Welcome to the

PMG Educational Program

Sponsored by:
An Overview on ACCA’s Residential
HVAC System Design Process
John D. Sedine
Engineered Heating & Cooling, Inc.
Cedar Springs, MI
Presentation Overview:
ACCA Manual J, Manual S, Manual D
1. Provide a fundamental understanding on the basics of what it takes to
do an accurate residential mechanical system design:

2. Provide verification points and caveats

• Code officials: For the purpose of issuing a permit
• Quality control personnel: Checking consistency/accuracy

3. Highlight relevant ACCA resources and opportunities

Disclaimer: This is NOT a design course!

Designer’s Objective

To design a mechanical system that can add (heating) or

remove (cooling) heat energy at a rate (BTUs per hour) that
will allow the home’s indoor environment to achieve the
design conditions.

This will keep occupants comfortable and safe and provide

for energy-efficient operation.
Part 1 – Load Calculation
ACCA/ANSI 2 Manual J - 2016
• Standard required in:
– 2015 IRC §M1401.3, and
– 2015 IECC §R403.7

• Comprised of two sections

– Normative: 9 pages of text and 200
pages of tabular information that are
the enforceable requirements
– Informative: 390 pages of in depth
discussion, documentation, and
examples

• Latest ANSI approval in Feb 2016

Load Calcs: Heat Gain / Heat Loss

Summer Winter
• Heat flows INTO the • Heat flows OUT of the
home home
– Sensible heat – dry – Sensible heat only
heat (dry bulb;
thermometer)
– Latent heat – wet
heat (wet bulb;
humidity)
Heat Gain … so we need Heat Loss … so we need
heating
cooling
Heat flow is a rate; the units are Btu/h.
(Analogous to mph).
Manual J Load Design Conditions

Two design conditions … hence, two sets of peak

loads.
Outdoor Design Temp
(Geographic-specific) Indoor Design Temp
Heat Gain (summer) 1% db condition 75 F
Heat Loss (winter) 99% db condition 70 F
Loads That Must Be Accounted For
(as applicable to the specific home)

• Fenestration (windows, glass doors, skylights)

• Opaque panels (wood/metal doors, above & below grade
walls, partition walls, ceilings, floors)
• Infiltration
• Ventilation
• Internal (number of people and appliances)
• System (ducts and blower)
Basic Load Equation

Load = U x A x ΔT
U = the heat transfer performance index
(how well a material transfers heat; it’s the reciprocal of R-value)

A = the Area of the surface (window, wall, ceiling, etc.)

ΔT = the temperature difference across the surface

Load units are Btu/h

Designer Software Options
Simple load calculation – MJ8AE (Abridged Edition)
• Dwelling must be 100% compatible with AE Checklist
• Can be done by hand or using ACCA MJ8
speedsheet

Full load calculation – Full MJ8

• Can be done by hand, but extremely time consuming
• Usually use third party software1
1ACCA vets third party software for compliance with MJ8 procedures, those that pass received “Powered by
Manual J” recognition (see: http://www.acca.org/standards/approved-software)
Manual J, Form J1ae (Block Load)
Load Calculation
Min. Verification Points
• Location (City, State)
• Outdoor design temperatures and grains
(Why deviating from MJ8 Tables 1A or 1B?)
• Indoor design temperatures (75°F db cooling,
70°F db heating unless superseded by
code/regulation)
• Orientation matches actual home or plan
• Occupants = number of bedrooms + 1
• Conditioned floor area = home or plan
• Eave overhang depth and internal shading =
home or plan / default
• Number of skylights = home or plan
• Sensible + latent heat gain = total heat gain
What to Watch Out For …
Some practitioners will try to fudge the numbers to
get bigger loads:
• Change the design temperatures (outdoor and/or indoor)
• Design to the worst case scenario (e.g., very loose house)
• Add more occupants than ‘number of bedrooms plus 1’
• Calculate duct loads even when ducts in conditioned space
• Not include window overhangs and shading
• Puff up internal loads
• Use a factor of safety

The above practices are not supported by ACCA.

Manual J instructs practitioners to be thorough and
reflect the ACTUAL conditions.
Part 2 - Equipment Selection
ANSI/ACCA 3 Manual S - 2014
• Standard required in:
– 2015 IRC §M1401.3, and
– 2015 IECC §R403.7

• Comprised of two sections:

– Normative: 22 pages of enforceable
requirements
– Informative: 270 pages of in-depth
discussion, documentation, and
examples

• Latest ANSI approval in May 2014

Overview Equipment Selection Steps

1. Start with sizing values

• MJ8 heating load: For furnaces and boilers
• MJ8 cooling load: For cooling-only and heat pump
units
2. Manual S provides sizing rules
• Sets upper and lower limits for equipment total
capacity
3. Designer must use OEM performance data
• Capacity values must be for operating conditions
Size Limits For Each Equipment Type
Heat Pump Sizing Limits

Designer must heed the

notes for the tables.
AHRI Ratings

A piece of equipment’s AHRI rating is evaluated for air at:

80°F db / 67°F wb entering the indoor unit, and
95°F db entering the outdoor unit.

A standardized testing point for equipment capacity and

efficiency, but inappropriate for use in equipment sizing and
selection.

No one wants an 80°F indoor environment in the summer!

And not every location will have a 95°F outdoor design
temperature.
Equipment Sizing / Selection
Min. Verification Points
Cooling Equipment Heating Equipment
Equipment • Type • Type
Information • Model • Model
• Sensible Capacity
Capacities satisfy • Total Output Capacity
• Latent Capacity
design conditions • Auxiliary Heating Cap.
• Total Capacity
Within load
sizing limits • To be verified • To be verified
Blower Info • CFM • CFM
(at design conditions) • ESP • ESP
What to Watch Out For …

Some designers will:

• Seek (incorrectly) to use AHRI rated capacities
instead of OEM engineering performance data
• Not interpolating the OEM performance data for
the capacity at design conditions
• Misread / misapply OEM performance data tables
(can be very confusing, and will come in different configurations)

• Round up to next size

• Push for equipment outside of the sizing limits
Part 3 – Duct System Design
ANSI/ACCA 1 Manual D - 2016
• Standard required in:
– 2015 IRC §M1601.1 and §M1602.2
– 2015 IMC §603.2

• Comprised of two sections

– Normative: 43 pages of enforceable
requirements
– Informative: 213 pages of in-depth
discussion, documentation, and
examples

• Latest ANSI Approval in Oct 2016

Friction Rate
Worksheet
 80
Ft
0.23 IWC

TEL = 120 FT TEL = 255 FT

 .23 * 100
FR = ---------------
375

FR = 0.061
IWC / 100 Ft
Friction Rate Chart

Outside of the
“wedge” may
lead to velocity
problems
Finding Each Room Cfm

𝑀𝐽 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝐹𝑀 = Blower CFM ∗
𝑀𝐽 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (ℎ𝑡𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑔)

• One value for cooling and one value for heating

• The designer must use the larger of the two cfm
values for sizing the duct runs

Reminder: Loads are in Btu/hr

Example
• Air handler delivers 1000 Cfm at 0.23
IWC (net)
• Total heating load: 60,000 Btu/h
• Total cooling load: 48,000 Btu/h
𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝐹𝑀 𝑥 𝑀𝐽 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝐹𝑀 =
𝑀𝐽 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (ℎ𝑡𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑔)
Blower Cfm = 1000
Total heating load = 60,000 Btu/h
Total cooling load = 48,000 Btu/h
C - Btu/h H - Btu/h C - Cfm H - Cfm Design Cfm
Room 1 4800 5800 100 97 100
Room 2 19200 25200 400 420 420
Room 3 24000 29000 500 483 500
FR & Cfm  Duct Size &
Velocity

• Using a duct slide rule, the

Cfm and calculated FR will:
– Provide values for sizing
the ducts
• Round
• Rectangular
– Provide an associated
velocity in feet per
minute (fpm)
Velocity Limit
• Compare the velocity (feet per minute, fpm) at the
design cfm with the limits for turbulence /
noise control
• If the velocity exceeds the limits, then use the
cfm for the limit velocity – resulting in bigger
diameter ducts
Manual D
Min. Verification Points
ACCA recommended minimum:
• ESP from blower table at Design Airflow (CFM)
• Total Component Pressure Losses (CPL)
• Available static pressure (ASP = ESP – CPL)
• Lengths: longest supply duct, longest return duct, TEL
• Determined Friction Rate
• Used Manual J room loads to determine Heating/Cooling
CFMs
• Ensure maximum airflow velocity limits are not exceeded
What to Watch Out For …
• Designers that ALWAYS use a FR of 0.10
– It needs to be calculated every time for the specific duct
system details
• Check the math
– ASP = ESP – CPL
– FR = (ASP x 100) / TEL
– Spot check a few register CFMs
• Not using balancing hand dampers in
the runout branches
• Not altering the design for a house plan
that is rotated to the opposite street side
Part 4: ACCA-Available Resources

www.acca.org/codes
 Free Form
ACCA Design Review Form
Everything you need
to check on one form.
• Load calculation
• Equipment
selection
• Duct system design

Free to download at
www.acca.org/codes
Free Standards

Free PDF Downloads on HVAC

• Quality Installation (ACCA 5 QI)
• QI Verification (ACCA 9 QIvp)
• Quality Maintenance (ACCA 4 QM)
• Quality Restoration (ACCA 6 QR)
• Whole House Evaluation (ACCA 12 QH)
• and more
Free to download at www.acca.org/quality
Free Training for Code Officials
(and Others!)

Three-part video training on Manuals J / D / S

• Approximately 45 minutes for each segment
• A bit more detailed than this presentation
• Free! … www.ACCA.org/codes

CEUs available from ICC

• ACCA is an ICC Preferred Education Provider
• See: http://www.acca.org/certification/code-essentials CEUs have
associated
• 0.2 CEU; Cost for the J / D / S test = $60
costs.
ACCA Technical Reference Note
“Computing Manual J Infiltration Load Based
Upon a Target Envelop Leakage Requirement”

Shows how to convert a maximum code

allowable leakage limit (say, 3 or 5 ACH 50 per the ICC IECC)
to:
1. Manual J infiltration CFM value, and then
to
2. infiltration load contributions (Btuh) of:
• sensible heating,
• sensible cooling, and
• latent cooling.
Free ACCA Membership
for ICC Code Offices

To obtain ACCA member benefits for free,

contact:
Karla Price Higgs
Vice President, Member Services
International Code Council
[email protected]
Educational Offerings

QI Design … [Load Calcs, Equipment Selection, Duct Design, etc.]

Offered via:
• In-person training
(3-day class)
• Online training
(18 hours of videos, plus
assessments)
• Offline DVDs

These each have

5-year certificates provided for
associated
successful passage of final exam costs.
Educational: Technician Training
& Certification
On-line learning
– Technician Field Practices for Quality
Installation
– Home Evaluation and Performance
Improvement
– Friction Rate Primer and Duct Design
Fundamentals
– Duct Diagnostics & Repair
– Etc.

Convenient … affordable … on-

These each have
demand training focused on quality associated
HVACR installation, maintenance, costs.
home performance, and more.
HVAC Primer, residential

Bob’s House
A case study for
understanding the residential
HVAC design process as
described in the ACCA
residential design manuals.

May be
purchased at
www.acca.org/store/
HVAC Primer, commercial

Maria’s Restaurant
A case study for
understanding the
commercial HVAC design
process as described in the
ACCA commercial design
manuals.

May be
purchased at
www.acca.org/store/
Contact Information:
John D. Sedine, President
Engineered Htg & Clg
1321 17 Mile Rd NE
Cedar Springs, MI 49319 ACCA Contact:
[email protected] Glenn C. Hourahan, P.E.
616.439.3311 Sr. Vice President
ACCA
2800 S. Shirlington Road; Suite 300
Arlington, VA 22206
[email protected]
www.iccsafe.org/conference
#ICCAC18
www.learn.iccsafe.org
Learning Center: X33821