Instructor:

Mr. Sohaib Latif

 Today we will learn:
Some common uses of database systems
The characteristics of file-based systems
The problem with the file-based approach
The meaning of the term ‘Database’
The meaning of the term Database Management System’ (DBMS)
The typical functions of DBMS
The advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs
The major components of the DBMS environment
 Purchasing from the shopping mall
 Cash withdrawal from ATM
 Purchasing using your credit card from
superstore
 Registration at NADRA office
 Saving contact numbers in cell phone.
 University Information System (UIS)
Data:
 “A collection of raw facts and figures”.
Types of data
 “Data consists of facts, text, graphics,
images, sound and video.”

 Information:
 Data processed to be useful in decision making.
 Information is, processed data that is correlated
and meaningful.

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 MetaMeta Data
“Data about a metadata record”

Information about a metadata record, such as when that

record was created, by whom, and when it was last updated,
is called metametadata

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Data are….. Information is….
1.Stored facts 1. Presented facts
2.Not meaningful 2.meaningful
3.Technology –based 3.Business Based
4.Gathered from various 4.Transformed from data
sources
5.Refers to the values 5. Refers the meaning of the
actually stored in. values as understood by
some users
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 DATABASE

1. A database is an organized collection of logically

related data.

2. A database is a computerized record keeping system.

3. “A database is a collection of inter-related records
with minimum of data redundancy.”

4. Collection of related data items that are being

stored for record-keeping & analysis
 Could be stored on cards ,file cabinet,
computer, …

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A collection of related files.

A collection of records about a particular set of people,

objects, entities and so on.

A collection of related fields associated with a single

person, object, entity and so on.

A collection of bytes representing a single

attribute.

A collection of bits representing a single

character.

A binary digit.

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3. A database is a self-defined
collection of integrated files.
Integrated : It is possible to navigate from file to file
to extract necessary information.

Note: A FILE is a collection of logical records in a

tabular format.
A RECORD contains fields (or attributes ) about the
entity.
A field is same as an ‘attribute’

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 Web indexes  Train timetable
 Library catalogues  Airline bookings
 Medical records  Credit card details
 Bank accounts  Student records
 Stock control
 Customer histories
 Personnel systems
 Product catalogues  Stock market prices
 Telephone directories  And so on….

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 Traditional or simple file processing system is
the first computer based method to handle
business application.In past many
organizations stored data in files on tape or
disks.

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What is File Processing Systems
File: a collection of related information defined by its creator.
Physical file: a file actually exists in a storage devise.
( a collection of bites, as seen by the operating system.)
Logical file: a file viewed by users and programs.
( a collection of records.)
A file management system, usually within the operating system, is
used to efficiently access physical files stored in the secondary
storage
devices.
Functions: create, updates, retrieval
Examples: Hard copy registers/folders,bill folder, tax folder

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13
 Disadvantages of File Processing
• Program-Data Dependence
– All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
• Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
– Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
• Limited Data Sharing
– No centralized control of data
• Lengthy Development Times
– Programmers must design their own file formats
• Excessive Program Maintenance
– 80% of information systems budget

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Disadvantages File Management
Systems
Uncontrolled redundancy
Inconsistent data
Inflexibility

Limited data sharing

Poor enforcement of standards
Excessive program maintenance
Excessive data maintenance
File formatting issues
Recovery

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 Accounts Department

Empno Name Job Salary Join-Date Deptno Dept-

name
100 Allen Manager 4500 25-Jan-89 3 Marketing
101 John Analyst 3000 13-Mar-92 2 Research
102 Diane Clerk 2000 04-Jul-94 1 Sales
103 Adam Clerk 2000 15-Mar-93 2 Research

Human Resources Department (HRD)

Name Address Tel-No join-Date Birth- Designati Salary

Date on
Allen Aaa 1234 25-Jan-89 25-Jan-49 Manager 4500

John bbb 2345 13-Mar-92 13-Mar-52 Analyst 3000

Diane ccc 3456 04-Jul-94 04-Jul-74 Clerk 2000

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 Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain
their own data
 Each application program needs to include code
for the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats

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 Problems with Data
Redundancy
• Waste of space to have duplicate data
• Causes more maintenance headaches
• The biggest Problem:
– When data changes in one file, could cause
inconsistencies
– Compromises data integrity

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 SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
• Central repository of shared data
• Data is managed by a controlling agent
• Stored in a standardized, convenient
form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

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 Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing - Data Independence

University
Students
- Controlled Redundancy Database - Better Data Integrity
Database Management System
• A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval system which
permits data to be stored non-redundantly while
making it appear to the user as if the data is well-
integrated.

Collection of programs that

 allows users to create a new database and specify its

structure
 gives users the ability to query and modify the data
efficiently
 keeps the data secure from accidents or unauthorized
use
 controls the access to the data for many users at once

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 DBMS is a tool to ease the construction of database
Examples: Oracle, SQL Server, Informix, Sybase, Ingress

According to Oxford dictionary:

“ A software system that facilitate the

creation and maintenance and use of an
electronic database.”

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Database Management System
Application
#1

Application
#2
DBMS Database
containing
centralized
shared data

Application DBMS manages data

#3
resources like an operating
system manages hardware
resources

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Data Sharing
Data Independence
Controlled Redundancy
Better data Integrity
Data consistency
Better data security
Faster development of new applications
Economy of scale
Better concurrency
Better backup procedures
 Higher costs (DBMS)

 Conversion cost (manual to computerized )

 More difficult recovery

Hardware
Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
Software
DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and
also the application programs.
Data
Used by the organization and a description of this data
called the schema.
Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and
use of the database and DBMS.
People
Includes database designers, DBAs, application programmers,
and end-users.
 Comparison of File-Based and DATABASE
Approach

?
Best of Luck

DBMS (mgt-202) UOG 11/1/2020 28