CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2

1.1 An astronaut weighs 730 N in Houston 2.1 Water flows over a waterfall 100m in
Texas, where the local acceleration of height. Take 1kg of the water as the system
gravity is g = 9.792 ms-2. What are the and assume that it does not exchange
astronauts mass and weight on the moon, energy with its surroundings.
where g = 1.67 ms-2?
a) What is the potential energy of the
1.2 A dead weight gauge with a 1 cm water at the top of the falls respect
diameter piston is used to measure to the base of the falls?
pressures very accurately In a particular b) What is the kinetic energy of the
instance a mass of 6.14 kg (including piston water just before it strikes bottom?
and pan) brings it into balance. If the local c) After the 1 kg of water enters the
acceleration of gravity is 9.82 m s what is stream below the falls, what change
the gauge pressure being measured? If the has occurred in its state?
barometric pressure is 748 (tom) what is the
absolute pressure?
2.2 A gas is confined in a cylinder by a
1.3 At 300.15 K (27°C) the reading on a
piston. the initial pressure of the gas is 7 bar
manometer filled with mercury is 60.5 cm.
and the volume is .10 m^3. The piston is
The acceleration of gravity is 9.184 ms-2.
held in place by latches in the cylinder
To what pressure does the height of
wall. The whole apparatus is placed in a
mercury correspond?
total vacuum. What is the energy change of
1.4 An Elevator with a mass of 2500 Kg the apparatus if the restraining latches are
rests at a level 10 m above the base of an removed so that the gas suddenly expands
elevator shaft. It is raised to 100 m above to double its initial volume, the piston
the base of shaft, where the cable holding it striking other latches at the end of the
breaks. The elevator falls freely to the base process?
of the shaft and strikes a strong spring. The
spring is designed to bring the elevator to
rest and to hold the elevator at the position 2.3 A gas is confined in a cylinder by a
of maximum spring compression. Assuming piston. the initial pressure of the gas is 7 bar
the entire process to be frictionless, and and the volume is .10 m^3. The piston is
taking g=9.8m/s2, calculate: held in place by latches in the cylinder wall.
The whole apparatus is placed in air at
a) The potential energy of the elevator atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa, what is
in its position relative to the base of the energy change of the
the shaft. apparatus? Assume the rate of heat
b) The work done in raising the exchange between the apparatus and the
elevator. c)The potential energy of surrounding air is slow compared with the
the elevator in its highest position rate at which the process occurs.
relative to the base of the shaft.
c) The velocity and kinetic energy of
the elevator just before it strikes the
spring.
d) The potential energy of the
compressed spring.
 2.7 The piston/ cylinder arrangement shown
in Fig. 2.4 contains nitrogen gas trapped
2.4 When a system is taken from state a to
below the piston at a pressure of 7 bar. The
state b in Fig.2.1 along path acb, 100 J of
piston is held in place by latches. The space
heat flows into the system and the system
above the piston is evacuated. A pan is
does 40 J of work.
attached to the piston rod and a mass of
a) How much heat flows into the 45kg is fastened to the fan. The piston,
system along path aeb if the work piston rod, and pan together have a mass of
done by the system is 20J? 23kg. The latches holding the piston are
b) The system returns from b to a along released, allowing the piston to rise rapidly
path bda. If the work done on the until it strikes the top of the cylinder. The
system is 30J, does the system distance moved by the piston is 0.5m. The
absorb or liberate heat? How much? local acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m S^-2.
Discuss the energy changes that occur
2.5 How many degrees of freedom has because of this process.
each of the following systems?
2.8 Calculate delta U and delta H for 1 kg of
a) Liquid water in equilibrium with its water when it is vaporized at the constant
vapor temperature of 100 deg C and the constant
b) Liquid water in equilibrium with a pressure of 101.33kPa. The specific
mixture of water vapor and nitrogen. volumes of liquid and vapor water at these
c) A liquid solution of alcohol in water conditions are .00104 and 1.673 m^3 kg^-1.
in equilibrium with its vapor. For this change, heat in the amount of
2.6 A horizontal pistol/ cylinder arrangement 2,256.9kJ is added to the water.
is placed in a constant-temperature bath. 2.9 Air at 1 bar and 298.15K
The piston slides in the cylinder with (25°C) is compressed to 5 bar and
negligible friction, and an external force 298.15K by two different mechanically
holds it in place against an initial gas reversible processes. Calculate the heat
pressure of 14 bar. The initial gas volume and work requirements and ΔU and ΔH of
is .03 m^3. The external force on the piston the air of each path. The following heat
is reduced gradually, and the gas expands capacities for air may be assumed
isothermally as its volume doubles. independent of temperature: Cv=20.78 and
a) If the volume of the gas is Cp=29.10 J/mol.K Assume also for air
related to its pressure so that the that PV/T is a constant, regardless of the
PV^t is constant, what is the changes it undergoes. At 298.15K and 1
work done by the gas in moving bar, the molar volume of air is 0.02479
the external force? m3/mol.
b) How much work would be done if a) Cooling at constant pressure
the external force were suddenly followed by heating at constant
reduced to half its initial value volume.
instead of being gradually b)  Heating at constant volume followed
reduced? by cooling at constant pressure
2.10 Calculate the internal energy and 2.16 Air at 1 bar and 25°C enters
enthalpy changes that occurs when air is a compressor at low
changed from an initial state of 40°F and 10 velocity, discharges at 3 bar, and enters a
atm, where its molar volume is 36.49 nozzle in which it expands to a final
ft3/lb.mole, to a final state of 140°F and 1 velocity of 600 m/s at initial conditions of
atm. Assume for air that PV/T is pressure and temperature. If the work of
constant and that Cv=5 and Cp=7 compression is 240 KJ per kilogram of air,
BTU/lb.mole.°F. how much heat must be removed during
compression?

2.11 Liquid n-hexane flows at a rate

of ṁ=0.75kg/s in a pipe with inside 2.17 Water at 200°F is pumped from
diameter D=5 cm. a storage tank at the rate of 50gal/min.
The motor for the pump supplies work at the
a) What are q, ṅ, and u? Assume for
rate of 2hp. The water goes through a heat
liquid n-hexane that ρ=659 kg/m3.
exchanger, giving up heat at the rate
b) What would these quantities be for
of 40,000 BTU/min, and is delivered to a
the same ṁ if D=2 cm?
second storage tank at an elevation 50ft
2.13 An evacuated tank is filled with above the first tank. What is
gas from a constant-pressure line. What is the temperature of the water delivered to
the relation between the enthalpy of the gas the second tank?
in the entrance line and the internal energy
of the gas in the tank? Neglect heat
transfer between the gas and the tank. CHAPTER 4
2.14 An insulated electrically heated tank for 4.1 The parameters listed in Table C.1
hot water contains 190kg of liquid water at require use of Kelvin temperature in Eq.
60°C when a power outage occurs. If water (4.4). Equations of the same form may also
is withdrawn from the tank at a steady rate be developed for use with temperatures in
of ṁ=0.2 kg/s, how long will it take for the (°C), (R), and (°F), but the parameter values
temperature of the water in the tank to drop are different. The molar heat
from 60 to 35°C? Assume cold water enters capacity of methane in the ideal gas
the tank at 10°C and negligible heat losses state is given as a function of temperature
from the tank. For liquid water let Cv=Cp=C, in Kelvins by:
independent of T and P.
Cpig/R= 1.702 + 9.081x10-3T - 2.164x10-6
2.15 For the flow calorimeter discussed, the T2
following data are taken with water as
where the parameter values are from table
the test fluid: Flow rate= 4.15 g/s, t1= 0°C,
C.1. Develop and equation for Cpig/R for
t2= 300°C, P2=3 bar Rate of heat addition
temperatures in °C.
from resistance heater= 12,740W. The
water is completely vaporized in the 4.2 Calculate the heat required to raise the
process. Calculate the enthalpy of temperature of 1 mol of
steam at 300°C and 3 bar based on H=0 for methane from 260 to 600°C in a steady
liquid water at 0°C. state flow process at a pressure sufficiently
low that methane may be considered
an ideal gas.
4.3 What is the final temperature when heat 4.9 A boiler is fired with a high grade fuel oil
in the amount of 0.4 x 10^6 (Btu) is added (consisting only of hydrocarbons) having a
to 25(lbmol) of ammonia initially standard heat of combustion of -43,515
at 500(°F) in a steady-flow process J/g at 25˚C with CO2(g) and H2O(l) as
at 1(atm)? products. The temperature of the fuel and
oil entering the combustion chamber
4.4 Given that the latent heat of
is 25˚C. The air is assumed dry. The flue
vaporization of water at 100°C is 2,257 J g-1,
gases leave at 300˚C, and their average
estimate the latent heat at 300°C.
analysis (on a dry basis) is 11.2% CO2,
4.5 Calculate the standard heat at 25°C for 0.4% CO, 6.2% O2, and 82.2% N2.
the following reaction: Calculate the fraction of the heat of
4HCl(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2 (g) combustion of the oil that is transferred as
heat to the boiler.
4.6 Calculate the standard heat of
the methanol-synthesis reaction at 800˚C. CHAPTER 5

4.7 What is the maximum temperature that 5.1 A central power plant, rated at 800,000
can be reached by the combustion of kW, generates steam at 585 K and discards
methane with 20% excess air? Both the heat to a river at 295 K. If the thermal
methane and the air enter the burner efficiency of the plant is 70% of the
at 25˚C. maximum possible value, how much heat is
discarded to the river at rated power?
4.8 One method for the manufacture
of "synthesis gas" (a mixture of CO and H2) 5.3 Methane gas at 550 K and 5
is the catalytic reforming of CH4with steam bar undergoes a reversible adiabatic
at high temperature and atmospheric expansion to 1 bar. Assuming methane to
pressure: be an ideal gas at these conditions, find
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) its final temperature.
The only other reaction to be considered is
5.4 A 40-kg steel casting ( Cp = 0.5 kJ/kg-K)
the water-gas-shift reaction:
at a temperature of 450 degrees Celsius is
CO(g) + H2O (g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
quenched in 150 kg of oil (Cp = 2.5 kJ/kg-K)
If the reactants are supplied in the ratio, 2
at 25 degrees Celsius. If there are no heat
mol steam to 1 mol CH4,and if heat is
losses, what is the change in entropy of
supplied to the reactor so that the product
a) the casting
reach a temperature of 1,300 K, the CH4 is
b) the oil
completely converted and the product
c) both considered together
steam contains 17.4 mol % CO. Assuming
the reactants to be preheated to 600K,
5.5 In a steady-state flow process, 1 mol/s
calculate the heat requirement for the
of air at 600 K and 1 atm is continuously
reactor.
mixed with 2 mol/s of air at 450 K and 1
atm. The product stream is at 400 K and 1
atm. Determine the rate of heat transfer and
the rate of entropy generation for the
process. Assume that air is an ideal gas
with Cp=(7/2)R, that the surroundings are at
300 K, and that kinetic and potential energy is 600 kPa. Assume that the nozzle
changes are negligible. operates isentropically.

5.6 An inventor claims to have devised a

process which takes in only saturated steam
at 100°C and which by a complicated series 7.2 A high-velocity nozzle is designed to
of steps makes heat continuously available operate with steam at 700kPa and 300C. At
at a temperature level of 200°C, where 2000 the nozzle inlet, the velocity is 30 m/s.
kJ of energy as heat is liberated for every Calculate values of the ratio A/A1 (where
kilogram of steam taken into the process. A1 is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle
Tell whether or not this process is possible. inlet) for the sections where the pressure
To give this process the most favorable is 500 kPa. Assume that the nozzle
conditions, assume cooling water available operates isentropically.
in unlimited quantity at a temperature of
0°C. 7.3 Consider nozzle is designed to operate
with steam at 700kPa and 300C. At the
5.7 What is the maximum work that can be nozzle inlet, the velocity is 30 m/s.
obtained in a steady-state flow process from Assuming that steam behaves as an ideal
1 mol nitrogen (assumed an ideal gas) at gas,
800 K and 50 bar? Take the temperature a) Calculate the critical pressure ratio
and pressure of the surroundings as 300 K and the velocity of the throat.
and 1.0133 bar. b) Calculate the discharge for a Mach
number of 2.0 at the nozzle exhaust.
5.8 An inventor claims to have devised a
process which takes in only saturated steam 7.4 Propane gas at 20 bar and
at 100°C and which by a complicated series 400K is throttled in a steady-state flow
of steps makes heat continuously available process to 1 bar.
at a temperature level of 200°C, where 2000 a) Estimate the final temperature of the
kJ of energy as heat is liberated for every propane. (Properties of propane can
kilogram of steam taken into the process. be found from suitable generalized
Tell whether or not this process is possible. correlations)
To give this process the most favorable b) Propane gas at 20 bar and 400K is
conditions, assume cooling water available throttled in a steady-state flow
in unlimited quantity at a temperature of process to 1 bar. Estimate its
0°C. entropy change.
Use equation for ideal work.

CHAPTER 7 7.5 Throttling a real gas from conditions of

moderate temperature and pressure usually
7.1 A high-velocity nozzle is designed to results in a temperature decrease. Under
operate with steam at 700kPa and 300C. At what conditions would an increase in
the nozzle inlet, the velocity is 30 m/s. temperature is expected? (μ is the Joule-
Calculate values of the ratio A/A1 (where A1 Thomson coefficient)
is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle
inlet) for the sections where the pressure 7.6 A steam turbine with rated capacity
of 56,400 kW (56, 400 kJ/s) operates with
steam at inlet conditions of 8,600 kPa and
500C, and discharges into a condenser at a
pressure of 10kPa. Assuming a
turbine efficiency of 0.75, determine
the state of steam at discharge and mass
rate of flow of the steam.
7.7 A stream of ethylene gas at 300 C and CHAPTER 8
45 bar is expanded adiabatically in
a turbine to 2 bar. Calculate the isentropic 8.1 Steam generated in a power plant at a
work produced. Find the properties of pressure of 8600 kPa and a temperature of
ethylene by 773.15K (500) is fed to a turbine. Exhaust
from the turbine enters a condenser at 10
a) equations for ideal gas kPa, where it is considered to saturated
b) appropriate generalized correlations. liquid, which is then pumped to the boiler.

7.8 Saturated-vapor steam at 100 kPa a) What is the thermal efficiency of a

(tsat = 99.63 C) is compressed Rankine cycle operating at these
adiabatically to 300kPa. If the conditions?
compressor efficiency is 0.75, what is the b) What is the thermal efficiency of a
work required? practical cycle operating at these
conditions if the turbine efficiency
7.9 If methane (assumed to be an ideal gas) and pump efficiency are both 0.75?
is compressed c) If the rating of the power cycle of
adiabatically from 20C and 140 kPa to 560 part (b) is 80 000 kW, what is the
kPa, Estimate work steam rate?
requirement the discharge temperature of
8.2 Determine the thermal efficiency of the
the methane. The compressor efficiency
power plant shown in Fig. 8.5,
is 0.75.
assuming turbine and pump efficiencies of
0.75. If its power rating is 80 000 kW, what
7.10 Water at 45C and 10kPa enters
is the steam rate from the boiler and what
an adiabatic pumpand is discharged at a
are the heat-transfer rate in the boiler and
pressure of 8600kPa. Assume the pump
condenser?
efficiency to be 0.75. Calculate the work of
the pump, temperature change of water, 8.4 A gas-turbine engine with
and entropy change of water a compression ratio PB/PA = 6 operates
with air entering the compressor at 298.15K
(25). If the maximum permissible
temperature in the turbine is 1033.15K
(760).

a) The efficiency n of the ideal air

cycle for these conditions if = 1.4
b) The thermal efficiency of an air
cycle for the given conditions if the
compressor and turbine operate
 adiabatically but irreversibly with
efficiencies nc = 0.83 and nt = 0.86.
10.4 For a mixture of 10 mol% methane, 20
mol% ethane and 70 mol% propane at
283.15 K (10°C), determine:
a) The dewpoint pressure
b) The bubblepoint pressure

10.5 The system acetone(1)/ acetonitrile(2)/

CHAPTER 10 nitromethane(3) at 353.15 K (80°C) and 110
10.1 kPa has the overall composition, z1=0.45,
z2=0.35, z3=0.20. Assuming the Raoult's
10.2 Assuming that carbonated law is appropriate to this system,
water contains only CO2 and H2O, determine L, V, {xi}, {yi}. The vapor
determine the compositions of the vapor pressures of the pure species at 353.15 K
and liquid phases in a sealed can (80°C) are:
of "soda" and the pressure exerted on the P1sat =195.75 kPa, P2sat =97.84 kPa,
can at 283.15K (10°C). Henry's constant for P3sat =50.32 kPa
CO2 in water at 283.15K (10°C) is about
990 bars. 10.6 For the system described in Ex.10.4,
what fraction of the system is vapor when
10.3 For the system methanol (1)/methyl
the pressureis 13.8 bar and what are the
acetate (2), the following equations provide
compositions of the equilibrium vapor and
a reasonable correlation for the activity
liquid phase?
coefficients:
In Ɣ1= AX22 In Ɣ2= AX12 where A =2.771-
CHAPTER 11
0.00523T
In addition, the following Antoine equations
12.1 VLE data for diethyl ketone(1)/n-
provide vapor pressures:
hexane(2) at 65C as reported by Maripuri
In P1sat =16.59158-(3643.31/ T-33.424) In
and Ratcliff are given in the first three
P2sat = 14.253 -(2665.54/ T-53.424)
columns of Table 12.4. Reduce this set of
where T is in kelvin and the vapor pressures
data.
are in kPa. Assuming the validity of the
equation, calculate:
12.2 The excess enthalpy (heat of mixing)
a) P and (y1), for T=318.15 K and x1 = for a liquid mixture of species 1 and 2 at
0.25 fixed T and P is represented by equation:
b) P and (x1) for T=318.15 K and y1 = HE = x1x2 (40x1 + 20x2)
0.60. where HE is in J/mol. Determine expression
c) T and (y1) for P=101.33 kPa and x1 for H1E and H2E as function of x1.
= 0.85.
d) T and (x1) for P=101.33 kPa and y1 12.3
= 0.40.
e) The azeotropic pressure, and the 12.4 Calculate the heat of formation of LiCl
azeotropic composition for T = in 12 mol of H2O at 25C.
318.15 K (45°C).
12.5 A single-effect evaporator operating at
atmospheric pressure concentrates a 15%
(by weight) LiCl solution to 40%. The feed
enters the evaporator at the rate of 2kg/s at
25 °C. The normal boiling point of a 40%
LiCl solution is about 132 °C, and
its specific heat is estimated as 2.72 kJ/kg-
°C. What is the heat-transfer rate in the
evaporator?

12.6 A single-effect
evaporator concentrates 10000 lbm/hr of a
10% (by weight) aqueous solution of NaOH
to 50%. The feed enters at 70 °F. The
evaporator operates at an absolute
pressure of 3 inHg, and under these
conditions the boiling point of a 50%
solution of NaOH is 190 °F. What is
the heat-transfer rate in the evaporator?
12.7 A 10% aqueous NaOH solution at 70
°F is mixed with a 70% aqueous NaOH
solution at 200 °F to form a solution
containing 40% NaOH.

a) If the mixing is done adiabatically,

what is the final temperature of the
solution?
b) If the final temperature is brought to
70 °F, how much heat must be
removed during the process?

12.8 Determine the enthalpy of solid NaOH

at 68 °F on the basis used for the
NaOH/H2O enthalpy/concentration diagram
of Fig. 12.19.

12.9 Solid NaOH at 70 °F is mixed with H2O

at 70 °F to produce a solution containing
45% NaOH at 70 °F. How much heat must
be transferred per pound mass of
solution formed?