and in its vicinity.
Forestland accounted for the upland portions of the municipality, mostly above 18 % slopes. Purely forest of various species and
mixed with shrubs exists. Possibly, at this time primary or virgin forest could no longer be found in the municipality’s forestlands,
which is attributable to the massive commercial logging operations in the past years.
PHYSICAL DATA OF BARANGAY PAGSANGAHAN
The remaining ten barangays; namely, Barangays Anoling, and Catablingan of Kabilogan Cluster; and Minahan Norte, Minahan Sur,
Maigang Batangan, Pisa, Mahabang Lalim, Pagsangahan, and Lumutan of Baybay Cluster are of low vulnerability to increase in
temperature. These areas produce similar crops with the other barangays, on top of other commodities such as rasa, ginger or
turmeric, calamansi, taro, bamboo, and other fruitbearing trees. Dominant crops of the aforementioned barangay may potentially
incur maximum losses equivalent to ₱284,000.00 per ha
Economy
Farming and fishing are the main sources of livelihood in the province. Commercial, industrial, and banking activities are
mostly concentrated in the south-central part of the province.
Agro-industry
Coconut is the number one product they’ve produce because most of their mountains consist of. As for the residents of
Brgy. Pagsangahan, since they were located far from the see, they mostly depend on farming and producing crops as their
livelihood.
Fishing
Kaliwa river is the main source of the fishing industry in Brgy. Pagsangahan. Especially for the Dumagat, when the
climate is good, they came to fish in the rover and stayed for a few days. They were slightly far from the sea or shoreline
that they depend on the river itself.
Forestry
Due to its proximity to the southern fringes of the Sierra Mountain range. It has been a hotspot for illegal logging.
Frequent raids in towns like Mauban often yield hardwood timber like Narra and Kamagong.
Climate and Rainfall
This means that there is a relatively dry season from November to April. Although these are the patterns observed, it is
important to note that with climate change, these patterns have become more erratic. Typhoons have become stronger
through the years, causing problems such as power outages, road blockages, landslides, flashfloods and crop damages.
Large Watershed Reservation Areas and Untapped Vast
Production Forest
Of the 97% forestland area of General Nakar, of the total
land area of General Nakar 28 % is protection forest and
65% production forest. Protection forests are covered by
watershed forest reserves and national park, wildlife
sanctuary and Game refuge. There is no direct economic
benefit from these protected areas which the municipality
can derive except for the fact that they form part of its
official land area, hence they are positive factor in the
calculation of its share in the Internal Revenue Allotment.
Indirect economic benefits are derivable such as serving as
carbon sink, improvement on local Climate, increase water
yield, wildlife habitats and many others. Some portions of
the forest protection area are potential for reclassifying
into multiple use zone and this may be a challenge to the
local government unit to pursue this endeavor in order to
widen the economic base of the municipality vis-à-vis
revenues. On the other hand, production forests are potential source for forest product raw materials as well as for generation of
hydropower and tourism development. This forest land use covers about 95,000 hectares,
Soil Type
Type of soil is factor to soil fertility and permeability. Loam soils are more fertile than sandy soils, while coarse soil has higher
permeability rates than fine soil a factor that contributes to high percolation rates of water down the sub-soils carrying essential
elements needed by plants. The various soil types of General Nakar are the Quingua Silt Loam, Annam Clay Loam, Antipolo Sandy
Clay and Mountain Soils Undifferentiated and Umingan Loam.
Flora
This table shows some of the different kinds of plants that is in the area of the three Barangay involved in the construction
of the dam. The X represent the presence of the specific flora (plant) in the mountains of the barangay. Some of them have
what other don’t.
Common Name Endemicity General Nakar
Affected Sitio in Brgy.
Pagsangahan Pangsangahan Sitio
Cablao
Balinghasai Indigenous X
Mangga Exotic X X
Ligas Indigenous X X
Bagang Aso Indigenous X X
Guayabano Exotic X X
Anolang Endemic X
Bolon Endemic X
Batino Indigenous X X
Pandakaking Puti Indigenous X
Bayag Usa Endemic X
Lanete Indigenous X
Aglaonema Indigenous X X
Gabing Tigre Endemic X
Kamay Kastila Indigenous X
Malapapaya Exotic X X
Galmay Amo Indigenous X X
Limuran Endemic X X
Takipan Endemic X
Niyog Endemic X X
Sarauag Indigenous X
Hagonoi Indigenous X
Anonang Indigenous X
Pagsahangin Endemic X
Malaikmo Endemic X
Magabuyo Indigenous X X
Anabiong Indigenous X
Bitanghol Indigenous
Salingogon Indigenous X X
Paguringon Endemic X
Talisai Indigenous X
Kalumpit Indigenous X X
Sakat Endemic X
Alikbangon Indigenous X
Salibangon Indigenous X
Malatapai Indigenous X
Tubing usa Exotic X X
Sarat Indigenous X X
Katmon Endemic X X
Palosapis Endemic X X
Saplungan Indigenous X X
Bagtikan Indigenous X X
Kamagong Indigenous X X
Bolong ate Indigenous X
Anang Indigenous X X
Bogong Endemic X
Aporosa Indigenous X X
Busilak Indigenous X X
Santiki Endemic X X
Mangagos Indigenous X
Hamindang Exotic X X
Takip asin Indigenous X
Himbabao Exotic X X
Upling gubat Endemic X X
Salisi Endemic X
Basikong Indigenous X
Kanapai Indigenous X X
Hagimit Indigenous X
Tibig Indigenous X X
Pakiling Endemic X X
Niog-niogan Endemic X
Is-is Endemic X
Dulalog Indigenous X X
Tangisang bayawak Indigenous X
Tambalau Indigenous X X
Duguan Endemic X X
Bayabas Exotic X X
Duhat Exotic X
Mimisan Endemic X
Lipote Endemic X X
Malaruhat sapa Indigenous X
Tamayuan Indigenous X
Kamias Exotic X X
Binayuyu Indigenous X X
Subiang Indigenous X
Malabagang Indigenous X X
Halakan Endemic X
Mamalis Indigenous X
Cogon Indigenous X X
Pakong bato Indigenous X
Sample Photos of Indigenous Trees and plants on Brgy. Pagsangahan, Sitio Cablao
The trees and plants found in the three barangay have their own characteristics and role in the biodiversity of their
environment. This species were feared to be gone after the project is constructed. Some of them were endangered which
means that only few of that could only found on the area and after the dam is constructed, it will inundate all the species in
there .
Water Creatures
Phytoplankton and zooplankton
Phytoplankton and zooplankton would be generally subjected to short-term impacts during the construction. Threat to
plankton community would come from the increase load of suspended solids during the construction of the project
resulting to reduction of depth of photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton. Similarly, highly turbid water would affect
the grazing success of zooplankton. This would temporarily result to lower rates of photosynthesis and primary
production. However, plankton population recovery after construction would be generally rapid due to quick reproduction
periods including recruitment and advection from adjacent unaffected areas. A laboratory experiment conducted over a
two week with different zooplankton showed that mortality was high at levels over 10,000 mg/L of Total Suspended
Solids (TSS) but generally studies have not shown any significant impact at the levels experienced from activities such as
dredging and related activities (Clarke & Wilbur 2000). In addition, many larval stages are only in the plankton for short
periods and other groups have short life cycles which mean recovery can be relatively quick (less than a year) depending
on the time of year and source of larvae (James et al 2015). Given, the temporary and limited extent of the effect of highly
turbid waters relative to the overall area of Taal Lake, the impact on plankton community are predicted to be low in long
term. Mitigating measures however needs to address for the short-term negative impacts of high turbid waters during the
construction. Phytoplankton groups like diatoms, cyanobacteria and green algae before the operation of project, thrive
beneath boulders, stones, fallen logs along the river at depth where light could penetrate. With the increase in water
elevation, some of these organisms may perish since light penetration would decrease affecting their photosynthetic
capacity Plankton can be also generally negatively affected by overflow of material released during construction activities.
The overflow material released during construction increase the turbidity of the freshwater ecosystem. The increased load
of suspended solids would reduce light penetration which then reduce depth of photosynthetic activity by the
phytoplankton. There are studies that showing that high sediment loads would reduce the grazing success of zooplankton.
However these negative effects are generally short term.
Benthic Macroinvertebrates
The benthic macroinvertebrates community in this survey was mostly comprised of arthropods, mollusks and annellids.
These groups of organisms are dependent on the availability of food in the benthic zone and mainly part of the food chain
as well. Some species are tolerant to pollution and can survive by feeding on the organic materials deposited in the bottom
part of the aquatic habitat. Macro-benthos can migrate to other area once disturbed; hence, the project is not expected to
pose significant impact on this aquatic community.
Clear cutting hardwood timber, heavy crop irrigation, and industrial/residential development which occur in the watershed
can impact populations of biotic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in the study area. Cutting of bottomland
hardwoods eliminates leaves and woody debris which are an important primary food source. Loss of canopy cover allows
solar radiation to raise water temperature to high levels, especially in summer. Erosion and siltation resulting from logging
operations can also have detrimental effects on water quality. Activities such as earth moving and removal of vegetation
within the development area will proportionately increase runoff. Most of the water will be directed to the downstream
zones and outfall areas adjacent to the river mouth. Sediment runoff will have a potential impact Environmental Impact
Statement of the to river organisms as well as flora and may be a potential source of threat to existence of locally
important species.
Social Sector
The existing Municipal Health Center (MHC) is located in the Poblacion. It is complemented by 13 Barangay Health Station (BHS)
that are distributed in 12 barangays with Pagsangahan accounted for 2 of these health stations.
Transportation
There are two ways to reach barangay pagsangahan since the Pagsangahan is located in the forest area of general nakar, it
is not accessible for vehicles. The first one is through Barangay Magsaysay in infanta, there is a jeepney that leaves on
scheduled time only, one in the moring around 9am and 2 pm in the afternoon. After riding the jeepney, it is time for
walking and trecking. Since Barangay Pagsangahan is known for their various tourist spots, there are trails that are already
provided. Expect 2-3 hours of walking and climbing mountains through muddy and rocky road. There are also called as
“habal-habal” which is a motorcycle ride. It could take you to the vicinity of the area but just like riding the jeep, walking
and trecking is really necessary. But riding the jeep is way more cheaper than habal-habal.
The second one is through Daraitan in Tanay Rizal. It is the neighbourhood municipality of General Nakar, since they
share forest and lands, it is accessible for both
There is no established transport terminal and port/pier in the municipality, and most of the time, tricycles tend to use
waiting sheds as temporary terminal.
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength Weakness Opportunities Threat
Hazard Zone Maps
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED
LANDSLIDE
Brgy. Pagsangahan
RIVERBANK EROSION
Brgy. Pagsangahan
