Math 21 Unit I Formula Sheet

A. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions f ( x ) = sec−1 x

f ( x ) = sin−1 x y= 3π

1. y = loga x ⇐⇒ x = ay f ( x ) = tan−1 x
2

R
π
(1, 2)
2. loga ( a x ) = x for all x ∈ y= π
2

3. aloga x = x for all x > 0 (−1, π )

4. Graph of y = a x and y = loga x y= π
2
f ( x ) = loga x f ( x ) = loga x
a>1 0<a<1 y = − π2
(−1, − π2 ) (1, 0)
(1, 0)
f (x) = ax
(1, 0) f ( x ) = csc−1 x
f (x) = a x 0<a<1 π
(0, 1) (1, 2)
a>1 f ( x ) = cos−1 x
(0, 1) f ( x ) = cot−1 x
(−1, π )
5. a > 1: lim ax = +∞, lim ax = 0, lim loga x = +∞, lim loga x = −∞. y=π
x →+∞ x →−∞ x →+∞ x →0+ (−1, − π2 )
6. 0 < a < 1: lim ax = 0, lim ax = +∞, lim loga x = −∞, lim loga x = +∞.
x →+∞ x →−∞ x →+∞ x →0+
1 y = −π
7. (Euler’s number) e = lim(1 + h) = 2.718281828459045 · · ·
h (1, 0)

8. ln x = loge x
x
9. a x = eln a = e x ln a Additional Exercises
10. Laws of Exponents and Logarithms 4− x · 33x
1. Write as a single exponential expression.
a, b > 0, r, s ∈ R a, b, m, n > 0, a, b 6= 1, c ∈ R 6x
2. Write ( x2 + 1)sin x in terms of the natural exponential function.
a0 = 1, a1 = a loga 1 = 0
ar a s = ar + s loga a = 1 3. Evaluate thefollowing.  √ 
ar a. cos−1 12 c. tan−1 (1) e. sin−1 − 22 g. cos−1 (0)
= ar −s loga mn = loga m + loga n
as m    √   √ 
( ar )s = ars loga = loga m − loga n b. sin−1 12 d. cos−1 − 22 f. sin−1 − 23 h. tan−1 (0)
n
( ab) x = a x b x loga mc= c loga m
 a x ax 1 4. Evaluate the following limits.
= x loga = − loga m 1
b b m a. lim ( x2 − ln x ) g. lim sin−1 ( x − 1) m. lim
1 logb m 1 x →0+ x →2− x →+∞ tan−1 x− π
− r 2e x − 1 2
a = r loga m = = h. lim (etan x )
a logb a logm a b. lim
x →+∞ e x + 2 x → π2 − n. lim sec−1 (ln x )
x →+∞
5x + 3x i. lim (etan x )
c. lim x o. lim sec−1 (ln x )
x →+∞ 8 − 3x x → π2 + x →0+
5x + 3x h  x i
p. lim [ln( x2 + x + 1) −
B. Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions d. lim x j. lim tan−1 1
2 x →+∞
x →−∞ 8 − 3x x →+∞
h  x i ln( x + 1) − ln( x + 2)]
= sin−1 x lim sin−1 ( x3 )
 
y if and only if x = sin y, y ∈ − π2 , π2 e. k. lim tan−1 12
x →0 x →−∞
y = cos−1 x if and only if x = cos y, y ∈ [0, π ]

x−1
    
−1
y = tan−1 x if and only if x = tan y, y ∈ − π2 , π2 f. lim cos l. lim cos 31 cot−1 1x
x →1 x2 − 1 x →0−
y = cot−1 x if and only if x = cot y, y ∈ (0, π )

= sec−1 x y ∈ 0, π2 ∪ π, 3π


y if and only if x = sec y, 2 5. If x ∈ [−1, 1], and θ = sin−1 x, write cos θ and tan θ in terms of x.
= csc−1 x

y if and only if x = csc y, y ∈ −π, − π2 ∪ 0, π2
C. Hyperbolic Functions F. Graphs of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
e x − e− x
1. sinh x = . f ( x ) = sinh x
2 f ( x ) = tanh x
e x + e− x f ( x ) = cosh x
y=1
2. cosh x = .
2
e x − e− x sinh x
3. tanh x = = y = −1
e x + e− x cosh x

e x + e− x cosh x
4. coth x = = f ( x ) = tanh−1 x
e x − e− x sinh x
−1
2 1
f ( x ) = sinh x
5. sech x = =
e + e− x
x cosh x f ( x ) = cosh−1 x
2 1
6. csch x = =
e x − e− x sinh x
x = −1 x=1
D. Identities involving Hyperbolic Functions
1. cosh(− x ) = cosh( x ) and sinh(− x ) = − sinh( x ) f ( x ) = coth x
2. cosh x + sinh x = e x and cosh x − sinh x = e− x f ( x ) = csch x

3. cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 y=1

4. 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x
f ( x ) = sech x y = −1
5. 1 − coth2 x = − csch2 x
6. sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
7. cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x = 1 + 2 sinh2 x = 2 cosh2 x − 1
f ( x ) = csch−1 x
8. cosh( x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y f ( x ) = coth−1 x
9. sinh( x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
E. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
f ( x ) = sech−1 x
 √ 
1. sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1
 √  x = −1 x=1
2. cosh−1 x = ln x + x2 − 1
 
1 1+x Additional Exercises
3. tanh−1 x = ln
2 1−x
1. lim cosh(coth−1 x ) 5. lim tan−1 (tanh−1 x )
1

x+1
 x →+∞ x →−1+
−1
4. coth x = ln
2 x−1 6. lim coth(sec x )
√ ! 2. lim tan−1 (csch x ) x → π2 −
1 + 1 − x2 x →0−
−1
5. sech x = ln
x 7. lim csch(sin x )
√ 3. lim ln(sech x ) x →π +
x →−∞
!
−1 1 1 + x2  csch−1 1


6. csch x = ln + 1 x
x |x|
4. lim sin−1 (tanh x ) 8. lim
x →−∞ 2
x →+∞