Presented By –
M.M. Rakibul Hasan
Faculty, CSE, IUBAT University
Course: CSC-387 [System Analysis and Design] 1
What is Systems Analysis and Design?
• Systems are created to solve problems.
• Think of the systems approach as an organized
way of dealing with a problem.
• System Analysis and Design, mainly deals with
the software development activities.
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Defining A System
This term is derived from a Greek word systema
which means an organized relationship among
functioning units and components.
A collection of components that work together to
realize some objective forms a system.
Basically there are three major components in
every system, namely input, processing and
output.
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Systems Analysis vs Design
• Systems Analysis: understanding and
specifying in detail what an information
system should do.
• System Design: specifying in detail how the
parts of an information system should be
implemented.
Course: CSC-387 [System Analysis and
4
Design]
Basic implications of a System
• A system exists because it is designed to achieve one or
more objectives.
As we know that the system consists of small sub
systems where none of the sub systems is of much use
as a single independent system
So there are three basic implications:
• A system must be designed to achieve predetermined
objectives.
• Interrelationships and interdependencies must exist
among the components.
• The objectives of an organization must be given higher
priority than the objectives of the sub system.
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Characteristics of a system:
• Organization (order),
• Interaction,
• Interdependence,
• Integration
• Central objective
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Characteristics of a system contd..
1. Organization
• structure and order
• Example: Hierarchical organization in a company.
• Computer system: organization of various
components like input devices, output devices, CPU
and storage devices
2. Interaction
• Between sub systems or the components
• Example: the main memory holds the data that has
to be operated by the ALU.
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Characteristics of a system contd..
3. Interdependence
• Component linkage
• Component dependence
4. Integration
• How subsystems are tied together to achieve the
system objective
5. Central Objective
• Should be known in early phases of analysis
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Elements of a System
A system is a set of components working together to achieve
some goal.
The basic elements of the system may be listed as:
• Resources-h/w, s/w and liveware (human)
– Example: Banking system- computers, trained staff
• Procedures- set of rules to accomplish the goal of the system.
– Example: Banking systems have their predefined rules for
providing interest at different rates for different types of
accounts.
• Data/Information -inputs/outputs
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Elements of a System cont..
• Intermediate Data- intermediate transformation of data
before final output
– Output depends on it
• Processes-operational elements to convert i/p into o/p
– Example: the processing of a cheque as a process.
– A cheque passes through several stages before it actually
gets processed and converted
• Environment
– System should adapt to the environment
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Feed Back
• Feed Back:
– Compares the output against a performance standard.
– Useful to improve the system to meet the user needs.
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Boundaries and Interfaces
– Every system has defined boundaries within which it
operates. Beyond these limits the system has to
interact with the other systems.
– Interfaces are another important element through
which the system interacts with the outside world.
• Should be customized to the user needs. These
should be as user friendly as possible.
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Basic Principles of a successful system
• System should be of use for the user.
• Ready in time.
• Visible benefits
• Maintained effectively
• Well documented
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Types of Systems
1. Physical or Abstract System
– Physical system: tangible entities
– static or dynamic in nature.
– Example : system-computer centre
• Desks and chairs are the static parts
• Programs, data, and applications can change
according to the user's needs.
– Abstract systems are conceptual. These are not
physical entities. They may be formulas,
representation or model of a real system.
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Types of System cont..
2. Open & Closed System- Majority of systems are open
systems
– open system has many interfaces with its environment
– can also adapt to changing environmental conditions
– can receive inputs from, and delivers output to the
outside of system
Closed systems: Systems that don't interact with their
environment. Closed systems exist in concept only.
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Types of System cont..
3. Man Made and Automated systems
An organized, disciplined collection of ideas.
Man-made systems include such things as:
1. Social systems: organizations of laws, doctrines, customs, and
so on.
2. Transportation systems: networks of highways, canals, airlines
and so on.
3. Communication systems: telephone, telex, and so on.
4. Manufacturing systems: factories, assembly lines, and so on.
5. Financial systems: accounting, inventory, general ledger and
so on.
Most of these systems include computers today.
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Types of System cont..
Automated systems:
• Some information processing systems may not be
automated because of these common reasons:
– Cost; Convenience; Security; Maintainability; Politics.
Automated systems are the man-made systems that
interact with or are controlled by one or more computers.
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Distributed system
• A distributed system is a collection of independent
computers that appear to the users of the system as a
single system.
• Examples:
– Network of workstations
– Distributed manufacturing system (e.g., automated
assembly line)
– Network of branch office computers
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Advantages of Distributed Systems
• Economics: cost effective way to increase
computing power.
• Speed: a distributed system may have more total
computing power than a mainframe.
• Reliability: If one machine crashes, the system as
a whole can still survive. Higher availability and
improved reliability.
• Incremental growth: Computing power can be
added in small increments. Modular
expandability
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Advantages of Distributed Systems
• Data sharing: allow many users to access to a
common data base
• Resource Sharing: expensive peripherals like
color printers
• Communication: enhance human-to-human
communication, e.g., email, chat
• Flexibility: spread the workload over the
available machines
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Disadvantages of Distributed Systems
• Software: difficult to develop software for
distributed systems.
• Network: saturation, slow transmissions.
• Security: easy access also applies to secrete data.
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Exercise - 1.1
1. Define System. What are the Basic implications of a System?
2. Discuss different characteristics of a system.
3. Discuss different elements of a System.
4. Write Short note on: System Analysis, System Design,
Feedback, Boundaries, Interfaces, Physical System, Abstract
System, Open System, Closed System, Man Made system,
Automated system.
5. What are the basic principles of a successful system?
6. What is distributed system? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of distributed System?
Course: CSC-387 [System Analysis and Design] 22
