William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
Chapter 1
Introduction
Architecture & Organization 1
❚ Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer
❙ Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
❙ e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
❚ Organization is how features are implemented
❙ Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
❙ e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization 2
❚ All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
❚ The IBM System/370 family share the same
basic architecture
❚ This gives code compatibility
❙ At least backwards
❚ Organization differs between different versions
Structure & Function
❚ Structure is the way in which components relate
to each other
❚ Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
Function
❚ All computer functions are:
❙ Data processing
❙ Data storage
❙ Data movement
❙ Control
Functional view
❚ Functional view of a computer
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus
Data
Processing
Facility
Operations (1)
❚ Data movement
❙ e.g. keyboard to screen
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus
Data
Processing
Facility
Operations (2)
❚ Storage
❙ e.g. Internet download to disk
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus
Data
Processing
Facility
Operation (3)
❚ Processing from/to storage
❙ e.g. updating bank statement
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus
Data
Processing
Facility
Operation (4)
❚ Processing from storage to I/O
❙ e.g. printing a bank statement
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus
Data
Processing
Facility
Structure - Top Level
Peripherals Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection
Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory
Outline of the Book (1)
❚ Computer Evolution and Performance
❚ Computer Interconnection Structures
❚ Internal Memory
❚ External Memory
❚ Input/Output
❚ Operating Systems Support
❚ Computer Arithmetic
❚ Instruction Sets
Outline of the Book (2)
❚ CPU Structure and Function
❚ Reduced Instruction Set Computers
❚ Superscalar Processors
❚ Control Unit Operation
❚ Microprogrammed Control
❚ Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
❚ Digital Logic (Appendix)
Internet Resources
- Web site for book
❚ http://www.shore.net/~ws/COA5e.html
❙ links to sites of interest
❙ links to sites for courses that use the book
❙ errata list for book
❙ information on other books by W. Stallings
Internet Resources
- Web sites to look for
❚ WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
❚ CPU Info Center
❚ ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
Architecture
❚ IEEE Technical Committee on Computer
Architecture
❚ Intel Technology Journal
❚ Manufacturer’s sites
❙ Intel, IBM, etc.
Internet Resources
- Usenet News Groups
❚ comp.arch
❚ comp.arch.arithmetic
❚ comp.arch.storage
