Lab Report # 09
Linear Circuit Analysis (LCA)
Verification of superposition Theorem
Learning objectives:
In the previous lab task we had learnt how to verify or
prove superposition theorem by embedded a circuit on a bread board
consisting various resistors, By adjusting the direct supply from a Basic Trainer
to the resistors placed on a bread board we had calculated the current with
the help of Digital Multimeter. Overall in this lab the superposition theorem is
a theorem in order to solve the complex circuit.
We had taken the reading directly, with the help of Digital Multimeter and
then also calculated the values theoretically as well.
Superposition Theorem.
The total current in any part of a linear circuit equals the
algebraic sum of the currents produced by each source separately. To evaluate
the separate currents to be combined, replace all other voltage sources by
short circuits and all other current sources by open circuits.
Apparatus: -
• Basic trainer
• digital multimeter
• Resistance
• Wire
• Breadboard
Some pictures of the apparatus are following
Basic trainer Digital Multimeter
Resistance Wire
Ground wire and red wire Jumper wire
Bread board:
Procedure:
In the previous lab task, we were given with 3 various values resistors
and with two voltage sources 12volts & 5volts respectively and we had to
prove the superposition theorem.
We had placed the resistors on a bread board as we were told following the
Circuit Diagram. Giving them the voltage from Basic Trainer with the help of
Jumper wires, First we short the 5volts power supply by closing the circuit and
calculated the current across all the resistors and then we have short the
12volts power supply and calculated the currents across the resistors with the
help of Digital Multimeter. And then we considered both the voltage sources
and calculated the current across the resistors. We also calculated all the
values theoretically as well to get precise calculations.
Following are the readings both taken by (Hand & with Digital Multimeter).
Circuit diagram:
Calculation:
First calculation of the circuit:
12−Vx Vx Vx
3.3
= +
2.2 1.2
→ Equation 1
12−Vx 1 1
3.3
=Vx ( +
2.2 1.2 )
12−Vx
=Vx ( 0.45+0.83 )
3.3
12−Vx
=Vx ( 1.28 )
3.3
12– Vx = Vx (1.283 * 3.3)
12 = Vx + 4.23 Vx
12 = 5.23 Vx
Vx = 2.2944 volts
Entering in Vx value in equation 1
I1 = I2 +I3
12−vx
I1= 3.3
12−2.2944
I1 = 3.3
I1 = 2.94 mA → Equation 2
(1)
I2 = Vx 2.2
1
I2 = 2.2944 ( 2.2 )
I2 = 1.0429 mA → Equation 3
1
( )
I3 = Vx 1.2
1
I3 = 2.2944 ( 1.2 )
I3 = 1.912 mA → Equation 4
Hence from Eq 1, Eq 2, Eq 3 and Eq4 so it is proved.
Second calculation of the circuit:
5−Vx 5−Vx Vx
3.3
+
2.2
=
1.2
→ Equation 1
5−Vx 5−Vx Vx
3.3
+
2.2
=
1.2 ( )
1 1 1
5−Vx( +
3.3 2.2
)=Vx
1.2 ( )
1
5– Vx = Vx ( 1.2∗0.75 )
5 = Vx + 1.11Vx
5 = 2.11Vx
Vx = 2.369 volts
Entering in Vx value in equation 1
I3 + I2= I1
1
I3 = (5−2.369)( 3.3 )
I3 = (5−2.369)( 0.3030)
I3 = 0.7971 mA → Equation 2
1
I2 = (5−2.369)( 2.2 )
I2 =(5−2.369)( 0.4545)
I2 =1.1957 mA → Equation 3
(1)
I1 = Vx 1.2
1
I1 = 2.369( 1.2 )
I1 = 1.9741 mA → Equation 3
Hence from Eq 1, Eq 2, Eq 3 and Eq 4 so it is proved.
Observation and Reading:
SERIAL I1 12 I3 IT
FOR 12V 2.91 mA 1.03 mA 1.89 mA 2.90 mA
FOR 5V 1.97 mA 1.19 mA 0.97 mA 1.95 mA
BOTH(5 &12V) 4.88 mA 2.22 mA 2.68 mA 4.88 mA
Conclusion:
We have come to the conclusion that if more than one sources are given
in the circuit then we have to supress one or more sources.
For current source we replace it by an open circuit and for voltage
source we replace it by short circuiting.
Similarly we get the total current by adding both the individual
calculations.
