Name:________________ ID# __________________ HAND IN HARD COPY APRIL 18th

Digestive System: Anatomy Review

1. List two main divisions of the digestive system.

1. _____________________

2. _____________________

2. The four main layers of the digestive tract wall are:

1. _____________________

2. _____________________

3. _____________________

4. _____________________

3. Label the diagram below with the four main layers you listed in question 2.

4. The mucosa includes a type of columnar ________that forms the inner lining of the

lumen.

5. Blood and lymph vessels of the mucosa are found in its ______ _______ connective

tissue layer.

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6. The smooth muscle layer of the mucosa is called the ________ _______.

7. The function of epithelial goblet cells is to secrete ________.

8. _________ cells of the mucosa secrete hormones into the blood.

9. Absorption of nutrients occurs through the mucosal epithelium and into either

_______ or ______ vessels.

10. Label the vessels you listed in question 9 in the diagram below.

11. The muscularis mucosa has both ________ and _______ fibers that function in

moving the villi to aid in digestion and absorption.

12. The built-in (intrinsic) network of nerve cells in the submucosa is the ______ ______.

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13. The two types of movements produced by contractions of the muscularis externa are

____________ and ____________.

14. The network of neurons in between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa

is the ___________ ___________.

15. The mouth, with its ____ ____ epithelium, is involved in both chemical and ____

digestion.

Digestive System: Secretion

1. Of the approximately 9.0 L of fluids contained in the digestive tract daily, only

__________ L are eliminated with the feces.

2. Of the approximately 800 g of food ingested during a typical day, only about ____ g

are eliminated as undigested food in the feces.

3. Label the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands in the figure
below:

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4. List the four major functions of saliva.

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

3. _________________________

4. _________________________

5. Parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands is transmitted by cranial nerves

number _______ and _______.

6. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS stimulate the
salivary glands.
a. True

b. False
7. ________ division innervation stimulates watery, enzyme-rich saliva secretion,

whereas ________ division innervation stimulates a mucus-rich, more viscous saliva

secretion.

[Link] esophagus secretes digestive enzymes.

a. True

b. False
[Link] four main components of gastric juice are:

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

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 3. _________________________

4. _________________________

10. Gastrin is released from the ______ region of the stomach.

11. Place the following labels on the figure below:

parietal cell: HCl + IF, chief cell: pepsinogen, paracrine cell: histamine, mucus neck
cells

12. Gastrin-producing G cells are found in the gastric glands located in the ________

region of the stomach.

13. List the only two substances that are absorbed across the stomach’s mucosal
epithelium:
1. _________________________

2. _________________________

14. HCl in the stomach produces a pH of between ________ in the luminal fluid.

15. Without _______ _______, vitamin B12, necessary for normal RBC development, can

not be absorbed by the intestine.

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16. Lipids in the intestine cause the release of the hormone _______, while acid in the

intestine causes the release of ______.

17. Intestinal ________ converts (activates) trypsinogen into trypsin.

18. The pancreatic hormone _______ regulates the absorptive state, while ______

regulates the postabsorptive state.

19. List the four organic components of bile.

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

3. _________________________

4. _________________________

20. Intestinal digestive enzymes that are embedded in the epithelial microvilli

membranes are called ________ ________ enzymes.

Digestive System: Digestion and Absorption

1. List the three major nutrient classes (a.k.a. macronutrients).

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

3. _________________________

2. Which of the following carbohydrates is not a disaccharide?

a. maltose
b. lactose
c. starch
d. sucrose

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3. Match the following pairs of molecules with their monomers by placing the number
next to the matching letter:
a. sucrose __________

b. maltose __________

c. starch ___________

d. lactose __________

The monomers:

1. many glucose monomers

4. The breakdown products (monomers) of proteins are __________ _________.

5. The breakdown products of triglycerides include monoglycerides and _______

_________.

6. Once food is acidified in the stomach, amylase continues to digest starch.

a. True

b. False
7. The digestive enzyme ________ begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach.

8. Pepsin is inactivated in the duodenum.

a. True

b. False

[Link] __________ is responsible for the majority of fat digestion.

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10. Most water and salt are absorbed in the colon.

a. True

b. False

11. The active transport of sodium is necessary for water absorption in the small
intestine.

a. True
b. False
12. The final digestion of carbohydrates is accomplished with ______ ______ enzymes.

13. Which of the following is not a brush border enzyme?

a. amylase

b. sucrase
c. dextrinase
d. glucoamylase

14. Place the following labels on the figure below:

luminal side, facilitated diffusion transporter, basolateral side

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15. List the three major pancreatic proteases.

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

3. _________________________

16. List the two mechanisms that help to increase the surface area of lipids for
subsequent digestion with pancreatic lipase.
1. _________________________

2. _________________________

17. Bile salts surround monoglycerides and free fatty acids to form tiny droplets called

________.

18. Triglycerides combine with lipoproteins inside the intestinal epithelial cells to form

__________.

19. Colic bacteria produce substantial quantities of ________ ____ as a by-product of

their metabolism.

20. List the three main substances that are absorbed in the large intestine.

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

3. _________________________